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MiiTSliHDATDONGGOBJiNHlTROSINHVlENTHI^KlCJlCBlUTDllN eiup PHflf Hi^ii UH Hun CH^ cnc sni LAITI CUA HOC SIRH l i HOC Q ThS P H A M THI THANH TU'''' 1 M4 t̂ s^ vdn di llAn quon din vdn di thl^t ki cdc bdl[.]
MiiTSliHDATDONGGOBJiNHlTROSINHVlENTHI^KlCJlCBlUTDllN eiup PHflf Hi^ii UH Hun CH^ cnc sni LAITI CUA HOC SIRH l i HOC Q M4^t s^ vdn di llAn quon din vdn di thl^t ki cdc bdl todn glup phdt hi$n vd hqn c h i cdc sol Idm ci3a hqc sinh H l u hpc Trong dqy hqc, nhi^m vy cua gido vlfin (GV) ngodl vific sua chOo sol l^m cho chqc sinh (HS), cdn phdl bilt dy dodn trudc nhung sol ldm md HS cd t h l gdp phdl d l «cdl d^t" bdl dqy, glup phdt hl0n vd ngdn chdn sdm nhung sal ldm d l xdv dd'l vdl HS D l dy dodn vd thilt k l duqc cde bdl todn nhdm phdt hl^n vd hqn c h i sdm cde sol Idm cua HS, sinh vifin (SV), GV cdn: + EWt mlnh vdo vol h'd cda HS; + Nghifin cuu v l mdt tdm If nhdn thue cua HS tilu hqc qud trinh t$p lu^n, suy diln, hoqt dqng, ; + Nghifin cuu cd'u true, bdn chdt todn hqe cua vdn d l cdn dqy d l cdc suy dodn sal Idm nhdn thue bdn ehd't; + Tim hllu, khdo sdt nhung sol Idm md HS hay gdp phdl, tim nguyfin nhdn, tu dd di;a ro cdc bi^n f^dp khde phyc kjp thdi nhu chud'n bj hvdc cdc bdi todn, cdc cdu hdl, cdc hudng dan phu hqp d l ngdn chdn trudc cdc sol Idm (nlu cd) cua cdc em Ddl vdl SV, ehua cd nhleu dllu ki^n hye tflp dung k5p nfin d l tim hllu cdc sal Idm ihudng gdp cuo cdc em, GV cdn tim hllu tu nhilu ngudn khdc nhou nhu; quo dy gid, thdm kSrp, tdp gidng, aud h'inh dl dqy glo su, dgc cdc tdi llfiu lifin quon o i n vi$c dqy hqc Todn d tllu hqc ; + Tim hllu, phdn tich cdc kilu sol Idm thudng gdp cua HS d l dy dodn trudc nhung sol Idm md cdc em cd thl s3 gdp phdl qud h'inh dqy hqc mdt ndl dung cy the ndo dd, d l trfin co sd dd td chuc cho SV thilt k l cdc bdl todn, cde hudng ddn phO hqp, glup HS vira luy^n tdp cung cd, vua glup klem h'o, phdt hlfin cung nhu ngdn chdn kjp thdi cdc sal Idm eho ede em Cdc hogt d$ng co bdn glup SV thilt Icl cdc bdl todn giup phdt hlfin vd hqn chff cdc sal Idm cOa HS tilu hqc - Hogt ding 1: Td chuc cho SV trdl nghiim ditim hiiu mdt sd'kiiu sal Idm phdlMn cOa ThS P H A M THI T H A N H T U ' HS D6\ vdi HS tllu hqc, ngodi c6c soi Idm nhdm ldn tinh todn, cdc em thifdng cd cdc kilu sol Idm phd blln nhu: a) Hay ding nhd't cdc tinh ehdt eua cde ddl tugng, cdc dgl lugng, cdc f^ip tinh Ididc trin eung mit ddl tugng hay mit Idp dd'l tugng mit cdch cdm tfnh, khdng edsasd Vi dy; Cdc em cho rdng: Hal hinh chu nhdt nhd 1,2 duqc ghip thdnh hinh chu nhc cdc em dd ddng nhd't tinh chd't ndy h-fin tdp hqp sd' h/ nhifin vdl tdp hgp cdc phdn sd', cdc sd' thdp phdn Md tdp hqp sd' txf nhidn, tdp hgp phdn so, tqp hqp so thdp phdn Id cdc tdp hqp khdc nhou, nfin chung chdc chdn s3 cd nhijng ddc d i l m , h'nh chd't khdc nhau, nfin khdng t h l ddng nhd't mql Hnh chdt trfin chung c) Hay eho rdng si/nandvi hinh thue se kio theo st/gidng vi cdi/ true, bdn ehdl, tfnh chdt Chdng hqn, sou thyc h l ^ hal phep chia: :^ HSkltludn:7d:3 = d u l ; , : = l,2du2 d) Chua hiiu hit bdn ehd't ciia vd'n di ddng sau cdc hinh th&c dl§n dgt Chdng hqn, sou hqc bdl: Chia hoi sded tdn eung Id ede chOsdO (Todn ; h-.80), SGK cd nfiu: «Khl thyc hlfin phfip chia hai sdcd tdn eung Id cdc chu sd'0,tacd thl cOng xda m0t, hoi, ba, chO sd' tqn cCing ci3a sd bj chlo vd sd chlo, rdi chia nhu thudng" • Hm » t *pc - TMtii B» kfc n u Tap chi Slfa dye s6 oa » ii/»on) Vi t h l 9dp cdc bdl todn nhu: Tinh gid tri cua b i l u thue: a) IdOOO : 0 ; b) 0 : 12000 HS d d Idm nhu sou: a) dOOO : 400 = dO • = ; b) 0 : 12000 = : 12 = d u l Rd rdng, d hal v( dy trgn, v l hinh thu-c cung nhu cdc budc thyc hign Id tuong h/ nhou, nhung bdn chat cua chung Iqi khdc nhou cdu a) HS dd thyc hl^n dung cdn d cdu b) HS Iql thyc h i f n sol d budc cud'l c6ng bdl phfip chia ndy HS lim ke't qud d u 10 Id so vdl 12 cdn bdl todn ddy ddl hdl phdi xdc djnh sd du so vdl 12000 (Ndi thgm rdng Irong cdu a) budc cud'l cijng HS Iql tfnh dung bdi sd d u cua ph6p chlo ndy Id md so vdl cung nhu so vdl 400) - Hogt ddng 2: Giao Mtiim vy cho SV tim hiiu vd'n di di chud'n bf eho vlic thtit ki D$ thyc hlfin hoqt d$ng ndy, thdng thudng SV cdn thyc hien cdc nhifim vy nhu: tim h l l u rdl gldl quylt mdt tinh hud'ng cy t h l , gldl mqt bdl todn, dy klfi'n nhijng khd khdn, sol idm md HS cd t h l gdp phdl gldl q u y l t mdt sd' tinh hud'ng dqv hqe ey t h l , tim h l l u nguyfin nhdn vd bifin phdp khdc phyc, - Hogt ddng 3: SV thge hi^n nhiim vy thiit ki Dd'i vdl v l ^ thifi't k l cdc bdl todn nhdm giup hgn c h i sol Idm d HS, GV cd t h l yfiu edu SV tqo cdc bdi todn phii hqp vdl ndi dung bdl dqy, dd cd cdl ddt cdc tinh hud'ng md HS thudng gdp sal Idm nhu dd phdn Kch d hoqt ddng - Hogf ddng 4: Ddnh gid sdn phdm thiit ki Trong hoqt ddng ndy, GV cdn to chuc eho SV thi/c hlen cdc nhiem vy: - Thdo luqn, ddnh gid sdn phdm thilt k l , xem xet khd ndng dng dyng vdo thyc tien dqy hqc; - Chlnh sua, bd sung neu cdn Vl dy mlnh h g a - Hogt ddng 1: Tdchdc cho SV trdl nghiim, Hm hiiu cdc kliu sai Idm hgc vi phdn sd Trong hoqt dqng ndy SV cd t h l phdt hlfin ro mdt so' kilu sal Idm Idil hqc v l phdn sd' nhu: - Hoy ddng nhdt cdc quy tdc Knh cdng, tru phdn sd' vdi quy tde nhdn frfin phdn so' Chdng hqn thyc h i f n phdp cdng, hT> cdc phdn sd cdc em hay ^ h j cqng vdl tu, mau cdng vdl mdu - Khi rut gqn phdn sd, cdc em cho rdng sy na nd ve hinh thue sfi keo theo sy gid'ng v l tinh chdt Cy t h l , cdc em cho rdng vi «khl to nhdn hay cnio cd h> sd vd mau sd cua mot phdn so vdi cung mdt so ty nhifin khdc thi to duge mqt phdn so mdi bdng phdn sd d d cho" nfin to cqng hoy h v cd h} so vd mfiu sd cOo mqt phdn sd' vdl cung mqt sd ty nhien khdc thi ta duqc mqt phdn so mdi bdng phdn so' d d cho - Khi xet ede phep tinh trgn phdn sd, mdl sd em cho rdng tieh cuo hal phdn sd ludn Idn hon mqt h'ong hal thua sd; thuong eiia hal phdn sd ludn b l han sd bj ehta - Hogt ddng 2: Giao nhiem vy eho SV tim hiiu vd'n di di ehudn bf cho vi$c thii't ki Nghifin cuu bdl: Phdn sdbhng (Todn ; tr 111} rdl d y klfi'n nhung khd khdn, sol ldm md HS cd t h l gdp phdl qud trtnh vdn dyng Vdl linh hud'ng ndy, SV cd t h l phdn tich cdc dqng sol Idm euo HS, ddc diem cua bdl dqy, ddc d l l m v l nhqn thue cua cdc em d l d y dodn cdc khd khdn, sol Idm cuo HS Chdng hqn, dyo vdo vific phdn tfeh cdc kieu sal Idm, cung nhu ddc d i l m nhdn thue cua HS tllu hqc Id hay suy ludn tuong t y , vi t h l sou cdc em bifi't: 2x2_2.3:3_1 , , A^ 3x2 ~ • as ~ ^°^ ^"^ ^ ° '"® S'Jy ™ nQoyI H B I 3:1 = 5:a_5 5+a_5 3^ _ 2+3 2' 5-2 5' 7-a " ' 7*a''f 6.3 s'l"' - Hogt ddng 3: SV thge hlin nhiim vy ^iit ki Yeu cdu SV thilt k l Knh hudng d l hqn e h l duqc cdc sai Idm h-fin bdng cdch cdl ddt chOng mqt cdch hqp li vdo Knh hud'ng cy t h l mdt cdch ty nhifin nhd't dieu kifin cd the Trong Knh hud'ng ndy, SV cd t h l cdi ddt bdng cdch duo ro Knh hud'ng: Tfnh gid trj cua b i l u thue: ^.2x3x5, , + ^ ^,2:5 „, 5-3 Qud trtnh gidl bdi todn ndy se glup GV, phdt hign vd sua enija cdc sol Idm kjp thdi (nlu cd) cho cdc em - Hogt dgng 4: Ddnh gid sdn phdm thiit ki Tinh hud'ng fren hodn todn ed t h l dua ro cho HS dqi h d , Kong cdc tiet luyfin tap Viec dua kjp thdi bdl todn dqng ndy se glup HS ndm vung bdn chd't cuo vd'n de vd ddng thdi Id edeh tdt de ngdn chdn sdm cde sai ldm co bdn vd phd b l l n ndy • T^i li$u tham lihao Dfi Dinh Hoan (chu bifin) SGK T o i n 1(^ 3,4,5 NXB Gido ditc, H 2003 2004, 2005 SUMMARY For every teacher or every student, when designing a lesson, the essential problem that they have to consider ond study common mistake of pupils when learning that contents So the task of the Pedagogicc^ unlversltise, besWes to guide students to predict the error, have to help students based on it to design the problems to help pupils consc^ldate and practice, helps the teacti^s discovered, prevent mIstcAes in time tor the children TW CM Glao due s6 Cfc* a - n/aoiai ... sua, bd sung neu cdn Vl dy mlnh h g a - Hogt ddng 1: Tdchdc cho SV trdl nghiim, Hm hiiu cdc kliu sai Idm hgc vi phdn sd Trong hoqt dqng ndy SV cd t h l phdt hlfin ro mdt so'' kilu sal Idm Idil hqc... Hogt ddng 3: SV thge hlin nhiim vy ^iit ki Yeu cdu SV thilt k l Knh hudng d l hqn e h l duqc cdc sai Idm h-fin bdng cdch cdl ddt chOng mqt cdch hqp li vdo Knh hud''ng cy t h l mdt cdch ty nhifin... dqng ndy se glup HS ndm vung bdn chd''t cuo vd''n de vd ddng thdi Id edeh tdt de ngdn chdn sdm cde sai ldm co bdn vd phd b l l n ndy • T^i li$u tham lihao Dfi Dinh Hoan (chu bifin) SGK T o i n 1(^