JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci , 2009, Vol 54, No 8, pp 54 61 NANG CAO NANG LXJC T U DUY CHO HOC SINH TRONG GICl HOC DOC HlfiU TRUYEN KE DAN GIAN d T R U O N G PHO THONG BANG CACH VAN DUNG[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2009, Vol 54, No 8, pp 54-61 N A N G CAO N A N G LXJC T U D U Y CHO HOC SINH TRONG GICl HOC DOC HlfiU T R U Y E N KE D A N GIAN d TRUONG PHO THONG BANG CACH VAN D U N G NGON NGU" HOC VAN B A N TrmhThi Lan , Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Hd Npi Mcf dau Viec day hpc nha trudng hien dang ddi mdi theo hudng tim kiim nhung each thQe di ngQdi hpc ludn phai tu va biet each tu qua trinh hpc tap Muc dich ciia viec day hpc khdng chi dQng lai d viec eung cip nhQng tri thQc cu thi cho hpc sinh ma cdn phai trang bi cho hpc sinh each thQc tiip can va thu nap tri thQc ndi chung Theo do, nha trudng ddi hdi viec day hpc phai trang bi dupe cho hpc sinh eac thao tac tu va bdi dudng eac phim chit cho ndng iQc tu cua eac em Theo B Bloom (1913 - 1999), nhd giao due hpc ngudi Mi, nang nhan thQc cua ngudi hpc co thi dupe phan sau cip dp, dupe nhin nhan va migu t i nhu hinh met kim tQ thap, gpi la thang phan bdc Bloom (Bloom's taxonomy 1956); tQ dudi day trd len la: Biit (Knowledge), Hieu (Comprehension), Van dung (Application), Phdn tich (Analysis), Tdng hap (Synthesis) va Ddnh gid (Evaluation) Hai cap dp Biit vd Hieu dupe coi la tu bac thip, bdn cip dp cdn lai la tu bac cao [1] Trong day hpc phan mdn Dpc van (dpc hiiu van ban) cua mdn hpc NgQ vdn, mpt mat kha ndng chiim linh thuc tiin va tfch hpp cua mdn hpc rit sdu rpng, mOt mat yeu ciu cua xa hpi, su ddi hdi hpc sinh phai tQ bac cao da dupc dat Bai viet de xuat each thQe van dung ngdn ngu hpc van bin vao day hpc dpc hiiu truyen ki dan gian nha trudng - mpt each lam cd thi dap Qng dQpc ddi hdi ndi tren 54 Ndng cao ndng luc tu ctio hoc sinh gid hoc doc hieu truyen ke ddn gian 2.1 N o i d u n g n g h i e n cijtu Svt t h e h i e n cua t h a n g ttf B l o o m t r o n g m o t gid day hoc d o c h i e u van ban va kha nang kich thich hoe sinh tu" d bac cao cua n g o n ngiJ hoc van ban NhQ da ndi d tren, thang tQ Bloom gdm sau mQe dp Biit la khau tu cin thiit che tat ca eac mQc dp tu Hpc sinh dat dupc mQc dp tu biit dpc hiiu van ban truyen ki dan gian tQc la cac em cd t h i ki lai ten cdc nhan vat truyen, ddt dung nhdn vat vao cac tuyin nhan vdt (niu ed), liet kg cdc ehi tiit, su vige treng truyen, ddi chiiu nhung yiu td cu t h i d vdn bin vdi nhQng yiu td cu thg d vdn ban khac MQc dp higu t h i hien d kha nang diin dich, diin giii, giii thich hoac suy diin cua hpc sinh trudc met van bin Hpc sinh phii sdp xip dupe cae yiu td cua van ban theo mdt trinh tu n h i t dinh, dua trgn mpt tigu chf nhit qudn va li giii dupc su cin thiit phii sdp xip nhu thi Su thi hien rd n h i t eua mQc dp hiiu d hpc sinh dpc hiiu mpt truyen ki dan gian Id cac em cd the ki lai truyen bdng ngdn ngQ, gipng dieu cua rigng minh Tu va thai dp cua hpc sinh phd thdng hien se khdng chip nhan viec nhdc lai nhQng kiin thQe dOn gian, d i nhan dien nhu trgn Do dd, gidd vien cin va cc the huy dpng trf tue cua cac em ddp Qng nhQng mQe dp tu cao hpn Van dung la mQc dp tu doi hdi ndng luc sQ dung thdng tin va chuyin ddi kiin thQc tQ dang sang dang khac, ndi each khac la sQ dung nhung kiin thQc da hpc hoan canh mdi Van dung la chd b i t diu cua mQc tQ sang tae Hieu met each dPn giin vi mQc dp tu nay, ta ed t h i so sanh vdi viec tQ mpt cdng thQc niu an trgn giiy td, chung ta b i t tay vac niu nirdng met mon an cu thi Nhu da ndi d tren, k h i nang tU cua hpc sinh tQ cip THCS trd len dd kha phat triin, tQ mpt sd dd cdt truyen, cdc em cd t h i trinh bay mdt vdn bin truyen kg vd ngupc lai; cdc em cd t h i sQ dung tieu ehf danh gia met nhdn vdt d truyen dg danh gid mpt nhdn vat P truyen khac Mudn vdy, hpc sinh phii ndm vQng cdc yiu td eua vdn b i n (diiu cdc em da cd dupc d hai mQc dp tQ d trgn); ddng thdi phii huy dpng nhung kiin thQc da hpc, da cc dg sd sanh ddi chiiu va giai quyit vin di d mdt ddi tupng mdi Trong day hpc NgQ van, niQc tQ van dung eua viec dpc hiiu van b i n cdn dupe t h i hien d phdn mdn Lam van trdng cung met bdi hpc Phdn tich la k h i ndng nhdn biit cac chi tiit, phdt hien va phan bigt cac be phan ciu cua thdng tin hay tinh hudng, giai thieh mdi quan he giQa cac phin dd KI ndng tU thudng the hien d thao tae eu the la phan nhd ddi tupng cdc hpp phin ciu di hiiu hdn ciu true eua nd Ddi vdi vige day hpc dpc hiiu vdn ban, dpc hiiu vdn bin thuc chit la qua trinh dpc phdn tfch 55 Trinh Thi Lan tu phan tich cang trd nen cin thiit MQc dp tQ phan tfch day hpc dpc hiiu van ban khdng chi ddi hdi hpc sinh phai phan doan, chia p h i n , xac dinh y chinh ma cdn phai tim dupc mdi lien he giQa cac doan, cac p h i n dd, nhin nhdn dQpc chd dQng va gid tri cua mdi yiu td chinh t h i vdn ban Trong day hpc dpc hiiu truyen ki ddn gian, cac hoat ddng lien quan din mQc dp tQ phan tfch cd t h i la phan tuyin nhan vat, ve sd dd cdt truyen, chia tach va sap xip eac md tip ke chuyen Cao hdn phdn tfch la tong hap, mQc tQ ddi hdi ngudi hpc phai cd k h i nang hpp n h i t cdc p h i n d i tao met tdng t h i hoac mpt ddi tupng, vin de Idn hPn, khai qudt hPn mQc dp tU nay, ngUdi hpc p h i i sQ dung nhQng gi da hpc d i tac hddc sang tae mdt cai gi dc hoan toan mdi Cai mdi t i t nhign phai dirpe xay dung tQ nhung cdi da co, nhQng yiu td phin Thdng thudng, treng day hpc hpc dpc hiiu van ban ndi chung, ddt yeu ciu hpc sinh phai tu tdng hpp, giao vien thudng ddt nhQng vin d i tQOng nhu cu t h i nhUng ed kha ndng khai qudt hda eae Vi du: "Diiu gi se xiy niu kit thue can ehuyen, me eon nha Cam vin ehua chit?" {Tdm Cdm), "Tai Thach Sanh da tha cho Lf Thdng dupc trd ve qug rdi ma Lf Thdng vin bi set danh chit?" {Thcxch Sa.nh) Di ed thi tu tdng hpp, ngudi hpc phii c6 nang IQC trf tue va kiin thQc vung vang linh VUC dang tu MQe dp tQ cao n h i t va t i t nhien la khd n h i t ddi vdi ngudi hpc la tU ddnh gid Danh gia ddi hdi k h i nang phan xet gid tri cua ddi tupng hddc su dung thdng tin d i bien minh, phg binh thed cac tigu chi thfch hpp Di dat din mQe dp tU nay, ngudi hpc phii cd k h i ndng giai thfch tai va su dung nhung lap ludn de bao ve quan diim cua minh Vf du: Tai nen va tai khdng ngn cdt bd chi tiit Tim giet Cam vd lam mam gui cho di ghe? T i m ed phii la mOt cd gai yiu dudi khdng? {Tdm Cdm) Rd rang, de van dung, phan tieh, tdng hop, danh gia met vin d i cua van ban, ngudi hpc khdng nhQng phai biet va hiiu mpt each tQdng tan vi van ban dd ma phai biit ddt van b i n chinh t h i ndi tai cua nd, quan he cua van bin vdi mdi trudng ma nd tdn tai va kien thQe va kinh nghiem tdng t h i eua ehinh ngudi hpc NhQng tri thQe ngdn ngQ hpc van ban cd k h i ndng hd trp cho ngUdi hpc thuc hien nhQng ygu ciu dd Dd ngdn ngQ hpc van ban nghien cQu mang iQdi quan he giQa cac td thupc eae t i n g bac khac van ban, ddng thdi, xem xet van b i n mdi quan he vdi hoan einh giao tiip va vdi the gidi bgn ngoai - nhQng vin d i da dang, dan xen, phQc tap - nen tri thQc ngdn ngu hpc vdn ban mang tfnh trQu tupng cao Cd kiin thQe ngdn ngu hpc van b i n vQng vang, viec dpc hiiu mdt van ban cu t h i se trd nen don giin hdn r i t nhieu Neu chua cc day du kien thQc ngon ngQ hpc van ban cin thiet, ngudi hpc khong nhQng se gap khd khdn dpc h i i u van ban ndi ehung ma cdn vudng mde vi tu trudc mpt sd khai 56 Ndng cao nang luc tu cho hoc sinh gid hoc doc hieu truyen ke ddn gian niem thupc vi vdn ban • -• NhQng tQu nghign cQu cua ngdn ngQ hpc van ban da it nhieu dUpc dua vao chuong trinh day hpc NgQ vdn phd thdng, tap trung d phan mdn Tiing Viet vd Lam vdn, hpc sinh phd thdng, tQ cip THCS cung da dupe lam quen vd tu vdi mdt sd khdi niem cd ban nhu: van ban, ddaii vdn, bd cue, d i tai, chu di, lign kit, phudng thQc lign kit NhQ tren da ndi, nhung khdi niem noi rigng va tri thQe ndi ehung eua ngdn ngQ hpc van ban cd y nghia vd cung thiit thuc ddi vdi vige day hpc dpc hiiu van b i n truygn ki dan gian; nhign, dc mang tfnh trQu tupng cao ngn nhung tri thQc ddi vdi hpc sinh, thudng dupc coi la thQ tri thQc khd tiip can va tiip nhan Mudn van dung ngdn ngQ hpc van bin vao qud trinh dpc hiiu van ban, hpc sinh budc phii van dpng nhdn thQc vd huy dpng tQ d mQc dp eae DQa ngdn ngQ hpc vdn b i n vdd viec day hpc dpc hiiu truyen ki ddn gian, hpc sinh se khdng dQng lai d muc dfeh dpc hiiu vdn bin dg biit, d i hiiu ma cdn tiin dQpc tdi muc dich d i nghi, d i van dung 2,2 Cach t h i i c dtfa n g o n ngiJ hoc van ban vao nhiJng cau hoi, bai t a p d o e hieu eua giao v i e n nhlim doi hoi hoe sinh t\i d u y bae cao day hoe d o c hieu t r u y e n ke dan gian Trudc hit, viec xdy dQng mdt mdi trudng day hoc cd k h i ndng kfch thfch tu bdc cao cho hpc sinh la diiu r i t cin thiit Nhung hoat ddng nghign cQu va thio ludn ddi hdi ngUdi hpc phii tu ngn dupe tiin hdnh d mpi cip dp, d cdc quy md vd hddn einh khac Gido vign cin tdng cudng sU dung cdc thuat ngu khoa hpc, dd cd thuat ngQ ngdn ngu hpc vdn ban, treng hudng din hpc sinh dpc hiiu vdn ban nhu la mpt each ddi hdi hpc sinh ludn phii tu Tu ngudi hpc se tiin tdi cac mQc dp cao hon gap phai nhQng thudt ngQ trQu tupng, phQc hdp hdn hddc nhung thuat ngQ gin liin vdi tQ du}', ddi hdi tu Vf du, gidd vign se sQ dung vdi t i n suit thudng xuyen cac thudt ngQ eua ngdn ngQ hpc vdn ban, tQ nhQng thuat ngu gin gui, tUPng ddi ddn gian: "di tai", "chu di", "bd cue" din cae thudt ngQ khd hdn nhQ: "tinh tiit", "kit ciu", 'mach lac", "md tip" cdc bai tap dpc hiiu truyen ki ddn gian Cac bai tap va can hdi cua gido vign cd t h i chQa dung nhQng thudt ngQ lign quan din tQ duy, vf du nhu: "NhQng ngudi di chp chQng kiin ndm anh t h i y bdi danh se ed y kiin nhu thi ndd?" {Thdy bdi xem, voi), "Cae em cd t h i tim t h i y chQng cQ nae vdn bin chQng minh ring: cdng bi ham hai nhiiu lin, sQc sdng eua cd Tim cdng trdi day manh ligt?" {Tdm Cdm), "Em se bay td quan diim cua minh nhu t h i nae niu em dQng trudc t i m biin eua nha hang ban ca?"{Treo bien) Linh vUe va pham vi eua vin di tU mdi me, da chiiu cung cd thi giup hpc sinh tQ bd d i n ldi tQ ddn giin Trdng day hpc dpc hiiu truyen ki ddn gian, nhQng bai tap ygu ciu hpc sinh ddt minh vao t h i gidi cua ngudi xUa dg sdng, dg 57 Trinh Thi Lan hiiu, d i cam cd t h i khiin hpc sinh phai tang cudng tu phan tfch, tdng hpp gde khac, tiip can vdn bin truyen ki dan gian quan he hudng ngoai cua nd, niu dupe yen can nhan mpt sd diiu truyen ki gidng va khac, dung va sai, phu hpp va khdng phu hpp vdi cupc sdng hien tai, hpc sinh se phai huy dpng tu danh gia; cc nhu vay mdi giai quyit dupc nhQng vin d i mang tfnh vdn hoa He thdng bai tap dpc hiiu vdn ban, dac biet la cac can hdi ma giac vien su dung trdng gid hpc nen dupc tfnh todn eho hpc sinh phii van dpng tu d mpi mQc dp, ddc biet la eac mQc dp tQ bdc cao Hoe sinh ed thg tu tdt hpn hay khdng, ed nhu ciu van dung tri thQe lign nganh hay khdng, phin Idn phu thupc vao phuong phdp gido vien neu yeu ciu va ddt can hdi Dudi day, chung tdi xin gidi thieu mpt he thdng bai tap dpc higu vdn b i n hudng tdi tu bdc cae ciia hpc sinh trgn cd sd van dung ngdn ngQ hpc vdn b i n d i day hpc dpc hieu truyen cd tieh Thach Sanh (chUdng trinh NgU vdn 6, tap 1) mdi mQe dp tQ bae eae, gidd vien cc thg chpn met hoac mOt vai bai tap phu hpp vdi ddi tupng hpc sinh va su cdn ddi thdi gian cua gid hpc 2.2.1 Mufc Van dung - Ki tgn mpt sd truygn cd tieh kho tang tru3'en cd tich Viet Nam va thi gidi ed cung d i tai hoac chu di - Ki cho em be nghe mpt cau ehuyen cd tfch vi kiiu nhdn vat dung si - Kg chuygn vi mOt nhan vat Thach Sanh d ddi thudng - Chuygn thg vdn b i n truyen cd tfch Thach Sanh kich ban va phan vai, dcng kich (niu diiu kien thdi gian cho phep) 2.2.2 MiJc P h a n tich - Hay so dd hda tuyin nhdn vat cua truyen Nhan vat nha vua treng truyen dQng d tuyen nhan vat ndo? So vdi sQ phan dinh nhan vat thudng gap d truyen c5 tfch, diiu ed gi khae thudng? Lieu vin d i nhan vat nha vua d tuyin nhan vat thdng thudng cua truyen cd tich cd dupc khdng? - Xac dinh dpng cp ciia nhan vat Lf Thdng d cac chi tiet: -j- LQa Thach Sanh di canh mieu ehdn tinh + LQa Thach Sanh ring chang da giit chit eon vat vua nudi -I- Nhd chang di tim cdng chua + L i p kin cQa hang cua dai bang nhdm hai chit Thach Sanh Cd t h i lupc bd di ehi tiit chQa dpng co nao? Niu lupc bd di mpt chi tiet nao dd thi se i n h hudng nhu t h i nao din mach lac cua truyen ki? - DQng truygn ki d mpt md tip ndd dd (vf du: Thach Sanh gap vua Thuy ti 58 Ndng cao ndng luc tU cho hoc sinh gid hoc doc hieu truyen ke ddn gian va trd lai cude sdng dudi gde da) Ygu ciu hpc sinh: Em hay dQ dean triin vpng cua truygn kg thee mpt Id gfc tQ chpn; ndi rd cd sd cua dQ dddn - Y kiiu cua em vi gia tri eua hai vat t h i n ki: cay dan va nigu cdm nhu thi ndd? - Nhan vat Thach Sanh xQng dang trd thdnh nha vua nhu the ndd? 2.2.3 Miic d o T d n g h d p - Vdi mdi chi tiit sQ viec cua truyen cd lign cjuan din Thach Sanh, hay tim mpt tQ ngQ ndi vi pham chit cua chang Tim mpt tir ngQ mang nghia bao trum khdi quat dupc t i t c i nhung tQ ngu tren - Nhdn vat cdng chua cc vai tro nhu t h i nao truyen cd tfch noi chung va truyen ed tfch Thach Sanh nci rigng? - Tai sad Thach Sanh da tha eho Lf Thdng dupc trd vi que rdi ma Lf Thdng vin bi set danh chit ? - Suy nghi vi mdt phudng dn diiu chinh mdt sd chi tiit sU viec cua truyen de truyen kg hay hdn 2.2.4 Miic D a n h gia - Tai tae gii dan gian khdng d i cho Thach Sanh trd phd ma trUde rdi chang di chem chin tinh? Em hpc dupe gi tQ each suy nghi va tU eua nhdn dan? - Treng truyen ki cd t h i co nhung ehi tiit vd If hddc ed nhung chi tiit mdu thuin (Hpc sinh tu tim) Ngn hay khdng ngn cdt bd nhQng chi tiit vd 11 hddc man thuin dd? - Em ddng tinh hay khdng ddng tinh vdi viec Thach Sanh tha chit eho me Li Thdng? Tai sao? Hay bdy td quan diim cua minh vi viec me eon Lf Thdng bi set ddnh chit rdi bi hda kiip bp Trdng kho tang truygn cd tieh Viet Nam vd t h i gidi, nhQng truygn ndo ed diim khac bigt d md tip trQng phat nay? Vige iQa chpn va sQ dung bai tap dpc hiiu dudi dang cau hdi, menh lenh hay bai tap thuc hdnh thudng thudc vdd each thQe diin dat cua gide vign, cho gid hpc dpc hiiu vdn ban ludn sinh dpng, sdi ndi, trdnh roi vdo khdng khf ndng ne dd hpc sinh cc cim giac bi hdi nhieu, hdi khd hay nhQng cdu hdi qua ddn dign, bdi ft nhiiu hpc sinh diu da dQpc nghe vi truygn cd tfch Cdc bai tap doi hdi tQ d mQc dp cao diu cd ygu ciu r i t rpng, niu la cdu hdi thi thudng cd ddp an md ngn gido vign cin phii linh hoat vdi cae dap dn eua hpc sinh Cd inpt diiu dang luu y la viec tu ngn bdt d i u tQ eac van d i thudc vi ngdn ngQ hpc vdn ban 59 Trinh Thi Lan Ket luan Trirdng hpc ludn la ndi hpc sinh hpc each tu va tap dupt tu Niu hang din trudng d i nghe nhQng dieu nhiiu ngudi da nghe, thu lupm nhQng kien thQc eu t h i di xip vdo mpt ngan nao dd trf nao thi ngUdi hpc se sdm co cim gidc bao hoa vi kiin thQc, khd tim dQdc hQng thu vdi viec hpc Trong xa hpi hign dai nay, khdi lupng tri thQe cua nhan loai da va dang tdng Ign vun vut, nha trudng da xac dinh rd hon dinh hudng day each thQc tiip nhan vd tao lap ede gid tri van hda d i ddi, hpc sinh ed t h i ddi dien va giai quyet dupe nhQng van d i ngdy cang phQc tap va tinh t i cdng viec, cung nhu cdng ddng va cude sdng ca nhan Ldm mdi kiin thQc va doi hdi hpc sinh phai giai quyit nhQng diiu phQc hpp hpn bode mang tfnh khoa hpc cung la mpt each lam cho gid hpc thgm h i p din Ngdn ngu hpc van bin ed mat trdng nhung gid day hpc dpc hiiu vdn ban truygn ki dan gian se gdp phin ldm sang td, tddn dien, ehinh xac, khoa hpc nhung vin di vdn tdn tai va dupc tiip thu mOt each ddn giin, xudi chiiu va cim tfnh; hdn the ecu tad dupe ddng thai tfch cue che tu eua hpc sinh phd thdng TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O [1] Benjamin Bloom, 1995 Nguyen tac phdn loa.i muc tieu gido due - Linh vUc nhdn thiic Nxb Giao due Ha Npi [2] Chupng trinh Day hpc cua Intel® Khda hpc Khdi d i u , phien ban 1.0, Nxb Tre, 2007 ABSTRACT Applying t e x t linguistics in developing s t u d e n t s thinking skills through folk stories reading comprehension at secondary schools The current trend in teaching and learning philology in schools is focusing on forming and developing different levels of thinking skills for school students with priority being given to three high level thinking skills namely Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation From the analysis of the potential use of text linguistics in understanding folk stories, this paper suggests ways of applying text linguistics in designing a system of questions and exercises for folk stories reading comprehension lessons This system would hopefully contribute to enhance high level of thinking skills for school students through philology 60 ... nhlim doi hoi hoe sinh t\i d u y bae cao day hoe d o c hieu t r u y e n ke dan gian Trudc hit, viec xdy dQng mdt mdi trudng day hoc cd k h i ndng kfch thfch tu bdc cao cho hpc sinh la diiu r i... du: Thach Sanh gap vua Thuy ti 58 Ndng cao ndng luc tU cho hoc sinh gid hoc doc hieu truyen ke ddn gian va trd lai cude sdng dudi gde da) Ygu ciu hpc sinh: Em hay dQ dean triin vpng cua truygn... van ban ndi ehung ma cdn vudng mde vi tu trudc mpt sd khai 56 Ndng cao nang luc tu cho hoc sinh gid hoc doc hieu truyen ke ddn gian niem thupc vi vdn ban • -• NhQng tQu nghign cQu cua ngdn ngQ