TAP CHI KHDA H O C s c s n / z c i a 11 149 PHAT TRIEN N A N G LUC TU DUY SANG TAO CHO HOC SINH TIEU HOC Vu Thu H5ng Tnrdng Dgi hpc Thu dd Hd Npi Tdm tdt Gido due thi he tre cd nhdn cdch sdng tgo Id m[.]
TAP CHI KHDA H O C - s c s n / z c i a 11 149 PHAT TRIEN N A N G LUC TU DUY SANG TAO CHO HOC SINH TIEU HOC Vu Thu H5ng Tnrdng Dgi hpc Thu dd Hd Npi Tdm tdt: Gido due thi he tre cd nhdn cdch sdng tgo Id mpt nhimg nhiem vy hdng ddu cua gido due, dd cd gido due Tieu hpc Diiu ndy duoc the Men muc dich Ciia mpi hogt dong cua nhd trudng, dgc biet Id viec td chirc hogt ddng hpc tap nham hudng den viec hinh thdnh vd phdt trien d hpc sinh cdc phdm chdt cua mdt nhdn cdch sdng tgo Chiing ta cd the phdt triin ndng luc tu sdng tgo tir cdp Tieu hpc thdng qua cdc mdn hpc vd cho mpi hpc sinh (ke cd hpc sinh trung binh) bdng viec tgo mpt Idp hpc khich li tu cua hpc sinh cUng nhu viec vdn dung cdc bien phdp chuyen biet theo cdc cdch thuc vd muc khdc phii hpp v&i timg nhom ddi tupng hpc sinh Tu khda: Phdt tnen ndng luc tu sdng tgo, thuc trang vd gidi phdp, hpc sinh Tieu hoc Nhan bai 13.3.2019; gui phan bien, chinh sua va duyet dang 10.4.2019 Lien he tac gia: Vu Thu Hang; Email:vthang@hnmu.edu.vn M O DAU Nang cao chat lupng giao due toan dien la van dS ludn dupe nganh giao due chii trpng va quan tam Dac biet doi vdi giao due TiSu hpc lai co nhiing dac thii rieng Trong do, viec ren luyen cho hpc sinh (HS) kha nang tu duy, rapt phuong phap hpe tap tich cue doi hoi moi giao vien (GV) phai eo nghe thuat hong each chuyen tai kiSn thiie Vdi moi rapt tiSt day, cae GV luon thS hien sir sang tao ciia minh viec ehuySn tai kiSn thire tdi HS Bieu quan trpng nhat ma eae thay co chia se, la lam dS cac em ITnh hpi kien thiie mpt each chu dong va nhe nhang nhit Mue tieu ciia giao due la tao nhiing ngudi co nang luc tu va kha nang nhan biet van de, dua cac giai phap bieu qua nhit de lira chpn, thu nghiem va tim each giai quyet hpp ly nhit so vdi ngu6n luc va hoan canh hien co Theo diln dan kinh tS thS gidi, 65% tre em budc vao trudng TiSu hpc hom se lam nhiing loai cong viec chua duoc 'dat ten" ThS nhung, nhin vao moi trudng va phuong phap giao due hien tai d Viet Nam, ngudi ta vin thiy phong each giao due cua hang chuc nam trudc do, HS ngoan ^gg 11 T R y d N G B^ajHqg T H O Blfl HA NOI ngoan ngdi nghe GV giang, GV la ngudi Icidm soat tit ca cac hoat ddng, mdi truong va HS Idp Cac chuyen gia giao due cua UNICEF da chi ring: diSu khd Idian nhat viee tridn Idtai eac chuong trinh giao diie Id nang thS ky 21 t?i Viet Nam la tu cda ngudi gifag day Theo phuong phap mdi cua cdc qudc gia ed ndn giio due phat trien, GV chi ddng vai trd \k facilitator - ngudi tao didu kien, ngudi kich hoat ma thdi Tai cae nude nay, su uu viet giao due eua ho don gian la tap tnmg vao viee giilp tre tu mmh, hoac qua hop tac nhdm, tim each giai quydt vfc dd Cudi cilng, muc tieu cda giao due la tao nhtog eon ngudi cd nang toe tu va kha nang nhan bidt vjn dl, dura eac giai phap hieu qua nhit dd lua chon, thir nghiem va tim each giai quySt hap ly nhit so vdi ngudn luc va hoan canh hien ed Niing luc tu sang tao (TDST) - bac cao nhit ctia hoat ddng tri tud eon ngudi, eo tim quan vd cting dac biet ddi voi su phat ttidn cac ndn van minh cua loai ngudi Co nang toe TDST khdng chi giup ngudi giai quylt dugc eac vin de sinh cuoc sdng mdt each thieh hop ma edn dam bao cho viec hien thite hda nhiing nang luc tiem tang eua mdi ca nhan Vi vay nd ludn la mdt thudc tinh nhan each mong mudn cila xa hdi va duac coi la mue dieh giao due toan eiu Tim quan trpng eua nang luc TDST hoat dong hoe tap va hoat ddng thuc tiln dugc nhin thiic sau sac va dang timg budc thuc hien ehuong trinh hanh ddng cu thi giao dtic va day hoe Viee phat trien nang luc TDST ndi rieng, hoat dong sang tao ndi chung chuang trinh hpe tap ciia HS la viee lam hit siie ein thiit va eip bach khdng chi bdi ddi hdi eua xa hpi nay: "ddi mdi tu duy", phat huy tinh thin dpc lap suy nghi va sang tao ctia HS ma edn la yeu eau tu than ciia qua trinh day hpe, qua trinh ddi mdi phuong phap day va hpc, ddi mdi giao due NOI DUNG 2.1 Nang lire tir sang tao dndi goc tam If hoc va giao due hoc Nang toe sang tao ed the toeu la kha nang tao tlhirng gia tri mdi ve vlt ehat va tinh than, tim cai mdi, van dung cdng nhung hieu biet da cd vao hoan canh mdi Nang lire sang tao gan lien vdi ki nang, kl xao va vdn hieu biet ctia chti thd Trong bat eu linh vuc hoat ddng nao, cang thao va cd kien thire sau rdng thi cang nhay ben dir doan, de dugc nhieu phuong an de lua ehpn, cang tao dieu kien cho true giac phat trien Bdi vay khdng the ren luyen nang lue sang tao tach rdi, ddc lap vdi hpe tap kien thiic ve mdt ITnh vuc nao Nang lire TDST la mpt nhirng nang lire sang tao, ben earth cae nang toe khae nhu nang toe tudng tupng, lien tudng hay nang toe tu hpe sang tao Mue dich eua viec day hpc khong chi dimg lai d viSc eung cip nhiing hi thirc cu thS cho HS ma phai trang bi cho HS each thiic tiSp can va thu nap nhiing tri thirc nhu thS Ciing vi vay, nha tmdng va xa hdi ddi hoi viec day hpc phai hang bi dupe cho HS cae thao tac tu va b6i duong dupe cac phira chit cho nang lue tu duy, dac biet la nang lue TDST Trong linh vuc giao due, thang cap dp tu eo thS dupe xem la mpt cong cu nSn tang as tir xay dung va sap xSp cac muc tieu giao due, xay dung cac chuang trinh, qui trmh giao due va dao tao, xay dung, he thdng hoa cac eau hoi, bai tap diing dS kiSm tra danh gia qua trmh hpc tap Thang cip dp tu diu tiSn dupe xay dung bdi B.S.Bloom (1956) gpi latiiangtu Bloom {Bloom's taxonomy) bao gdm cip dp, dupe nhin nhan va mieu ta nhu hmh mpt kim tu thap, tir dudi day trd len la; Biit (Knowledge), Hiiu (Comprehension), Van dung (Application), Phdn tich (Analysis), Tong hpp (Synthesis) va Ddnh gid (Evaluation) Hai cip dO "Biet" va "Hiiu" dupe coi la tu bdc thip, b6n cip dp lai la tu bac cao Nhan thiy thang tren chua that su hoan chinh, vao nam 1999, Lorin Anderson, mot hpc ho cua B.S.Bloom, da eung rapt s6 cpng su dS xuit Thang Bloom tu ehinh {Bloom's Revised Taxonomy) Co ba su thay doi dang luu y su diSu chinh so vdi Thang Bloom: cap dp tu thap nhit la "Nh&' thay vi "Biit", cip "Tong hap" dupe bo di va dua them "Sdng tgo" vao miic cao nhat Su diSu ehinh sau da nhan dupe su ung hp bdi da so cae co sd giao due - noi dS cao eae boat dong giiip phat hien nang luc sang tao ciia ngudi hpc Miic dp tu "nho": co the nhac lai cac thdng tin da dupe tiep nhan trudc Miic "hieu" the hien d kha nang dien dich, dien giai, giai thich hoac suy diSn cua HS "Van dvng" la miie dp tu doi hoi nang lire sii dung thong tin va chuyen ddi kien thitc tii dang sang dang khac, noi each khac la su dung nhirng kiSn thiie da hpe hong hoan canh mdi "Van dung" la ch6 bat dau cua miic TDST "Phdn tich" la kha nang nhan biSt cac ehl tiet, phat hien va phan biet cac bp phan cau eiia thong tin, chi va giai thich moi quan he giira cae phan vdi tong the Cao ban phan tich la "ddnh gid" Danh gia doi hoi kha nang phan xet gia tri cua doi tupng hoac sir dung thong tin de bien minh, phS binh theo cac tiSu chi thieh hop De dat dSn miic dp tu nay, HS phai su dung nhiing gi da hpc dS danh gia, cho y kien, binh luan, tdng hcrp, so sanh va biSt sir dung nhung lap luan de bao ve quan diSm cua minh Muc dp tu cao nhat, kho nhat ddi vdi ngudi hpc la tu "sdng tgo" CJ miie dp tu nay, HS phai sir dung nhiing gi da hpe de thiet lap, tdng hop, xay dung, thiet ke, sang tae, de xuat hoac sang tao mpt cai gi hoan toan mdi Cai moi tat nhien phai duoc xay dung tir nhimg cai da co, tir nhiing ySu to phin va the hien ro nhat d boat dong d6ng sang tao Ba CO nhiSu quan diSm vS khai niem TDST dupe dua Vugotxki L.X (Nga) cho ^g: Hogt ddng sdng tgo Id bdt cir hogt ddng nao cua ngiroi tgo duoc cdi gi m&i 152 J T^CtN^BAIHQCTTHlijDaHAJVIig^ khdng ki rdng cdi dugc tgo dy Id mgt vgt cu thi hay Id sdn phdm cua tri tue hoac tinh cdm chi song vd biiu 16 bdn thdn nguoT' [3, tr.84] Cdn theo Torrance P.E.: Sang tao la qua trinh xae dinh eae gia thuyet, nghien ciiu chdng va tim ket qua 6ng cho ring sang tao "Id qud trinh tra nen nhgy cdm hay nhdn biet nhiiu vdn de, su thieu hut hay li hong kien thicc, su thieu hut cdc yeu td hay su thieu hda hgp cimg dua de cac mil quan he vol nhung thong tin hien tgi co gid tri tit ddn din tim kiem nhiing phuong dn gidi quyit, nhiing phong dodn, cong thiic hoa ve vdn dS' [2, tr.l02] Via Nam, theo tac gia Chu Quang Tiim, "Sdng tgo, cdn cir vdo nhiing y tu&ng da co sdn Idm tdi lieu rdi cdtxen, chgn lgc, tong hgp lai di thdnh mgt hinh tugng mat' [1, tr.295] Quan niem nhin manh din nhung eai da bilt lam eo sd cho svr sang tao Nguyen Diic Uy lai cho ring: "Sdng tgo la su dot khoi thdnh hdnh dgng cua mgt sdn phdm lien he mai me, nd sinh tic sic dgc ddo cua mgt cd nhdn vd nhiing tu lieu, biin co, nhdn su, hay nhiing hodn cdnh ciia d&i nguai dy" [4, tr.9] Quan dilm cho rang khdng ed su phan biet ve sang tao, nghia la sang tao du it, du nhilu diu la sang tao Cdn tac gia Nguyen Huy Tu (1996), cudn Be cuong bdi gidng Tdm ly hgc sdng tgo, dinh nghia sang t^o nhu sau: "Sdng tgo thi hien ngu&i diing truoc hodn cdnh co vdn de Qud trinh ndy Id td hgp cdc phdm chdt vd ndng luc md nh& ngu&i tren co so kinh nghiem ciia minh vd bdng doc Idp tgo dugc y tuang moi, dgc ddo, hgp ly trin binh diin cd nhdn hay xd hot ngu&i sdng tgo ggi bo dugc cdc gidi phdp truyen thong de dua nhirng gidi phdp m dgc ddg vd thich hgp chg vdn de dgt ra" [5, tr.5] Tit eac quan diem tren ve khai niem TDST, ehiing ta cd the nhan thay mac dii sang tao dugc giai thich d cac gdc dp khac nhimg cac tae gia deu thdng nhat eho rang: TDST la mpt thudc tinh, mpt pham ehat tri tue dac biet ctia ngudi; hoat ddng sang tao dien d mpi noi, mpi luc, mpi ITnh vuc; ban chat ciia sang tap la ngudi tim cai mdi, cai doe dao va cd gia tri xa hdi TDST la to ed khuynh hudng phat hien va giai thieh ban chat su vat theo ldi mdi, hoae tao y tudng mdi, each giai quylt mdi khdng theo tiln le da co TDST dugc dac trung bdi cac yeu td chinh (basic components) nhu tinh mim deo (flexibility), tinh thuan thue (fluency), tmh dde dao (originality), tinh chi tilt (elaboration va tmh nhay cam (problemsensibility) Cae dae trung tren cua TDST khdng tach rdi ma ehiing cd lien he mat thiit vdi nhau, bd sung cho nhau, dd tmh dpc dao dugc cho la quan trpng nhat bieu dat sang tao, tinh nhay cam vin dl di liln vdi ca chi xuit hien sang tao Tinh mim deo, thuin thuc la ca sa dl cd till dat dugc tinh dde dao, tinh nhay cam, tinh chi tilt va hoan thien TDST ddng vai trd quan trgng giao due Thii nhit, hpe tap, TDST giup HS cd kha nang dat dugc diem cao, dam me hpe tap, viec hpc trd nen nhe nhang va thoai mai TAP CHI KHDA HOC - SO 3D/ZD1S ™ _ „ _ _^„„ ™-„_ ^^' hon Thir hai, xay dung cac moi quan he, ki nang TDST giiip HS dupe nhiing ngudi xung quanh kmh trpng va yeu quy ban, hon the niia HS cdn tun duoc nhiing ngudi ban thuc su, eiing nhu giii gin va lam cho nhung moi quan he ay cang tot dep hon Thii ba, budc chan khdi nha trudng, vdi TDST, HS se phat triSn nghS nghiSp va dudng su nghiep mdt each tot dep Thii tu, vdi ki nang tu suy sang tao, HS cung se se de dang biet each ton tai va song hong mpt xa hpi nhieu thu thach hien Thii nam, ki nang TDST chinh la chia khoa dua thS gidi khdng ngung phat triSn, chi co TDST mdi co kha nang giiip ngudi kham pha, phat minh nhiing cong hinh vi dai ddng vai hd quan trpng hong viec lam thay doi xa hpi, giiip xa hpi c6 nhiing budc tiSn dai hong lich su 2.2 Nang lye tir sang t^o cua hoc sinh Tieu hoc Thu nhdt, boat dong cua tre c6 dupe gpi la boat dong sang tao khdng va TDST da co d tre hay ehua? Neu co thi no da phat triSn chua hay mdi chi la budc diu hinh thanh? L.X.Vugotski, nghiSn ciiu tri tudng tupng va sang tao d liia tuoi thieu nhi, cho rang "su sdng tgo that khdng phdi chi cd & noi nd tgo nhung tdc phdm lich sir vi dgi, md khap noi nao ngu&i tuong tupng, phdi hpp, bien ddi vd tgo mot cdi gi m&i, cho d cdi moi dy nhd be den ddu di chdng nira so v&i su sdng tgo cua cdc bdc thien tdi" [7, tr.l3] Va ong cung khang dinh: "Mdt nhimg vdn de quan trpng nhdt cua tdm ly hpc thieu nhi vd gido due hpc Id vdn de su sdng tgo & thieu nhi, suphdt trien cua cdc ndng lu sdng tgo vdy nghia cua cdng viec sdng tgo ddi v&i suphdt trien chung vd su tru&ng thd cua tre em" [7, tr.l4] Nhu vay hoan toan c6 su tuang dong giiia qua trinh sang tao ciia HS va qua trinh sang tao cua cac nha khoa hpc, nha sang chS Chang han vdi nha khoa hpc, khoi nguon cho su sang tao la niSm say mS vdi van de khoa bpc thi vdi HS Tieu hpc, nguon cam hiing, kich thieh eho boat ddng sang tao duoc bieu hien qua dau bieu: thich hdi, to mo va hay thie mic Vdi nha khoa hpc bit diu eong viec sang tao tir mpt cau hoi tbi vdi HS Tieu hpe, su sang tao the hien qua viec dua nhung cau hdi kho va sau vS rapt chu de hoc tap Rubmstein X.L eho rkng, eo hai loai san phara sang tao ung vdi hai miic dp sang tao: Miic dp - Sang tao mpt ITnh vuc nhit dinh ma co the lam thay doi tan g6c cac quan diem ciia he thSng cu Tiic sang tao tri thiic mdi raiie dp nay, ngudi ta thudng dS cap den hoat dong sang tao eiia loai ngudi, sang tao cua cac nha khoa hpc Miie dp - Phat trien cai da biSt, md rpng ITnh vuc iing dung, dao sau ly thuySt, lam sang to phucmg dien ly luan, van dung tri thiic vao tinh budng mdi Ong khing dinh: san phara sang tao ciia tre •nang tinh chii quan, khac vdi san phim sang tao ciia ngudi ldn mang tinh khach quan San pham sang tao eua tre chua mang y nghia xa hpi Cai mdi, cai dpc dao san pham sang •ao ciia tre mdi chi c6 y nghTa trudc hSt doi vdi ban tiian he Hoat dong sang tao mang lai 154 jj TRUING B ^ H D C T H O ^ B O H A ^ N D I cho tre nilm vui sudng, su thich thii NIU dugc khuyin khich kip thdi se tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho tre hoc Id kha nang sang tao cia minh, dd se cang kich thieh tre sang tao Theo dng, dua tre pham vi cdn ban ehl cua su nhan thiie, cua vdn kmh nghiem vln cd nhilu co hdi dl bdc Id va phat triln sang tao chtl quan eua minh, dilu quan trpng la phai bilt phat hien eai gi la cai mdi chii quan cua nd Tir nhiing nhan dinh cua eac nha khoa hpe, ed the khing dinh ring su khae giira sang tao eua ngudi ldn vdi su sang tao cua tre em chi la muc eta san pham sang tao, miie dp giai quylt vin dl, mile tu lap sudt qua trinh sang tao Cdn ve co che, ve nguyen tic, ban chit TDST khdng cd su khac biet nao giiia sang tao cua HS Tieu hpe vdi ngudi ldn va vdi eac nha khoa hpc Ching han voi nha khoa hpe, qua trinh sang tap la qua n-mh tim cac giai phap dde dao hay nhilu each giai quyet ddc dao cho cimg mdt van de, hoac tao ra, tun dugc nhirng san phim mdi cd y nghia xa hdi bang nhiing dudng, each thuc dpc dao, mdi me Dilu vdi HS Tilu hpc dugc bilu hien qua trinh hpe tap nhu dua nhimg ly hpp ly cho nhiing cau tra ldi; tim each giai quyet van de hay va dde dao (ching han giai dugc eac bai toan khd vdi each giai hay, mdi la va dde dao; viet dupe cae bai van hay, xue tich va giau hinh anh); tim cau tra ldi chinh xae va sac eho eau hdi hoac yen eiu eua GV; tun nhieu each giai quyet cho eiing mdt van de hpc tap (chang han tim nhieu each giai eho mdt bai toan, dua nhieu can tra ldi khac va ddc dap cho mdt vin &h); biet phat todn, giai quyet van de, biet each hpe va tu hpc Tdm lai, cd the khang dinh HS Tieu hpe da the hien TDST Thii hai, mue dp TDST cua HS Tilu hpe nhu thi nao? Thep Nguyin Huy Td [5, tr.l6], viec phiin biet eae mile dp sang tao cd y nghTa rat quan trgng trgng viee giao due va dao tao ngudi Ong da phan chia sang tao nam miie dp sau: 1) Sang tap bilu todn la mile sang tap eo ban nhat khdng ddi hdi ki nang quan trpng nap; 2) Sang tao che tao la muc sang tao eao hon sang tao bieu hien; 3) Sang tao phat kiln la su dl xuit sang kiln hay phat kien; 4) Sang tao cai bien la miie sang tao cao, the hien su hilu bilt sau sic eac kiln thiie khoa hpe hoac cac kien thue chuyen mdn; 5) Sang tao phat minh la miie sang tao eao nhat, cd dae tnmg la tao nhiing san pham vat ehat hay tinh thin hoan toan mdi, nhiing each thiic hanh ddng chua hing cd kinh nghiem Theo nhan dinh ctia dng, sang tao cua HS Tieu hpe chii yeu d cip dp dau tien: sang tao bilu hien Ddng thdi ciing cd nhimg bieu hien cua sang tao che tao va sang tao phat kiln Day la nhiing dang co ban nhit va la bac quan trpng nhat ciia sang tao vi khdng cd nd thi se khdng cd mdt sir sang tao nao cao han Thii ba, bilu hien mdt sd ylu td eua TDST d HS Tilu hpc nhu thi nac? Bg trie nghiem sang tao TSD -Z ciia Klaus K.Urban dupe ling dung d Viet Nam (do nhdm nghien TAP CHf KHCA HOC - SO / _^ _ ™ II ^^^ Ciiu, diing diu la Nguyen Huy Tii thuc bien nam 2006) da dua nhiSu ket luan, khing dinh miic dp sang tao cua nam va nii HS TiSu hpe d Viet Nam la tuang duong nhung CO su khac biet vS miic dp sang tao d timg nhom doi tucmg HS: kha, gioi, trung binh, ySu (cung dp tuoi) [6,fr.147-207].Nhu vay cd the dua vao chi so cua TDST: mSm deo, thuin thuc, chi tiSt, doe dao cua Torrance E.P dS danh gia biSu hien TDST cua HS TiSu hpc Tom lai, co the khang dinh rang HS Tieu hpc, dae biet la HS cu6i cip da cd cd diy du cac diSu kien can thiet cho hoat dong nhan thiic noi chung, hoat ddng sang tao noi rieng Tuy nhiSn, cac kha nang mdi d muc dp ban diu, so ding nen boat dong sang tao cua cac em ciing chi dung d miic tao nhiing cai mdi dSi vdi ban tiian, kS ea tri thiie, kinh nghiem tich luy dupe cung nhu each thiic, dudng chiSm ITnh nhiing tri thiic, kinh nghiem iy Cimg vdi su phat triSn cac kha nang nhan thiic khac, TDST eua HS TiSu bpc, dac biet la HS cac Idp euoi cap Tieu hpc d muc dau so gian nhung ciing da mang nhung net dac tnmg co ban nhat cua TDST nhu tinh mSm deo, linh boat, dpc dao va thS hien d cac miie dp khac giiia cae nhom doi tupng HS Trong day hpc, viec phan biet miic dp miie dp khdng phai la van de quan trpng, ma quan trpng hon, ngudi GV phai nhan diSn dupe nhiing yeu to dae trung cua TDST thS hien d moi ca nhan HS de co tac dong phu hop lam cho no phat trien ban 2.3 Thirc trang va giai phap phat trien nang lyc TDST cho hoc sinh Tieu hoc TDST ciia HS TiSu hpc thudng gap mpt so rao can nhu sau: *L6i mdn tu duy: Ci m6i giai doan khae bac Tieu bpc, HS lai c6 thSm kien thtic, nhiSu dinh kiSn vS mpi thii Cac dinh kiSn la eae loi mon tu da hinh cupe song Nhiing dinh kiSn thudng lam HS khong nhin nhan duoc thau dao nhung gi ma chiing ta da biSt bay tin tudng la co the xay Chimg ngan can su thay doi va tien bp Do la nhiing ldi nghT thong thudng Do la sire i cua tu da quen suy nghi theo loi mon • Tin vdo kinh nghiem: Khi thuc hien mpt kS hoach hay quySt dinh rapt van dS gi do, CO thS HS TiSu hpc khong cin suy nghi, tim giai phap t6t nhit, y tudng mdi, ma lai eho rang nhung viee minh da lam nhiSu lin rdi, GV da cho luyen tap nhiSu roi va nhat nhat chi nghe theo ldi GV ySu ciu, khong co gi phai suy nghT, din Chinh su qua tin tudng vao kinh nghiem vo tmh giSt chSt TDST cua chinh cae em HS Do do, nSu muon lam mot viec gi hay quySt dinh vin dS gi do, dii rit quen thupc, eung dimg voi vang tin tudng vao nhimg kmh nghiem co san ma bay dat nhiing cau hoi; tim goe dp khac eho van de va thiitimeach giai quySt theo hudng khac, each thirc khac 154 II _ _ TRUClNB BAI HOC T H G B D H A J ^ eho tre nilm vui sudng, su thieh thu NIU dugc khuyin khich kip thdi se tao dieu kidn thuan loi cho tre bdc Id kha nang sang tao eiia minh, dd se eang kieh thich tre sang tao Theo dng, diia tre pham vi cdn han ehl eua su nhan thiic, cua vdn kinh nghiem vln cd nhilu eo hdi dl bdc Id va phat triln sang tao ehu quan eila mmh, dieu quan trgng la phai bilt phat toen cai gi la cai mdi chii quan eua nd Tit nhimg nhan dinh cua cac nha khoa hpc, ed thi khing dinh ring su khac giiia sang tao cua ngudi ldn vdi su sang tao eua tre em cU la muc eua san pham sang tao, miie dp giai quylt vin dl, mue dp tu lap sudt qua trinh sang tao Cdn ve co che, ve nguyen tic, ban chit TDST khdng cd su khac biet nao giira sang tao ciia HS Tieu hpe vdi ngudi ldn va vdi cae nha khoa hpc Ching ban vdi nha khoa hgc, qua trinh sang tao la qiia h-uih tim cae giai phap ddc dao hay nhilu each giai quyet dpc dao eho cung mpt van de, hoac tao ra, tun duge nhirng san phim mdi cd y nghia xa hdi bang nhiing eon dudng, each thiie ddc dao, mdi me Dilu vdi HS Tilu hgc dugc bilu hien qua trinh hpc tap nhu dua nhimg ly hgp ly eho nhiing eau tra ldi; tim each giai quyet van de hay va ddc dao (ching ban giai dugc cae bai toan khd vdi each giai hay, mdi la va dde dao; viet duge cae bai van hay, xdc tich va giau hinh anh); tim cau tra ldi chinh xae va sac cho eau hdi hoac yeu eiu cua GV; tim nhilu each giai quyet cho eilng mdt van de hpc tap (ching han tim nhilu each giai cho mdt bai toan, dua nhieu cau trii ldi khae va ddc dao eho mdt vin de); bidt phat hidn, giai quyet vSn de, biet each hpe va ttr hpe Tdm lai, cd the idiang dinh HS Tieu hpc da the hien TDST Thic hai, miie dp TDST eua HS Tilu hpe nhu thi nao? Theo Nguyin Huy Tii [5, tr.l6], viee phan biet eae miie dp sang tap cd y nghia rat quan trpng trpng viee giao due va dao tao ngudi Ong da phan chia sang tao nam mite dp sau: 1) Sang tao bieu hien la miic sang tao ca ban nhat khdng ddi hdi kl nang quan trgng nao; 2) Sang tao che tao la miic sang tao cao hon sang tao bieu hien; 3) Sang tao phat kien la sir de xuit sang kien hay phat kien; 4) Sang tao cai bien la miic sang tao cao, the hien su hieu biet sau sac cae kien thiic khoa hpe hoac cae kien thiic chuyen mdn; 5) Sang tao phat minh la miic sang tao cao nhat, cd dae trung la tao nhiing san pham vat chit hay tinh thin hoan toan mdi, nhung each thiic hanh ddng ehua ttrag cd ttpng kinh nghiem Thep nhan dinh ciia dng, sang tao cua HS Tieu hpc ehii yeu d cap dp dau tien: sang tap bieu hien Dong thdi cung cd nhiing bieu hien cua sang tao che tao va sang tao phat kien Day la lihiing dang eo ban nhit va la bac quan trpng nhat cua sang tao vi khdng cd nd thi se khdng cd mdt sir sang tao nao cao hon Thit ba, bieu hien mpt sd yeu td cila TDST d HS Tieu hgc nhu thi nao? Bd trie nghiem sang tao TSD -Z cua Klaus K.Urban dugc ling dung d Viet Nam (do nhdm nghien TAP CHI KHOA H O C - s a / ^ _ 155 Ciiu, diing diu la NguySn Huy Tii thuc hien nam 2006) da dua nhiSu kSt luan, hong khing dinh miic dp sang tao cua nam va nii HS TiSu hpe d Viet Nara la tuang duong nhung ed su khac biet ve miic dp sang tao d timg nhom doi tupmg HS: kha, gidi, trung binh, ySu (cimg dp tudi) [6,fr.147-207].Nhu vay co the dua vao chi sd eua TDST: raSm dec, thuan thuc, chi tiSt, doe dao eiia Torrance E.P de danh gia biSu hien TDST cua HS TiSu hpe Tom lai, co thS khang dinh rang HS Tieu hpc, dae biet la HS cu6i cip da co co diy du cac diSu kien can thiet cho boat dong nhan thirc noi chung, boat dong sang tao noi rieng Tuy nhien, cac kha nang mdi d miic dp ban dau, so dang nen boat dong sang tao cua cac em cung chi dimg d miic tao nhiing cai mdi doi vdi ban than, kS ca hi thicc, kinh nghiem tich luy dupe ciing nhu each thiic, dudng chiSm linh nhiing tri thiie, kinh nghiem ay Ciing vdi su phat hien eae kha nang nhan thiic khac, TDST cua HS Tieu bpc, dac biet la HS cac Idp euoi cap Tieu hpe d miie dau so gian nhung ciing da mang nhung net dac trung co ban nhat cua TDST nhu tinh mera deo, linh hoat, dpc dao va the hien d cae miic dp khac giiia cae nhom doi tuong HS Trong day hpc, viec phan biet miic dp miic dp khdng phai la van de quan trpng, ma quan trpng hon, ngudi GV phai nhan dien dupe nhung yeu to dac tnmg cua TDST thS bien d moi ca nhan HS dS co tac dong phu hop lam cho no phatfrienhon 2.3 Thwc trang va giai phap phat triin nang lire TDST cho hoc sinh Tieu hoc TDST eua HS TiSu hpc thudng gap mot so rao can nhu sau: •Ldi mdn tu duy: (3 moi giai doan khac hong bac TiSu hpc, HS lai co them kien thiic, nhiSu dinh kiSn vS mpi thii Cac dinh kiSn la cac loi mon tu da hinh cuoc s6ng Nhiing dinh kiSn thudng lam HS khong nhm nhan dupe tiiau dao nhiing gi ma ehiing ta da biet hay tin tudng la co the xay Chiing ngan can sir thay doi va tien bp Do la nhiing ldi nghT tiidng thudng Do la siic i ciia tu da quen suy nghT theo loi mon •Tin vdo kinh nghiem: Khi thuc hien mpt kS hoach hay quySt dinh mpt van dS gi do, CO the HS TiSu hpc khong cin suy nghT, tim giai phap tdt nhat, y tudng mdi, ma lai cho rang nhung viec mmh da lam nhiSu lin r6i, GV da cho luyen tap nhiSu roi va nhit rihit chi nghe theo ldi GV ySu eiu, khong co gi phai suy nghi, din Chinh su qua tin tudng vao kinh nghiera vo tmh giSt chSt TDST cua chinh cae em HS Do do, nSu muon lam m6t viec gi hay quySt dinh vin dS gi do, du rit quen thupc, ciing dimg voi vang tin tudng vao nhirng kinh nghiem eo sin ma hay dat nhiing eau hoi; tim goc dp khac cho van de va thu tim each giai quySt theo hudng khac, each thiic khac 156 _ TRUdNG BAI JHOCTHOBQJjANgi^ Sg thdt bai: Bay ciing la nguyen nhan chinh gay can trd TDST Nhimg each nghi mdi, each lam mdi thudng phai ddi mat vdi nhilu nii ro va nguy co thit bai eao Nhat la HS Tilu hpc hay mang tam ly thudng nghi: toi khdng phai la ngudi sang tao, tdi khdng thi giai quylt vin dl dd, tdi sg phai tra gia cho su thit bai Chiing thudng cam thiy khdng dii kha nang dl giai quylt vin dl gap phai: khdng dii nang luc, trmh dp, kinh nghidm, kha nang sang tap Do dd, GV hay ddng vien khich le tinh thin ddi vdi tre, dimg nen chi trich mdi chiing lam sai ma hay ddng vien ehiing Ben canh do, tmh ludi bilng cung khiln mdt sd HS khdng suy nghT, ma khdng suy nghi thi khdng thi suy nghi sang tao Thirc chit, cOng ed nang toe sang tao, chi ein ed du nilm tin va su diing cam, eung cd the tim ldi giai cho nhttng vin dl ma mmh gap phai, it nhit la nhimg vin dl lidn quan den cupe sdng ea nhan J Sg bi che cu&i: Khi tao mdt cai gi moi, ngudi ed tam ly ngai thay ddi thudng quan tam din viee ngudi khac se nghi gi va lo sg eac y tudng eiia minh bi danh gia nhu "tro ire " Thuc tl cua cudc sdng, nhiing y tudng mdi ddi thudng cd the hi che nhao, chi trich Nhiing ngudi cd sang tao la nhiing ngudi hay cd nhirng y tudng khae ngudi va it > dugc su chip thuan ctia mgi ngudi xung quanh Chinh vl tam ly sp bi che cudi ndn nhiSu y tudng chi dugc dimg lai d suy nghi va khdng dam bpc Id ra, lau din nd khien ngudi ta hd nen tu ti vdi chinh nhiing to todng, sang tap cua minh, khdng mudn nghi den nhiing y todng dugc eho la dien rd dd niia Do dd, ein luu y: nhiing tiln bd duge thuc hien chi bdi nhiing ngudi ed du sue manh dl chiu dung su cudi che Khi vugt qua tam ly ngai thay ddi, ^ mdi ea nhan tu cdi bd nhiing rang budc cho TDST cua minh • Chdp nhdn su sdn co: Dd la ngudi ehl mudn di theo mdt ldi mdn da dugc nhilu ngudi di trudc dd hoae ehinh hg la ngudi ciing da nhieu lan di tren eon dudng Ho khdng mudn sang tao mdt dudng mdi vi nhieu ly khae Hon niia sir cd san luc nao eiing mang lai cam giac an toan, eho dii nd ed cu den miic nao Neu ed to todng chip nhan su cd sin nhu vay, khd cd the sang tao Hay nhanh chdng thay ddi, neu khdng dd se la rao can rit ldn ddi vdi viec TDST Dd la siic i eiia tu da quen suy nghi theo cai cd sin Ngoai ra, tinh ludi bieng eiing khien ngudi khdng suy nghi, ma khdng suy nghi thi khdng thi suy nghi sang tao la xda bd khdi tam tri cum tir "Khdng the cd y todng/ cach/giai phap nao hay hgn nUa!" Dimg ludn toan theo nhiing each giai quyet van dd da ed, dung chip nhan nhimg y todng ma cGng nghi dugc, dung hai long vdi san pham hien dang ed Ludn dat cho minh mdt ddi hdi la hay tim tdi dieu gi dd mdi ban, la ban, "dde" hon Mae du viec phat triln TDST cho HS Tieu hgc thdng qua day bgc cac mdn hpc la rat cin thiit, toy nhien, hiu nhu GV chua quan tam diing miic den day hpc phat triln TDST TJO^P CHI KHOA H O C - S D / _^ „ „„_ II ^ " cho HS cung nhu chua ed bien phap phat trien TDST cho HS mpt each hiSu qua Dieu xuit phat tu cae nguyen nhan sau: • Thic nhdt, nhan thiie eiia GV, HS vS day tu mo ho, chung chung Mac du GV da it nhiSu nhan thiie dupe tim quan trpng ciia TDST va can thiSt phai hinh thanh, phat trien TDST cho HS cung nhu eo the ren luyen de phatfriSnTDST eho HS nhung phan ldn GV dSu chua CO bien phap eu thS dS phat triSn TDST cho HS Hp ly giai viSc phat triSn TDST cho HS mpt each chung chung, ren cai gi, phat triSn nhung ySu td nao thi hau nhu chua CO mpt quan diSm ro rang • Thir hai, chua eo mpt moi trudng su pham thich hpp cho viec phat triSn TDST cho HS Co the khang dinh hau bet GV chua tao duoc mpt moi trudng Idp hpe "an todn" va "thdn thien", mpi HS dupe doi xu mpt each ton trpng, cong bang va m6t bau khong lop hpc vua cdi md vira canh tranh de khuyen khich, cd vii cho tu eiia HS That vay, GV da nhan thiic dupe rang phat triSn TDST cho HS la rat quan hpng nhung thuc te hp lai khong thuc hien viec frong qua trinh day hpc cua rainh NhiSu GV cho rang hp chi cSn HS tim dupe kSt qua diing theo dap an da dii dap iing ySu cau dat ra, khong yeu cau cSn phai giai thich hay lap luan cho nhiing each lam khac Trong thuc tS, nSu HS co dua dupe nhieu y kien, quan diSm, each lam khac thi GV ciing la ngudi nhan xet, danh gia hoae ciing chi eo thS eho HS nhan xet dung hay sai dS di dSn kSt luan Chi HS dua y tuong, kSt luan nhu GV la dupe thua nhan • Thir ba, GV chua chu y dSn phat triSn TDST, dac biet la tinh mSm deo, thuan thuc va dpc dao - ba yeu to ca ban nhat cua TDST eho HS Trong mpt tiSt hpc, c6 nhiing npi dung CO thS khai thac dS phat triSn ba ySu to co ban nhat ciia TDST cho HS nhung dSu bi GV bo qua Han niia, GV cung chua tao dieu kien, khuyen khich hay to chiie de HS van dung linh hoat cac TTTD va cac phuong phap suy luan vao giai quySt cac van dS hpe tap, chua tao lap cho HS thoi quen suy nghT khong rap khuon, khdng ap dung rapt each may moc nhung tri thiic, kinh nghiera, kT nang da co vaofrongnhiing dieu kien, hoan canh mdi co nhung yeu to da thay doi; chua ren cho HS kha nang tim nhieu each giai quyet cho mpt van de va luon tim each ngan gpn nhat, tim dupe nhieu giai phap tren nhieu goc dp va nhieu tinh huong khac nhau, tir sang Ipc cac giai phap de chpn dupe giai phap toi uu, hoac phat hiSn hoae giai thich dupe van de mdi dua tren kiSn thiic cua bai hpc, tim each giai quyet van dS hay va doe dao Ngoai ra, nhu mpt thoi quen, da s6 GV da khdng dS thdi gian du cho HS c6 thS danh gia tat ea nhiing each lam ciia minh, cua ban de bi chpn each lam diing va hay, thay ro dupe gia tri cua nhiing cai hay, nhd raa HS thiy dup-c cai sai ciia minh 158 II ^ J^R^LiaNGB^lHQCTl-lOBiaHANqJ • Thic tu, qua trinh day hpc, GV ehua ehd y din viee phat trien TDST eho nhieu nhdm ddi topng HS (kha, gidi, tnmg binh ) Khdng it GV cd quan niem sai lam rang tinh sang tao, dd cd TDST la mpt kha nang thiSn phd, chi cd d mdt sd it ngudi, ddi vdi HS ciing vay, ehi cd mpt sd it HS la cd kha nang sang tao HS nao da hpc gidi thi du day thi nao chiing cimg hpc gidi, va ngugc lai Vi vay, hp khdng chu y din vide lam dl phat triln TDST eho mgi ddi togng HS Khdng nhung thi, kl ca nhimg GV da quan niem ring tiim nang sang tao cd d mgi HS binh thudng thi thiic tl day hpc, hp cung khdng ehii y din phat triln TDST cho nhdm ddi togng HS trung bmh va dudi trung bmh Thuc te mdi gid hpc, nlu ed chii y ren TDST tM eung cU ed nhdm ddi togng HS kha gidi dugc quan tam, edn ddi tupng HS trung binh thi diing ngoai cudc hoac bean tpan bi bd rcri, nhdm ddi topng HS chilm da sd mdi lap hpe Thu ndm, bilu hien eua HS trpng qua trinh hpe tap nhu chua bilt va ehua ed thoi quen tim nhilu each giai quylt cho mdt vin dl; ap dung may mde kien thiie ki nang, each giai; thuc hien bai giai, HS ehu ylu lam theo trinh tu cac budc tinh, trmh tu thuc hien cae phep tinh, HS cam eui tinh timg budc ti mi, ein than ma khdng biet lam gdp, lam tit eac bude tinh, chua kit hgp giiia ki nang tinh toan va suy luan vin de; van dtmg cac tinh chit eila cae phep tinh, cae phuong phap giai diln hmh vao giai quyet mdt each sang tap; ehua bilt van dung each giai loai, dang, mau bai toan vao giai quyet cac loai, dang, mau bai; ehii yeu la viet cau, viet doan theo mau ma chua biet pha each, ket hgp (dao ngii, them phan phu, sii dung to ngir bieu cam, ddc dao ) de lam cho cau van, bai viet trd nen sinh ddng; khdng viet dupe cac bai tap lam van "pha mau" ma chu yeu to^ theo trinh tu chat ehe: md bai, tbiin bai, ket luan, hoac thudng md bai true tiep ma khdng md bai gian tiep; chua biet van dung kien thiie duge hpe vao xu ly linh boat, sang tao eac tmh hudng thuc tien; ehua biet chia nhd van de (bai tap, cau hdi) dl giai quyet timg phan mgt each de dang; chua biet sap xep, bd tri edng viec mpt each hgp ly, linh hpat de tranh ehdng cheo, chd dgi, ma phat huy dugc hieu qua cao; chua bilt nhin tdng thi, toan dien ddi vdi cae vin de; chua nhan thue dugc mpi su vat diu cd mdi liln he vdi nhau, dl giai quySt loan dien, ddng bd (linh hpat, mem dep); ehua biet giai quylt vin dl mpt caeh ddc lap; thudng be tac gap cac vin de khd hpe tap ma cbua bilt each giai quylt linh boat; chua nhan dugc cac chirc nang khac cua mdt su vat hay vin dl (each giai, bai toan, cau hdi); chua nhan sir hoan ddi cac chiie nang giira cac sir vat, vin dl hgc tap; chua nhin va khai thac eai hay, eai tdt, eai tich cue, cai Igi the, ea hdi trpng hoan canh xau, dieu kien khd khan, thach thiie ; chua nhan tinh hai mat cua mdt vin dl dl phat huy cai tdt, cai hay va ban che cai x&u, cai khdng hay (d miic dp don giiin nhit) Day la nhirng bieu hien tieu bilu chung td HS chua phat huy TDST qua trinh hpc tap eiing nhu each thiic giai quyet eac van de TAP CHf KHDA HOC - SO 3D/201S 159 Vay cin phai eo eac giai phap hieu qua dS pbat triSn nang luc TDST cua HS Tieu hpc Mpt la su dung l&p hpc tu Mot Idp hpc tu la Idp hpc diSn su phdi hpp nhip nhang giiia phuong phap day cua GV va nhiing hanh vi tuong iing cua HS nhara giai quyet dirpc cae nhiem vu hpc tap mot each hieu qua va tich cue Trong Idp hpc do, ca GV va HS dSu tich cue boat dong GV giiia vai tro to chiic, diSu khiSn Idp hpe eon HS chu dong va tich cue tham gia cac hoat dong hpc tap, dpc lap suy nghT tim kiSra cac phuong an giai quySt van de hong suot qua trinh hpc tap Qua do, HS khong chi kham pha cae tri thiic ma kham pha, lam chu phuong phap hpe, phuong phap tu No lam cho tu cua HSfronen nhay ben, phat trien ban Hai Id GV lop hpc tu GV frong Idp bpc tu khae gi GV frong Idp hpc tmyen thong? Trong Idp hpe truySn thong, GV ehii yeu thue hien nhiing eong viec nhu noi Truyen dat thong tin vdi vi hi cua mpt tae gia, ngudi truyen dat Trong "l&p hpc tu duy" ngudi GV tao diSu kien va khuySn khich HS trao doi, suy nghi, can nhac va hanh dong rapt each dung cam Trong Idp hpc nay, GV vira la ngudi to ehiic, hudng dan eae boat dong vua c6ng tac, lam viec cimg eac nhora bpc tap nhara giai quyet cac nhiera vu da de DS thuc day tu HS, GV can quan tam: Tao diSu kien dS ca Idp tham gia vao qua trinh hpc tap; Kich thieh kha nang giao tiep frao doi hpp tae eiia tung HS va ea Idp; Bao quat lap, lang nghe y kien HS; Diing mue gop y bieu duong hay khiSn traeh HS BSn canh do, de tao moi trudng lop hpc cd vii cho tu cua HS, GV nSn: Tu dat minh vao moi hirong ngudi bpc de lira chpn phuong phap phu hpp; Kieh thich HS phat huy hSt tiera nang va su sang tao cua ban than, hinh nang luc tu duy, phat hien giai quySt van de; Xay dimg tinh tu hpe va danh gia cho HS; Giiip HS hiing thu vdi bai hpe, hien tupng xung quanh; Lien he thuc tien eae kiSn thirc da hpc Cimg vdi eac yeu to thuc day tu eua HS lop hpc tu duy, dS phat triSn TDST cua HS can co nhiing ySu to cu the nhu: Kich thich nhu eiu nhan thiie, kham pha cua HS; Gpi md cho HS phuong phap suy nghT linh hoat sang tao; Tao thoi quen phat hien vin dS qua trinh hpc tap; Kieh thich fri tudng tirong, sang tao vin dS hpc tap; Ren cac thao tac tu va Id nang suy luan; Tao eo hgi HS hmh thoi quen xem xet dudi nhiSu goc dp Nhu vay, su cong cua viec tao nen mot Idp hpc tu phu thupc nhiSu vao GV vdi vai tro ehu dao cua ngudi to chiic iop hpc Ba Id mdi tru&ng Xay dung moi hudng eho tu la viec tao nSn mot khong gian kich thich kha nang tu cua HS Khi do, Idp hpc c6 thS trd mot goc hpc tap, frao 36i thong tin, mot phong friSn lam, mpt san choi cho HS dupe tham gia va dong nao ^uvay, moi trudng phai dara bao co dupe mpt khong lanh, gay in tuong va cam himg cho tu Moi trudng Idp hpc e6 vii cho tu phai la mot moi trudng "an 160 II _ TRUClNB BAI HDC T H C I B D HA NCI[ todn" va "thdn thien" ddi vdi HS Tu ehi ed the duge khuyen khich, cd vii eto mdt mdi trudng nhu thi Ndi each khae, mdi trudng dd, HS cam thay an toan va dupe tu thuc hien hanh trinh tu kham pha tri thilc cua minh Mdt lop hpc cd vii cho HS phat hiln se phai "an todn" nhung cd mdt td cdn quan trgng ban dd la: nilm tm rang to la ein thiit, gia tri va vd cung thu vi Trong thuc te day hpe, nhilu GV eiing tao dupe mdi trudng Idp hpc "an todn" nhung lai khdng ed vii duac to eua HS phat triln Nhu vay, dl tao lap dugc mdi trudng lap bgc cd vii dugc to eho HS thi viec dau tidn la GV phai lam eho HS hilu dugc to la mdt phin vd cimg quan trpng qua trinh hpc tap cua mdi HS, sau dd la tap eae dilu kien an toan va thin thien cho HS phat huy tiim nang to eua hp Sau da tap lap dupe mdi trudng sang tao trpng lap hgc eiing nhu kien tap dupe lap hpe to - ca sd de phat trien TDST cho HS, ngudi GV can tiep tue eae cdng viec nhu kich thieh tri todng togng sang tao cho HS, tao lap thdi quen md mam - thii sai, ren luyen cae thao tae to co ban va tae ddng vao chinh cac yen td dae tnmg ctia TDST eho HS qua trinh hpc tap Day la nhiing bien phap mang tinh ehuydn biet (1) Kich thieh tri todng togng sang tap eho HS • Su dung eSu hdi ggi su so sanh giira cae su vat, hien togng Trong mdn Tilng Viet, diing vdi cac bai tap ve cac bien phap ta to: so sanh, in du, hoan du, bai tap vl to togng thanh,tognghinh • Sir dung Idi ndi giau hmh anh cd tie dung ggi md, ggi sir lidn todng Trong mdn Dia ly va Lich sit, dung ldi ndi giau hinh anh de md phdng, tai hien, ggi su lien todng din mdt vilng mien, mdt tran danh lich sil, mdt can chuyen lich su, mdt phong canh • Sir dung hmh ve, md binh, so dd doan thang, gian dd ta don gian dl phac hpa lai, tdm tit cau hdi, bai tip (sit diing nhilu mdn Toan) (2) Tao thdi quen md mim - thu sai cho HS • Tao cho hpc sinh y thue ehu ddng hgc tip; • HS tich cue tim tdi eai tiln each giii; • HS de xuit eac giii phap mdi (3) Ren luyen viec su dung linh boat cic thao tic to ca bin • Thao tic phan tieh - tdng hgp Viec tim ldi giii cho mgt cau hdi, bai tap la mpt chudi cac hoat ddng tdng hgp eiia to diln dd cd thao tic phan tich - tdng hop dugc tien hanh mpt cich phiic hgp va theo mdt quy trinh gdm cac cdng doan: Tim hilu dl b -> Huy ddng vdn kiln thiic, kinh nghiem dl giai quylt -> Hien thuc hoa bai giai ^ Atva tra, danh gii, kit luan hay nhan xet; TAP CHI" KHOA HOC - BD D / D i a ^ || 161 ' Thao tie so sanh - togng tu Tim su khie va gidng phuong phap giai, giiia cac su vat hien togng ; Phan biet eae miu bai lain cac thi loai van, to loai, miu cau, cic Mdn topng tu nhien, xa hdi vi ngudi ; So sinh cae ylu td cho cac bai toan, bai van; • Thao tac trim togng hoi - khai quit hoi Trong qui trinh to duy, thao tic trim togng hoa - khii quit hoi giup gat bd duac su trim topng ngdn to, thuat ngii, cich hdi nhd viee viet lai, dat lai cau hdi, de van, bii toan Trong day hpe, GV ein giiip HS gat bd tmh trim tugng bang cich phu hpp vdi die tamg cua mdn hpe Trong mdn loin, tdm tit bii toan bang so dd hoac md hinh dupe xem la bien phip tdt nhit gat bd duge tinh tniu togng ciing eae yeu td khdng ban ehat eua bii toan (4) Phat triln mdt sd ylu td TDST cho HS ' Tinh mem deo GV cin giiip HS nhin thiic dugc rang cimg mdt ndi dung ed the dien dat dudi nhiSu hinh thiic khic va ngugc lai Ren eho HS biet van dung thuan thuc cae tao tac to vio giii giai quyet van de Giup HS thay duge phan tieh mot van de, mdt sy vit, mpt ddi topng tlhin thiie, ein ed cii nhin da chieu, toan dien va tdng the Ren eho HS biet nhan tinh hgp ly eiia dip in hoae eua qui trinh suy luan, giai quyet van de Ren cho HS kha nang di chuyin hay phdi hpp, ket hop tdng quit cic thao tie to duy, cae phuong phip suy luin • Tinh thuin thuc Thi hien d viec chu the to ludn cd mdt phin xa tu nhien ddi vdi nhirng vin dl quen thudc, da timg xuat hien ki lie, kinh nghiem cua hg Trong day hgc, GV cd thi phat triln tinh thuin thue eua ta thdng qua ren eho HS: Bilt lap kl hoaeh va chuang trinh thuc hien cho ttmg vin dl cu the nhu lap de cuong, lap dan bai, dan y, tdm tit dl bai (nlu cin), ed eau tta ldi rd rang cho mdi budc giii ; Phan xa nllay ben vdi nhung vin dl mdi, vin dl phit sinh qua truth giii quyet vin de, nhiem vu; Trong qua trinh hudng din HS lam bai tap, ren thdi quen khdng chip nhin mot cich giai quen thupc hoae nhit, ludn kich thieh eac em tim tdi vi dl xuat nhieu each giii khac eho mpt vin dl va ludn tun cich ngin gpn nhit, tdi tra, ddc dao nhat; Ren cho HS bilt he thdng hoa kiln thiie, kl nang qui trmh luyen tip, dn tap mdt chu de kien thiic cu thi • Tmh ddc dio Vdi mdn Toin: Thuc hien gdp cie bude tinh bai giii; to bai toan suy dupe sg dd, tdm tit, dat thinh dl tpin khic; bai giai bing nhiing suy luan gian hep, nimg nhan xet sic sip Vdi mdn Tu nhien - Xa hdi: HS bilt thue hien nhimg thi nghiem klac vdi each hudng din thdng thudng eiia GV mi vin eho kit qui tdt; HS dua dugc Himg giii phip tdt khac vdi nhiing giii phap da cd Vdi mdn Tieng Vret: HS biet each lung tit dat eiu dae sic, ed gia tri bilu cam cao; bilt sir dung cic bien phap nghe thuat to 162 I TRL(^NGOAIHgCjrHGBDHANDI to nhu so sinh, nhan hda, diep ngir, dio ngii vao viet eac cau van, doan van, bai van theo cac chu dl; tim dtrgc nhilu to ngir ed gia tri ggi ta, bieu cim die sac, ddng thdi bilt su dung nhirng to ngu tim dugc dd vao nhiing can van, doan van lam cho ehiing trd nen dde dao KET LUAN Phat triln nang toe TDST cho HS nha trudng Tieu hpc li van de mang tmh cip thiet va thue tien cao, nhat li bdi cinh ehiing ta dang ddi mdi can ban va toan dien giio due nham vao mue tieu dio tao the he tre cd tri thiic cao, ning ddng, sang tao Hien nay, phat trien nang toe TDST cho HS chua dugc quan tim ddng mijc d eip Tieu hoe Trong nhiing nam trd lai day, eae phuong phip day hgc mie du da dupe ddi mai manh me song ket qua thu duge edn nhieu ban chd, chua dip ling kip vdi yeu ciu eao ciia thuc tien giao due Nguyen nhin chti yeu ctia van de la nha trudng hien vin edn anh hudng nhieu bdi xu budng day hpc truyen thdng, mdi trudng day hgc thilu tinh edi md, quan he thay trd nang ve ap dit mi it ed sir khoi ngudn eim hiing vi phit huy tinh sang tao eiia ngudi hpe Nhieu GV ehua toeu todng tan ve nang lue TDST cdng nhu tim quan trpng ciia viee phit hrien nang lire TDST eho HS qui trinh day hpe, ehua cd y thiic va chua bilt khai thie eac ndi dung day hpc cd thi phat triln ning luc TDST, ddng thdi chua bilt each thtic, bien phip, phuong phip de ren luyen va phat triln nang toe TDST eho HS qua h-inh day hpc eua minh Dp dd, phit hriln TDST ehp HS nhi trudng Tilu hpc la mdt cich tiep can kha thi cdng cudc ddi mdi phuong phip day hpe hien Viec phat trien nang toe TDST se gin vdi viec fang bi kiln thiic cho HS Nd la mpt qua trinh lau dii va ludn song hanh sudt qua truth day hpc Tit ca cie ndi dung day hpc diu cd tic dung phat triln nang luc TDST cho HS Vi vay qui trinh day hpe, GV can phii nam chic ndi dung chuong trinh, ddng thdi bilt chpn Ige timg ndi dung cu thi dl cd kl hoach ren luyen phat triln nang lue TDST cho HS mdt each toan dien Ngoai viec khai thac cie ndi dung chuang trinh sieb giio khoa d cic mdn hgc, GV cin thiit kl cie bii tap phong phii ed tae dung kich thich phat triln cic ylu td die bung ciia TDST dl lam phong phii ehat lieu qui trinh day hpc Cae giai phip phat triln nang toe TDST tren diy dugc xem nhu mgt "eUln luge" day eiia GV day hpc phat triln nang luc TDST ehp HS Vi day li mdt phuong cham va bien phip thue hien ed tmh chit toan cue, duge van dung sudt qua trinh day hpe nham thue hien mue dich phat triln TDST cho HS Cac bien phap tren gin bd vdi nhau, bien phip sau tiep npi bien phip trudc sudt mdi gid hpe va ei qua trinh day hpe .Nhang bien phap niy se giup HS phit triln ning luc TDST ctia mudi vi nd ed tic dung lam TAP CHf KHDA H D C - S a S D / Z Q I S ^^ || 163 cho HS phai van dung sang tao cac thao tac tu co ban vao qua trinh giai quySt cac nhiem vu hoc tap Moi bien phap vira c6 nhirng tac dung nhat dinh vira co nhung tae dung lien hoan, t6ng hpp eho viec kich thich nang luc TDST eiia HS hong qua trinh hpe tap TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO Chu Quang TiSm (1991), Tdm ly hpc vdn nghe, - Nxb TP H6 Chi Minh Fisher R (2005), Teaching children to think, - Nelson Thomes, Brazil Hoi Tam li - Giao due hpc Viet Nam (1997), "L.X.Vugotxki nha tam ly hpc kiet xuat the ki XX (1896-1934)", - Kyyiu Hdi thdo khoa hpc Ha Npi Nguyen Diic Uy (1999), Tdm ly hpc sdng tgo, - Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi Nguyen Huy Tii (1997), Di cuong bdi gidng Tdm ly hpc sdng tgo, - Vien Khoa hpc Giao due Ha Npi Nguyen Huy Tu (2006), Bd trdc nghiim sdng tgo TSD-Z ciia Klaus K Urban v&i nhirng irng dung a nude ngodi vd Viet Nam, ~ Nxb Dai hpc Su pham, Ha Npi Vugotxki L.X (1985), Tri tuang tupng vd sdng tgo d lua tudi thieu nhi, - Nxb Phu nu Ha Npi DEVELOPING CREATIVE THINKING FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS Abstract: Educating the young generation with creative personality is one of the leading tasks of education, including Primary Education This is reflected in the purpose of all activities of the school, especially in the organization of learning activities aimed at the formation and development of students the qualities of a creative personality We can develop creative thinking ability from the elementary level through the subjects and for all students (including students have average learning capacity) by creating a class that encourages students' thinking as well as the application of specialized measures in different ways and levels suitable for each group of students Keywords: Developing creative thinking, situation and solutions, Primary school' students ... phu hop lam cho no phat trien ban 2.3 Thirc trang va giai phap phat trien nang lyc TDST cho hoc sinh Tieu hoc TDST ciia HS TiSu hpc thudng gap mpt so rao can nhu sau: *L6i mdn tu duy: Ci m6i... dong phu hop lam cho no phatfrienhon 2.3 Thwc trang va giai phap phat triin nang lire TDST cho hoc sinh Tieu hoc TDST eua HS TiSu hpc thudng gap mot so rao can nhu sau: •Ldi mdn tu duy: (3 moi giai... friSn lam, mpt san choi cho HS dupe tham gia va dong nao ^uvay, moi trudng phai dara bao co dupe mpt khong lanh, gay in tuong va cam himg cho tu Moi trudng Idp hpc e6 vii cho tu phai la mot