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^rao boi ngbiep bu Xa hoi hoc so 3 (107), 2009 97 VAl Y KIEN VE XAY DU^G VA DAO TAO CHUYEN N G A N H CONG TAC XA HOI 6 VIET NAM THAN DINH TUAN Tai My, vao nam 1898, trfldng Phue Thien Mua He dfldc Hgi[.]
^rao boi ngbiep bu Xa hoi hoc so (107), 2009 97 VAl Y KIEN VE XAY DU^G VA DAO TAO CHUYEN N G A N H CONG TAC XA HOI VIET NAM THAN DINH TUAN Tai My, vao nam 1898, trfldng Phue Thien Mua He dfldc Hgi cae td cfle tfl thien New York thiet lap Chfldng trinh huan luyen dai t u i n le eua trfldng danh dau sfl ddi cua giao due edng tae xa hgi My mien Nam Viet Nam, tfl thap nien 60 cua the ky trfldc da cd bai trfldng dao tao can sfl xa hgi cd quan tfl thien Caritas cua Phap va dai hge Van Hanh thie't lap Ngoai hai trfldng tfl cdn cd mgt trfldng cong giao sfl Pham thi Tfl lam giam doe Chfldng trinh dao tao eua trfldng Caritas dai ba nam, gdm cae mon luat thong, luat gia dinh, moi trfldng xa hgi, nhflng vin de xa hgi qua cae thdi ky lich sfl, kien thfle tdng quat ve y khoa va dinh dfldng, phfldng phap chan doan eae benh thong thfldng, each huyet ap, each chieh thuoc, phfldng phap cap cflu, bang bd vet thfldng Trfldng cong ciia giao sfl Pham thi Tfl cd chfldng trinh dao tao rieng keo dai hai nam Nhflng chfldng trinh dao tao phan anh nhu eiu cong tae xa hgi thdi bay gid d mien Nam ehu yeu chien tranh gay Sau mgt thdi gian gian doan, eong tae xa hgi da dflde dfla vao giang day tai dai hge Da Lat vao nam 2003 Tfl dd de'n nay, mon cong tae xa hgi da ed mat tai h i u bet eae dai hgc ea nfldc Tfldng tfl cae nfldc phat trien sau d A chau va Trung Dong vao nfla sau cua the ky 20, eae dai hgc d Viet Nam hien dang b i t diu xay dflng nen giao due cong tac xa hgi dfla tren khdi kien thfle eua Au My Day la mgt qua trinh va vi di sau, ehung ta ed the hge bdi dflde kinh nghiem eua nhieu nfldc tren the gidi Walton va Abo El Nasr (1988) da ehia qua trinh xay dflng lam ba giai doan: Giai doan - Du nhap kien thfle (transmission stage): eae nfldc dang phat trien du nhap nguyen van kien thfle cong tae xa hgi eua Au My vdi niem tin la tinh each khoa hge eua nd, kien thfle ed the dfldc dung de giai quyet eac van de thuge pham vi eong tae xa hgi cua ngfldi ndi ehung, khong phan biet dia phfldng hay ehung tgc Giai doan - Dia phfldng hda (indigenization stage): eae nfldc dang phat trien nhan nhflng net khong phu hdp eiia kien thfle va each giai quyet eae van nan eong tac xa hgi eua Au My ddi vdi thfle trang xa hgi eua dia phfldng va b i t diu viee ehinh sfla de xay dflng nganh eong tae xa hgi phu hdp vdi van hda ban xfl Giai doan - Hoan chinh (authentization): eae nha giao due va boat dgng Cong 98 Vdi y kie'n ve xdy dUng vd ddo tgo chuyen ngdnh tac xa hgi khong chi t h u i n ehinh sxia mo hinh nhap cang tfl Au My ma trd nen sang tao va de dflde nhflng ly thuyet mdi, each giii quyet mdi phu hdp vdi nhflng gia tri nen van hda dia phfldng Ket qua cua giai doan la mgt nen cong tac xa hgi dge dao p h i n anh thfle te van hda, kinh te, ehinh tri cua dia phfldng Trung Qude, nfldc lang gieng ed nhieu diem tfldng ddng vdi Viet Nam ve van hda, chinh tri va kinh te, da khdi eong xay dflng nen eong tae xa hgi theo kieu Tay phfldng tfl d i u thap nien 80 Mac du vay, den euoi t h e k y 20, nhieu hgc gia Trung Quo'e van hd nghi va tham ehi cdn khong tin ed the ap dung nhflng ly thuyet eong tae xa hgi phfldng Tay vao xa hgi Trung Qude (Yan 1991) Mgt so'hgc gia Trung quo'e edn cho r i n g Trung Quo'e da cd s i n nen eong tae xa hgi dae thu cua minh (Wang, 1991; Gao, 1999; Guo, 1999): cong viee cua cac doan the phu nfl, t h a n h nien, cong nhan, phu lao rat gio'ng vdi eong tae xa hgi phfldng Tay Ngoai ra, cho den nay, gidi hgc thuat Trung Qude khong ed co' ging dang ke nao viec phan tich kinh nghiem xay dflng cong tae xa hgi eua eae nfldc dang phat trien nhfl An Do, Ai Cap, Do Thii, va mgt so' nfldc Phi chau Ddng gdp vao eong viee la eo' gang eua eac hgc gia go'c Trung Quo'e d Au My, Canada, Singapore, va Hong Kong Nhflng hgc gia dang cd anh hfldng manh me den giai doan hai la giai doan chinh sfla va dia phfldng hda eong tae xa hgi dang dien d Trung Qude (Maria Cheung va Meng Liu, 2000) Vao diu thap nien 80, Trung Quo'e b i t dau de dat tai tuc nen giao due cong tac xa hgi (da gian doan tfl sau lap nfldc Cgng hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa nam 1949), cae dai hge d Han Quoc da d at dich thuat sach giio khoa cong t i c xa hgi ciia My sang tieng Han De dich nhanh, nhflng sinh vien cong t i e xa hgi cd kha nang Anh ngfl dflde giao cong tac nay, mdi nhdm sinh vien dich mgt cuo'n va dfldc diem eho ldp hgc Chinh nhd phfldng phap nay, Nam Trieu Tien da thfle Men dfldc giai doan d i u (thu nhap kien thfle) eua viee xay dflng nen eong tae xa hgi phu hdp n h i m kip thdi giai quyet nhflng van nan xa hgi gay bdi tinh trang phat trien kinh te'bgc phat Prager (1985:136) da trinh bay p h i n thao luan ve giai doan dia phfldng hda eong tae xa hgi d Do Thai: "Neu sfl giup dd, vdi tat ea nhflng khae biet tinh tecua nd, phai phu hdp vdi ban sic van hda eua ngfldi dflde giup dd, thi nen giao due hflu hieu eho nghe eong tae xa hgi phai dfldc xay dflng tfl ben bien gidi dat nfldc eiia chflng ta" Cflng ehung quan diem nay, mgt sd dong hge gia tfl cic nfldc dang phat trien d An Do, Ai Cap, Do Thai va Phi chau da de nhflng hfldng d i n sau cho viec xay dflng nen giao due eong tac xa hgi d cic nfldc dang p h i t trien (Prager, 1985; Hammond, 1988; Walton va Abo El Nasr, 1988; Ragab, 1990; Nagpaul, 1993; OseiHwedie, 1993; Ho, 1998; Nimmagadda va Cowger, 1999): 1) Vi ly lam viec vdi ngfldi c i n phfldng phap va ky nang dia phfldng, giao due cong tae xa hgi phai dfldc xay dflng tren mgt nen mong ban dia, gdm triet ly, ly inuye't, nguyen t i e lam viee va giai quyet va'n de, va tai lieu hoc tap Trdn Dinh Tudn 99 2) Cac nha giao due cong tac xa hgi tai eae nfldc dang phat trien ein can nhic cac van de phat trien va cau true xa hgi, va phfldng phap giai quyet eae van nan bing cac phfldng thfle quen thuge vdi nhflng ngfldi lam eong tae xa hgi va egng ddng dia phfldng Hg e i n thiet lap nhflng chien Iflde rieng thieh flng vdi hoan canh kinh te, xa hgi, ehinh tri, va tam ly dia phfldng 3) De eong tae xa hgi gifl dflde vai trd hflu hieu, cac nha giao due eong tae xa hgi can xae dinh trgng tam, nen tang kien thfle va gia tri eua edng tae xa hgi thfle hanh Trong qua trinh du nhap kien thfle va thfle banh tfl eac nfldc phat trien, cac nha giao due cong tae xa hgi e i n hoan ehinh nhflng khai niem tay phfldng nhfl "egng ddng", va "con ngfldi moi trfldng so'ng" Hg ein bd sung va phat trien khung triet ly va nhflng phfldng phap eong tae xa hgi b i t ngudn tfl nhflng ngi dung xa hgi - van hda thfle hanh 4) Giao due cong tac xa hgi phai de cap kinh nghiem lich sfl va van hda eung nhfl thfle trang cuge so'ng cua q u i n chflng; ton trgng nhflng niem tin va tap quan eua qude gia Giao due eong tae xa hgi cin Iflu y nbu eiu, niem tin, gia tri, truyen tho'ng, mue dieh, vai tro, va ly tfldng cua ngfldi dan 5) Giao due eong tae xa hgi phai tran trgng tinh each chuyen mon cua cgng ddng va cae tai nguyen egng ddng viec cung cap dieh vu xa hgi Thfle hanh cong tae xa hgi phai p h i n anh y kien ddng gdp va tap quan eua dia phfldng Ben eanh nhflng nguyen tae ehung, ap dung dflde dai da so' eae nen van hoa, thi du "giup khach hang de khach hang ed the tfl lap" hoac "ton trgng khach hang", "bao ve ddi tfl eua khach hang" eung ed nhflng tbi du eho t h i y mgt so'each tie'p can eua eong t i c xa hgi Tay phfldng khong thieh hdp vdi van hda Dong phfldng, thi du tim kiem tfl van tam ly, phu nfl Trung Quo'e muo'n dfldc cbo nhflng ldi khuyen trflc tiep de giai quyet van nan eua minh, trai vdi phu nfl Tay phfldng ehi muo'n nhd tfl van giup hieu thau tam ly ban than qua van nan, de tfl minh tham va chgn Ifla nhflng giai phap eho van nan cua ban than (Meng Liu, 1996) Di biet bat ngudn tfl hai nen van hda khae nhau: Dong phfldng chiu anh hfldng to ehflc gia dinh Nho giao ed thfl tfl tren dfldi, khdng khuyen khieh phu nfl suy nghi dge lap; Tay phfldng trai lai tap eho phu nfl each song binh dang va dge lap tfl be Mgt tbi du khae ve khae biet van boa Ddng Tay la khai niem ve banh ngfldc dai tre em (child abuse) O Au My tat ei eac dgng cham vao bg phan sinh due eiia dfla be, ba't ke trai gii, bat ke dfla be la sd sinh hay d tudi thieu nien, va bat ke ngfldi dgng eham la ong ba cha rne, ngfldi gia dinh bay ngfldi ngoai, deu hi coi la lam dung tinb due va doi bdi sfl can thiep eua luat phap va eong tae xa hgi Nguyen tac tat nhien khong the ap dung d Viet Nam vi van hda Viet Nam dgng eham vao bg phan sinh due eua dfla tre trai la thong thfldng va khdng mang y nghia tinb 100 Vdi y kie'n vexdy diing vd ddo tgo chuyen ngdnh due Thfle te la vao nam 1996, mgt ngfldi cha go'c Viet d t h a n h phd Vallejo, bang California, hi dfla toa ve tgi "lam dung tinh due" l i n Ifldt ea ho'n dfla eon trai qua hanh vi sd md bg phan sinh due eiia chflng ehung la dfla be n h a t nha, mgt ngfldi Viet khae eflng d Vallejo da lam chflng vdi tda "Ne'u ngfldi cha hi ket tgi thi ta't ca egng ddng Viet Nam eua ehung tdi d day eung phai bi ket tgi lam dung tinh due tre em bet"! Mat khae, nhflng each tiep can cong t i c xa hgi mac du het sflc thfle te eua Au My eung ed nhflng mat trai Thi du ehinh sach an sinh xa hgi trd cap tien mat eho gia dinh ngheo ed eon nhd d My khong giup eung eo' dinh che' gia dinh: nhieu ngfldi an d vdi khong hon thu de thu nhap eiia ngfldi cha khong hi tinh vao thu nhap cua gia dinh va vi vay ngfldi me ed the xin dflde trd ca'p cho gia dinh ngheo Chinh sach tra tien mat eho eon eai cham sdc cha me gia yeu giup giam dflde ehi phi benh vien cho ehinh phu va tao dieu kien eho ngfldi gia dflde song eflng gia dinh thay vi phai vao vien dfldng lao Mae dfl vay ehinh sach cung gay nhflng t h a m canh, eon cai ebi giup cham sdc cha me gia ye'u dflde ehinh phu tra cong Tdm lai, viee xay dflng mgt nen eong tae xa hgi hieu qua la mgt q u i trinh khong ddn gian Trung Quo'e di trfldc Viet Nam khoang 20 nam nhflng hien eung ehi mdi b i t d i u giai doan hai eua qua trinh (giai doan ehinh siia kien thfle du nhap tfl Tay phfldng de dia phfldng bda eong tae xa hgi eho phu hdp vdi van hda va ap dung mgt each bieu qua do! vdi ngfldi Trung Quo'e) Viet Nam ed the tien nhanh qua trinh xay dflng nen cong t i c xa hgi hien dai bing each manh dan svL dung nhflng gia tri va cich tiep can cd tinh toan eau eua kie'n thfle du nhap tfl phfldng Tay, thi du eac bien p h i p giao due, tfl va'n song song vdi bien phap trflng phat g i t gao ddi vdi te bao hanh gia dinh (d My bao hanh gia dinh la mgt tgi pham anh hfldng den an sinh cua xa hgi, va vi vay nan nhan khong cd quyen bai nai) Mgt kinh nghiem khae Viet Nam cflng ed the hge dflde tfl Au My va eae nfldc dang phat trien khae la tinh hQu hieu hdn han cua cdng tdc xd hdi tU nhdn so vdi cdng tdc xd hdi Nhd Nudc dQng triic tie'p thiic hien My tfl gifla the ky 20 da xuat hien mo hinh tfl nhan va Nha Nfldc cung chia se t r i c h nhiem ve eong tac xa hgi, Nha Nfldc thfldng cung cap ngan khdin tai trd va dat cie quy dinh de tfl nhan dflng trflc tiep eung cap dich vu ccng tae xa hgi cho ngfldi dan Ngoai ra, Viet Nam eflng ed the tien nhanh bang each sxi dung mang Ifldi cong tae xa hgi truyen thong s i n ed nhfl hgi phu nfl, doan t h a n h nien de cung cap cae dich vu eong tae xa hgi, n h i t la cie dieh vu phong chong te nan xa hgi, bao ve ngfldi gia, phu nfl, tre em, va cac cgng ddng ye'u the./ Trdn Dinh Tudn 101 Tai lieu tham khao Hammond, H.R (1988) 'Social Work Education in Developing Countries: Issues and Problams in Undergraduate Currieular', International Work 31(3): 195-21 Jinehao, Y (1995) 'The Developing Models of Social Work Education in China', International Social Work 38: 27-38 Nagpaul, H (1993) 'Analysis of Social Work Teaching Material in India: the Need for Indigenous Foundations', International Social Work 36: 207-20 Nimmagadda, J and C Cowger (1999) 'Cross-cultural Practice: Social Worker Ingenuity in the Indigenization of Practice Knowledge', International Social Work 42(3): 261-76 Osei-Hwedie, K (1993) 'The Challenge of Social Work in Africa: Starting the Indigenization Process, Journal of Social Development in Africa 8(1): 19-30 Prager, E (1985) 'American Social Work Imperialism: Consequences for Professional Education in Israel', Journal of Jewish Communal Service 61: 129-38 Ragab \ , I (1990) 'How Social Work Can Take Root in Developing Countries', Social Development Issues 12(3): 38-51 Ragab, I (1982) Authentization of Social Work in Developing Countries Tanta, Egypt: Integrated Social Services Project Sun, L.Y (1998) 'The Development of Social Work in China' China Social Work 1:26-9 10 Walton & Abo El Nasr (1988) Tndegenization and Authetization in terms of Social Work in Egypt' ... Nam vi van hda Viet Nam dgng eham vao bg phan sinh due eua dfla tre trai la thong thfldng va khdng mang y nghia tinb 100 Vdi y kie''n vexdy diing vd ddo tgo chuyen ngdnh due Thfle te la vao nam. .. nen eong tae xa hgi hieu qua la mgt q u i trinh khong ddn gian Trung Quo''e di trfldc Viet Nam khoang 20 nam nhflng hien eung ehi mdi b i t d i u giai doan hai eua qua trinh (giai doan ehinh siia... tac nay, mdi nhdm sinh vien dich mgt cuo''n va dfldc diem eho ldp hgc Chinh nhd phfldng phap nay, Nam Trieu Tien da thfle Men dfldc giai doan d i u (thu nhap kien thfle) eua viee xay dflng nen eong