NGHIEN Ctfu & TRAO DOI DE SINH VIEN CO THE TU HOC TOT MON TIENG ANH ThS DUONG TH! THUY UYEN Tu hgc (learner autonomy) dd dugc nghien cihi til lau vd rdt nhieu tren the gidi Til giUa nhUng nam 1970 dd[.]
NGHIEN Ctfu & TRAO DOI DE SINH VIEN CO THE TU HOC TOT MON TIENG ANH ThS DUONG TH! THUY UYEN Tu hgc (learner autonomy) dd dugc nghien cihi til lau vd rdt nhieu tren the gidi Til giUa nhUng nam 1970 dd cd sdch hay bdi viet vi vdn de iBenn, S I viet bdi "Freedom, Autonomy and the Concept of the Person" ndm 1976; Holcc H Viet quyen "Autonomy in Foreign Language Learning" nam 1981, NXB O.xford) VN, viec tu hgc ciia sinh vien cUng ngdy cdng dUgc quan tdm vd nghien ciiu vi vai trd quan trgng cua tU hgc qud trinh day vd hgc theo hUdng ddi mdi Idy ngUdi hgc la trung tdm Chung ta cd the tham khdo bdi viet ciia Nguyin Nghia Ddn "Vl ndng luc tU hgc sdng tao cua hgc sinh" (Tap chi Nghien cdu Giao due, sd 2/1998); hay GS Cao Xiidn Hao dd cd nhi'lng phdn tich thdu ddo vd y kien sdu sdc bdi "Bdn ve chuyen til hgc" (Kien thdc nay, sd 396, ndm 2001) Vd giao vien d cdc trudng dai hgc cung cd nhUng nghien cdu dc giiip ddn dUa viec tU hgc thdnh mot hoat dgng khdng the thieu qud trinh day vd hgc hien (Dicp Thi Thanh, trudng Dai hgc Ngoai ngU, Dgi hgc Dd Ndng vdi hdi "Phuong phdp Tu hgc - Cdu ndi giUa hgc tap vd nghien ciiu khoa hgc") • • ^ U lipc la van de quan va can thiet • ( I B hien ddi vdi sinh vien De giup sinh ^ • ^ l vien tu hpc tdt, cu the la mdn tieng Anh d trudng dai hoc, chung ta cung xem lai ban chat cda viec tu hpc (qua nghien cdu tai lieu), phan tich tinh hinh tU hoc bien cua sinh vien (qua phdng van true tiep va phan tich bang cau bdi), va tU dd dua giai phap cho nhdng van dl hien cd Djnh nghia, nguyen U c , dieu kien va each t^ hQC 1.1 Dinh nghia Tuy da dupc nghien cdu tU lau va rat nhieu tren thd gidi nhung 'tU hoc' (learner autonomy) lai la mpt thuat ngd gay nhieu tranh luan, vd ddi cac nha giao due hpc va ngdn ngd hpc khdng the thdng nha't hoan toan vdi ve dinh nghia tU hpc la the nao Mpt sd nhd nghien cdu ndi tieng dinh nghia ve tU hpc nbU sau: - Tu hpc la kha ndng tu lo cho viec hpc cua chinh minh (Henri Holec) - Tu hpc la van de vl mdi tUOng quan tam ly cua ngUdi hpc vdi qua trinh va ndi dung hpc (David Little) - Tu hpc la tinh hudng dd ngUdi hpc hoan toan chiu trach nbiein ve mpi quyet dinh lien Phat trien kinh te - Thang TU nam 2009 NGHIEN Crfu & TRAO DOI quan den viec hoc va thuc hien nhdng quyet dinh dd (Leslie Dickinson) - Tu hpc la sU nhan thdc ve quyen cua ngUdi hpc he thdng giao due (Phil Benson)" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/learner autonomy) Tuy cd nhieu each dinh nghia nhUng van d l chinh la chung ta xem tu hpc la phuong tien hay la muc dich cudi cung Hai each nhin dan xen lan va ca hai deu cd the la nipt phan quan diem cua chdng ta ve viec hpc ngdn ngd hay viec hpc noi chung 1.2 N g u y e n tac Theo David Little, cd nguyen tac su pham co ban viec phat trien kha nang tU hoc qua trinh hpc ngdn ngd Do la: - Su tham gia cda ngUdi hoc (learner involvement) - ngUdi hpc chia se trach nhiem qua trinh hpc - Su phan anh cua ngUdi hoc 'learner reflection) - giup ngUdi hpc biet suy nghi mang tinh phe phan len ke hoach, giam sat va danh gia viec hpc cua minh - Sd dung ngdn ngd muc tieu (d day la tieng Anh) mpt each phu hpp - sd dung tieng Anh nhu phuong tien giao tiep chinh hpc Mpt sd nguyen tdc khac ve tU hpc la: - Tu hoc CO nghia la chuyen sU tap trung tu viec day sang viec hpc, - Tu hpc khuyen khich va can sU giup dd va hpp tac cua ban cdng hoc - Tu hoc la su dung viec tU danh gia Vai trd cda giao vien viec trp giup va tao dieu kien phat trien viec tU hpc la rat quan trpng va doi hdi nhieu no iuc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/learner_autonomy) Nhu vay, tU hpc khdng cd nghia la hpc khdng can gido vien (teacherless learning) hay giao vien trd nen du thda va td bd viec kiem sodt nhdng gi dang dien qua trinh hoc GS Cao Xuan Hao bai "Ban ve chuyen tu hpc" da viet, "Theo Idi mpt nha van Phap ma tdi khdng nhd ten ndi rkng xua chua cd va khdng the cd ngUdi nao thUc sU tu hoc ca Va chi cd nhdng ke cUc ky hpni hinh va v6 an mdi cd the ndi khoac idng minh la ngUdi tU hpc" Va theo dng "Tu hpc d day chi cai phan tich cUc, chd dpng, quyet doan cua ngUdi hoc Vai tro quyet dinh sU cdng hay that bai cua qua trinh hoc tap la vai trd cua Phat trien kinh te - Thang TU nam 2009 ngUdi hpc, vai trd cua ngUdi day khdng phai khong quan trong." Holmes va Ramos (1991) cung khkng dinh, "De giup ngUdi hpc kiem soat dupc viec hpc cua chinh minh rat quan phai giup hp trP nen cd y thdc va xac dinh dupc chien lupc (strategies) ma hp da tdng sd dung hoac cd the se sd dung" Va chinh giao vien se la ngUdi thUc hien vai trd Giao vien trUdc h i t phai giup sinh vien y thdc dupc vai trd va tam quan trpng cua viec tu hpc, tiep den cung cap cho sinh vien kien thdc vl each hpc ngoai ngd va hudng ddn hp tu hpc cd hieu qua Ngoai ra, chung ta nen luu y rkjig tU hpc la mpt qua trinh (process) khdng phai la mpt san pham (product), va se phai mat rat nhilu thdi gian de phat t r i l n kha nang NbU vay, khdng the dpi ngUdi hpc cd the mpt thdi gian ngkn chuyen sang each hpc tU hpc ma khdng can thdi gian hay klidng gap mpt khd khan nao 1.3 D i e u k i e n va e a c h t\i h o c Dinhtrios Thanasoulas cho rkng viec tU hpc chi cd the dat dUpc cd nhdng dieu kien sau: chien lupc vl nhan thdc (cognitive strategies) cua ngUdi hpc; thai dp; dpng co; va kien thdc ve viec hpc ngdn ngd Theo O'Malley va Chamot (1990:44), chien lUpc nhan thdc tac dpng true tiep len thdng tin tiep nhan, ddng thdi dieu khien thdng tin theo each thdc hd trp viec hpc Mpt sd chien lupc nhan thdc viec hpc ngdn ngd dupc d l cap la: lap lai (repetition), bien dich (translation), ghi chu (notetaking), suy luan (deduction), va dat cau hdi de hieu rd van d l (question for clarification) Hai thai dp quan trpng tu hpc la thai dp cua ngUdi hpc vl vai trd cua ho qua trinh hpc va thai dp vl kha ndng hpc cua minh Neu ngudi hpc cho la viec hpc chi thdnh cdng theo each hpc truyin thdng va giao vien mdi la ngUdi nkm vai trd chu dao, hay tin rkng hp thudc nhdm ngUdi khdng cd kha nang hpc ngoai ngd thi ngudi hpc se cd khuynh hudng khdng thay ddi theo each hpc lay ngudi hpc la trung tam each hpc mdi giup hudng den viec tu hpc, va nhU vay sU cdng tU hpc la khdng cd co sd Dpng CO la mpt nhdng yeu td quan trpng anh hudng den tdc dp va su cdng hpc ngoai ngd Thai dp va dpng co cua ngudi hpc cd lien quan mat thiet vdi Thai dp tich cUc se dan den dpng co hpc tap dupc nang cao vd ngUpc NGHIEN Cufu & TRAO DOI lai Vl cdch tu hpc, Quang Huy bai viet "Tu hpc d bac dai hpc" (theo Day vd hgc ngdy nay, so' 10, 2008) phan tich: "Cd nhilu each tU hpc nhU: tu minh md mkm (ngudi hpc khdng cd dieu kien di hpc, cdc tri thdc hp tim dUpc la sU tim tdi trai nghiem cua chinh ban t h a n hp cupc sdng), tu hpc khdng can thay hudng ddn (ngUdi hpc da cd mpt trinh dp hpc van nha't dinh, da cd mpt thdi gian ddi hpc vdi thay), tu hpc vdi sU hudng dan cua thay (boat dpng tu hpc gkn vdi qud trinh day hpc) Dd'i vdi sinh vien, boat ddng tu hpc gkn liln vdi sU hudng dan cua thay Hoat dpng se dien d hai pham vi: tU hpc tren Idp va tu hgc ngoai gid tren idp." (http://lib wru.edu vnyindex.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=293) Tu hpc nhan manh ve tinh ca nhan va tinh doc lap, nhUng tU hpc khdng cd nghia la hpc rieng biet mpt minh Tinh doc lap tU hpc v i n nkm sU tuong tac va phu thupc lan (interdependence) TS Chu Hao, nguyen thU trUdng Bp Khoa hpc Cdng nghe va Mdi trUdng, dUpc hoi ve kinh nghiem cua rieng dng viec tU hpc, da trk Idi nhU sau: "Can ndi rd vl tU hpc, ngUdi ta thudng nghi rkng tU hpc la hpc rieng mpt minh Khdng, cdch tU hpc tot nha't Id hpc vdi nhdm (team work)." (http://www.chungta.com/Desk- top.aspx./GiaoDuc.'Cam-Nghi-Ve-GiaoDuc/Cung_trao_doi_kinh_nghiem_ve_Tu_hoc/) Nhu vay, gido vien hUdng dan sinh vien tU hpc can phai xet den cdc dilu kien tU hpc neu tren vd chpn nhdng boat dpng phd hpp de sinh vien cd the tu hpc tren Idp va tU hpc ngoai gid mpt cdch cd hieu qua Kinh te, TP.HCM (150 bang cau hoi dupc phdt ra, va sd lupng bang cau hoi hpp le thu dupc la 44 (nam mpt), 40 (nam hai) va 38 (nam ba)), phan tich td bang cau hdi cho thay cac sinh vien y thdc dupc tu hpc la rat quan trpng (73%, 80%, va 63% tUPng dng vdi sinh vien nam mpt, hai va ba) Tuy nhien, sinh vien nam mpt chUa hieu dung vl nguyen tkc tU hpc so vdi cac sinh vien nam hai vk nam ba Bang 1: Nhan thUc cua sinh vien ve nguyen tac tU hpc Theo ban, tU hgc la hgc SV n a m mpt SV nam hai SV nam ba a Khdng cd sp hudng d i n cua giao vien 36% 30% 18% b Van cd su hudng d i n cua giao vien 64% 70% 82% Tuong tu cd den 34% sinh vien nam mpt cho rang each hpc hieu qua la hpc mpt minh, chi cd 28% sinh vien nam hai va 27% sinh vien ndm ba ddng y nhu vay Khao sat cung cho thay, sinh vien chUa cd ky nSng hpc ngdn ngd Cu the, hpc tU vUng tieng Anh, da so sinh vien chi ghi nghia tieng Viet ben canh (41% va 46% cho sinh vien nam mot vd nam ba), thay vi phai biet ke't hpp cac each ghi nhd khac nhu tim td lien quan (family words), dat cau V V Chi cd 9% sinh vien nam mpt, 8% sinh vien nam hai, va 17% sinh vien nam ba biet ket hop cac each ghi nhd de hpc td vUng mdi mpt cdch hieu qua Ve phia ngUdi day, cac giao vien cung chUa Viec ttt hQC tieng Anh t^i mot so' trildng dai dupc chuan bi vd chUa dUpc bdi dUdng mpt each hQC i TP.HCM Hien nay, viec td hgc tieng Anh tai n}gt sd trudng dai hpc d TP HCM that sU chUa dUpc thUc bien tdt Vl phia ngUdi hpc, sinh vien da y thdc dupc ve tam quan trpng cua viec tU hpc, cd dpng CO hpc tap rd rdng va cd khai niem ban dau kha chinh xac vl tU hpc, nhUng dai da sd chUa bien dpng cP boat dpng hpc tap tich cUc va chUa cd each tU hpc hieu qua Tuy nhien, thUc te phai nhin n h a n rkng sinh vien da khdng dupc budng dan tU hpc mpt each day du va dung each chinh quy vl van dl tU hpc Do dd viec khuyen khich va hUdng dan sinh vien tU hpc hodn toan thupc vao sU quan tam va tU nghien cdu cua giao vien cdng nhu kha nang tU thich dng cua mpt so' lupng nhd sinh vien Giao vien that sU chUa thUc hien tdt vai trd tu van cua minh Cung khao sat da neu tren, ti le sinh vien den gap giao vien de dUpc tU van vl each hpc tieng Anh nhu sau: Trong mpt khao sat nhd dd'i vdi cdc sinh vien nam mpt, ndm hai va nam ba P trudng Dai hpc Phat trien kinh te - Thang Tu nam 2009 NGHIEN CLTU & TRAO DOI Bkng 2: Ti 1$ sinh vien tim den giao vien de dUde tU van ve each hoc B^n CO tim den gido vien de nhd tu van SV nam SV nam SV nam gap kho khan luc mpt hai ba hgc tieng Anh? Cd 36% 47% 24% Khdng 64% 53% 76% Ly khdng den tim den gido vien de dUpc tU van da so la b a n t h a n sinh vien ngai (28%), giao vien khdng nhiet tinh, khd de gap (vi thay gido vien ban rpn, khdng cd thdi gian) (25%), va cd the hdi ban hoac tU giai quye't van de cua minh (18%) 29% cdn lai la sinh vien "khdng cd thdi gian", "khdng biet hdi vd hdi gi", va "khdng thich Anh van" Khi phdng van mpt sd giao vien day tieng Anh tai trudng Dai hpc Kinh Te TP.HCM (6 gido vien) vl viec hudng ddn sinh vien tU hpc, 66% gido vien tra Idi la chUa t h a t sU skn sang cho cdng viec nay, 17% cho rkng cdn kha lung tdng va 17% cam thay kha tu tin vi cd tim hieu vl van de Ve phia nha trUdng, mdi trUdng hpc ngdn ngU chUa dupc nha trUdng dau tU dung mdc Khi dUpc hdi thu vien trUdng cd dap dng nhu cau hpc tieng Anh thi dai da sd cdc sinh vien dUpc khao sat cua trudng Dai hpc Kinh Te TP.HCM, tra Idi la "khdng" Bkng 3: Ti 1^ sinh vien nhgn xet ve tinh hieu quk sir dung thU vien de hpc tieng Anh Thu vl^n d trudng b$n CO dap Ung dugc SV nam nhu cau hgc tieng mpt Anh cuab^n? SV nam hai SV nam ba 5% 5% 8% 95% 95% 92% Cd Khdng Trong dd ly chu yeu la thU vien chUa dap Ung dupc nhu cau hpc cua sinh vien ve sd lUpng va chat lupng sach hpc tieng Anh, thieu bang dia de luyen ky nang Ngoai ra, he thd'ng phdng lab cdn thieu cung nhU trang thiet bi cho viec hpc ngdn ngU Idp chUa dUpc dau tU dung mdc (mdy vi tinh, he thd'ng mang) Hien thU vien chi cd may vi tinh cai dat chUPng trinh phan mem hpc tieng Anh Langmaster Giai phap de nghj Ke't qua khao sdt cho thay can giup sinh vien Phat trien kinh te - Thang TU nam 2009 nhan thufc dung vl cac nguyen tac tU hpc, cd chien lupc hpc ngdn ngU mot each hieu qua va dau tU nhieu hon cho boat dpng tU van cung nhU mdi trUdng tu hpc tieng Anh tai n h a trUdng Cu the, can phai thUc hien nhdng dieu sau: - Ve phia ngUdi hpc, sinh vien can dUpc cung cap nhieu thdng tin hon ve lpi ich va each thdc cua viec tU hpc thdng qua cac budi ndi chuyen trao ddi hpc tap kinh nghiem vdi cac chuyen gia, giao vien, cac du hpc sinh va cac cUu sinh vien cdng viec tU hpc Mpt da thay rd lpi ich vd biet each tuf hpc, sinh vien se chuyen sang each hpc chu dpng de nkm bat kien thufc sau hdn va tdt ban - Ve phia ngUdi day, giao vien can dUpc chuan bi, dupc tao dilu kien bdi dUdng ve hUdng dan sinh vien tU hpc qua cac budi trao ddi tap hua'n vdi cac chuyen gia, cac dot tham quan hpc tap d cac trudng va ngoai nUdc cung nhU viec tU nghien cUu Dd'i vdi gido vien, chung ta dang day va lam viec bdi canh viec tU hpc cua sinh vien la phan khdng the thieu cac hoat dpng va quye't dinh cua minh Mpt cau hdi don gian nhUng thu vi va ra't can thiet ma GS ngdn ngd Sergio Valdivia Navarro (Dai hpc Veracruzana, Mexico) dat la: "Chung ta da skn sang cho viec hUdng d i n sinh vien tU hpc hay chUa?" Theo GS Sergio, viec ma cac giao vien can quan t a m mudn hudng dan ngUdi hpc tU hpc cho tdt Id thai dp, ky ndng va kien thdc cua giao vien lanh vUc Ndi chung, giao vien day ngoai ngd dUpc ddo tao chu yeu tap trung vl kien thdc ngdn ngd vd phuong phap giang day, ky nang giup ngUdi hpc hpc tdt mpt ngdn ngd va chung ta da quen vdi vai trd nkm kiem soat Idp hpc De giup sinh vien tu hpc, trUdc tien ve thai dp, giao vien can cd sU thay ddi de quen vdi vai trd mdi vda Ik ngUdi thay vda Id ngUdi tU van cho sinh vien (language teacher-advisor) Dieu dd cung cd nghia la giao vien se bdt di anh hudng vd "quyin lUc" ddi vdi sinh vien, cung nhU "sU trdng dpi dUpc cdng nhan va biet on vl cdng viec minh dd lam dUpc phan anh qua sU t h a n h cdng ciia sinh vien" (Sergio) Ve ky nang, giao vien can phai hpc cac ky nSng de giup hp lam tdt cdng viec cua nhd tU van vl hpc ngoai ngU Mpt so' cac ky ndng dd kha nang Ikng nghe "Chung ta trUdc gid chiu trdch nhiem vl viec 'ndi' nhUng bay gid den luc de nghe" Theo NGHIEN Cifu & TRAO DOI Sergio, gido vien cung can phat trien kha nang 'dl xua't' thay vi 'ap dat', biet luc nao can tiep can ngUdi hpc va luc nao nen de hp mpt minh tU xoay sd, cd ky ndng chuan bi tai lieu giup phat trien kha nang tU hpc va cudi cung la hpc each kien nhan de ngudi hpc Idm viec vdi tdc dp vd nhip dp ciia rieng hp, nhitog lai biet gay ap lUc luc nao vd nhu the nao can Vl kien thdc, ngoai nhdng kien thdc da hpc ve ngdn ngvi va giao hpc phap, giao vien can nhien cUu de nkm them vl cac kieu hpc, sU phu hpp ciia tai lieu, kien thUc co ban cdng viec tU van, each xd ly vdi cac nhu cau ca nhan khac va tinh each rieng cua tdng ngudi hpc Ngoai ra, gido vien can phai hieu ky thuat cdng nghe la mpt cdng cu ra't td't de giup cho viec tU hpc cd hieu qua Cac cdng cu dien td nhu mdy vi tinh cung vdi Internet la cdng cu hoan hao phuc vu cho viec tU hpc De theo dung nguyen tkc sU pham da neu d tren, David cho rkng, cu the giao vien can thUc hien nhdng dilu sau: - Giup ngudi hpc dat muc tieu hpc tap vd chpn cac boat dpng hpc tap phu hpp, phan tich va danh gia - Yeu cau ngUdi hpc xac dinh muc tieu ca nhan nhUng theo dudi muc tieu thdng qua sU hpp tac lam viec nhdm - Yeu cau ngudi hpc ghi chep lai viec hpc cua minh - ke hoach hpc tap, danh sdch cac tU vUng cd ich, cung nhU bat cU bai viet nao ma hp da viet dupc - Kdo ngUdi hpc tham gia vdo viec danh gia diu dan sU tien bp cua hp vdi tU each cd nhan va Idp hpc Vl phia nha trUdng, can cd dau tU hon nUa vl trang thiet hi de hpc ngoai ngd cung nhU cd ke hoach ddo tao va hd trp them cho giao vien vai trd mdi ndy Nhu da trinh bay phan tren, sinh vien tu hpc phai cd dUpc mdi trUdng hpc mang tinh tu hpc cao (autonomous learning environment) Hp phai cd nhilu ngudn tai lieu de chpn lUa va siJf dung cho viec tU hpc cua minh Nhd trudng nen dau tu them sach hpc tieng Anh cho sinh vien de ngoai giAo trinh chinh tren Idp, sinh vien cd the tu trau ddi them v l cac ky nang ngdn ngU khdc (nghe, ndi, dpc, viet) Sinh vien cung can dupc tao them dieu kien de suf dung cac phuong tien ky thuat nhu may vi tinh, m a n g Internet, v v de viec hpc tieng Anh cd hieu qua hon Ket luan Tu hpc la mpt nhan thdc khdng dl de nkm bkt va la van dl kha phUc tap; va neu hieu khdng dung se cd the dan den viec quan ly khdng phu hpp va ke't qua khdng nhu mong dpi Do dd de giup sinh vien thUc hien tdt viec tU hpc tieng Anh, trUdc tien ban t h a n sinh vien phai thay ddi, chuyen sang each hpc tich cUc va chu ddng hon; gido vien phai biet each hUdng dan va hd trp cho sinh vien that td't; va nha trudng phai tao dilu kien cho giao vien va sinh vien thUc hien dung vai trd cua minh qua trinh day va hpc theo hudng mdi Neu khdng cd sU nd lUc thay ddi vd phdi hpp tdt td phia sinh vien, giao vien va nha trudng, thi viec tU hpc tieng Anh d trUdng dai hpc chi ddng lai d nhdng chu trUOng hay yeu cau nkm tren vdn ban va sinh vien cua chdng ta se cdn phai chat vat de theo kip sinh vien cdc nUdc tren the gidi • TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Anne-Brit Ferner, "Learner Autonomy", from Ferner & Newby (2000), Approaches to Materials Design in European Textbooks Cao Xuan Hao (2001), "Ban ve chuyen tu hpc", Kien thUc sd 396 David Little, Learner Autonomy: Drawing together the Threads of Self -Assessment, Goal-Setting and Reflection, http://www.ecml.at/mtp2/Elp_tt/Results/DM_layout/00_10/06/06%20Supplementary%20text.pdf Dimitrios Thanasasoulas (2000), What Is Learner Autonomy and How Can It be Fostered? The Internet TESL Journal, Vol.VI, No.11 (http://iteslj.org/Articles/Thanasoulas-Autonomy.htlm) Quang Huy (2008), "Tu hpc d bac dai hpc", Day va hgc nay, sd 10, 2008 {http://lib.wru.edu.vn/index.php?option=com_content&t ask=view&id=293) O.Sergio Valdivia Navarro, Are We Ready for Learner Autonomy?, http://www.uv.mx/tecaprendi2aje/pubserg/sergAre%20we%20ready.pdf Vu Khanh, Cung trao ddi kinh nghiem ve tU hoc, http:.'.'www.chungta.cDm.'Deskiop.aspx.iGiaDDuc.'CamNghi-Ve-GiaoDuc/Cung_trao_doi_kinh_nghiem_ve_Tu_hoc/ Wikipedia, Learner Autonomy, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/learner autonomy Phat trien kinh te - Thang TU nam 2009 ... cac sinh vien y thdc dupc tu hpc la rat quan trpng (73%, 80%, va 63% tUPng dng vdi sinh vien nam mpt, hai va ba) Tuy nhien, sinh vien nam mpt chUa hieu dung vl nguyen tkc tU hpc so vdi cac sinh. .. Tuong tu cd den 34% sinh vien nam mpt cho rang each hpc hieu qua la hpc mpt minh, chi cd 28% sinh vien nam hai va 27% sinh vien ndm ba ddng y nhu vay Khao sat cung cho thay, sinh vien chUa cd ky... vien chUa cd ky nSng hpc ngdn ngd Cu the, hpc tU vUng tieng Anh, da so sinh vien chi ghi nghia tieng Viet ben canh (41% va 46% cho sinh vien nam mot vd nam ba), thay vi phai biet ke''t hpp cac