JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci , 2009, Vol 54, No 8, pp 83 89 C H U C N A N G C U A DA P H U O N G TIEN T R O N G ATLAS GIAO KHOA DIEN Ttf K i e u V a n H o a n Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Hd N[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2009, Vol 54, No 8, pp 83-89 CHUC NANG CUA DA P H U O N G TIEN T R O N G ATLAS GIAO K H O A D I E N Ttf Kieu Van Hoan Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Hd Npi Md dau Trong khoa hpc Dia II, bin dd la phudng tign chu yiu d i trinh bay thdng tin khdng gian Ngay vdi su phat triin cua khoa hpc ki thudt, atlas vd bin dd dien tu dang la t h i manh viec trinh bay thdng tin khdng gian nay, bdi nhung Uu diim vUpt trdi hdn hdn nhQng bin dd truyin thdng, chung la nhQng he thdng cd tfnh tQdng tdc cao ma d dd nhung nhd bin dd va ngudi su dung ban dd cd the hinh dung dupe cdc thdng tin dia If bang nhQng phuong tien khde thee muc dfeh va mdi quan tam rigng ciia hp Vi thi, atlas vd ban dd dien tu cin nhQng phupng phdp va If luan khdng chi lien quan tdi bin dd truyin thdng ma cdn tdi cdc phudng tien, thiet bi khac NhQng nha ban dd da phdt triin cac phudng phdp vd di If ludn vi cdng tac xdy dung vd sQ dung ban dd dien tQ, nhign vin mdi chi bit diu Cd sd thiiu kiin thQc vi viec Qng dung va phdi hdp da phudng tien trinh bay thdng tin, vi vige Qng dung cdc he q u i tUdng tac qua trinh ndm bdt kiin thQc Do do, viec xdy dQng atlas va bin dd da phudng tign cin Qng dung eac kl thudt da truyin thdng nhdm ngu bat eac chQc ndng cua da phQdng tien vd kha ndng nhdn thQc cua chung treng qua trinh xay dQng va sQ dung atlas, bin dd dign tQ 2.1 2.1.1 Noi d u n g n g h i e n ciJu Atlas giao khoa dien tiJ Khai niem atlas giao khoa dien tuf Atlas gido khoa dien tQ dung di day hpc Dia 11 Id mdt tap hpp cdc bin dd dien tQ, dQpc td chQc met each cd he thdng theo ndi dung cdc bdi hpc di tao thdnh met sin phdm thdng n h i t phuc vu cho muc dfeh day va hpc Atlas giao khoa dign tQ dam b i o diy du vi chu d i va sQ thdng n h i t ndi tai nhQ b i t ki thi Idai atlas truyin thdng ndd, ddng thdi phii cc cdc tfnh ndng cua GIS vd sQ dung rdng rai cae kl thuat da phUdng tien Khi xdy dUng atlas gido khoa dien tQ phai d i m bao dupe 83 Kiiu Van Hoan cac nguyen tdc: tfnh khoa hpc, tfnh vQa sQc (dam bao dQpc npi dung chQPng trinh sach gido khoa, k h i ndng linh hdi kien thQc cua hpc sinh), tfnh trirc quan, tfnh my thuat 2.1.2 Cac chufc nang ciia atlas dien tu' Thee Papay (1973), Ogrissek (1987) va Freitag (1993) [5] nhan manh t i m quan trpng cua cdc chQe ndng ban dd dien tQ vi eac chQc ndng dc xac dinh e i npi dung va hinh thQe cua b i n dd dien tQ Khi trinh bay ban dd da phUdng tien, ngQdi ta chu y tdi cae chQc ndng ma mOt phudng tien eu t h i phii t h i hien dupe, vi ehQe ndng diiu khiin sQ iQa chpn cdc phQPng tien va each kit hpp ehung vdi nliQng phQPng tien khac Cac chQe ndng eua da phUdng tien trdng viec trinh bay ban dd da phudng tien cd t h i dupc xem xet d ba khfa canh khac nhau: - ChQc nang nhan biet thdng tin; - ChQc ndng hinh kien thQc; - ChQe ndng giao tiip a Cac chufc nang ciia phUdng tien viec nhan biet thong tin Mpt quan diim chung vi linh vQc Qng dung da phQPng tign la cang co nhiiu phQOng tien dQpc Qng dung thi cang hinh ngn mpt each trinh bay va bd sung tdt hdn vdo sQ nhan biit thdng tin Cae thi nghiem vi gide due cho thiy: Tri thQe thu dupe qua ede giac quan qud trinh truyin thdng tin la: nim (1%)); sd (1,5%); ngQi (3,5%); nghe (11%); nhin (83%) [3] Thed sd lieu UNESCO da cdng bd thi hpc sinh ehi ghi nhd 15% lupng thdng tin nghe, 25% lupng thdng tin nhin va kit hpp nghe - nhin se nhd din 65% iQpng thdng tin SQ nhan biit va hiiu biit eua ngudi bi han ehi bdi mpt sd dieu kien rang bude (Paivio 1969; Neisser 1974, Kosslyn 1980) [5] Trong bdi canh da phuong tien, cin chu y ddc biet tdi dung lupng cd han cua bp nhd va hien tupng qua nhiiu nhQng nhan biit dPn le Bd nhd eua ngUdi eung mpt luc ehi ed k h i ndng luu giQ lai met lupng dpn vi thdng tin n h i t dinh Trudng hpp qua tai thdng tin, qua trinh thdng tin eua bd nhd khdng du sQc chQa NgQdi ta da t h i y rdng viec xQ If thdng tin cc t h i dQpc cai thien neu thdng tin dupc thay t h i hoac chi tiet hod va neu sQ nhan biit dupc diiu khiin Cung ed t h i phan chia thdng tin thdnh nhQng phQdng tien cc thi nhin dirpe va nghe dQpc nhim lam giim bdt nhQng nhan biet dPn le Xet vi quan diim nhdn biit, cae phQPng tien ed cac nhQng chQc nang ve trinh bay b i n dd da phirong tien nhu sau: - Chiic ndng trdnh qud tdi thdng tin NhQng phuPng tien phuc vu chQc ndng phii khde phuc dupc su qua tai thdng tin Qua t i i thdng tin cd t h i x u i t hien nhat la vdi nhung phuong tien nhu hinh inh dong, b i n dd dpng va video Vf du: su dung cac doan video atlas day hpc thdi gian chi tQ - phut, 84 ChUc ndng cHa da phuang tien Atlas gido khoa dien tU npi dung video tap trung vdo ndi dung cua bdi hpc Chu dupc dung vdi tu each la phUdng tign hd trp, tai cua eac phudng tien dpng, vi nd co t h i gpi tgn thdng bi ve thdng tin cho ngudi sQ dung [5] Niu diiu khiin van biit thQ hai va t h i hign dudi hinh thQc dm nhdm bang quan sat ed t h i trdnh dupc sQ qud tin dd trinh bay vd ehuin ban tdi mdt ed quan nhdn giim di nhQng nhdn biit - ChUc ndng nhdn manh thdng tm quan NhQng phudng tien phai nhin manh dupc thdng tin quan trpng vd phai lap di lap lai, ehi tiit hod mpt mue thdng tin cu thi Trong cdc edch trinh ban dd da phUdng tien, cd the kit hpp nhQng phupng tign khae nhu ban dd, hinh anh, chu va am nhdm t h i hien nhung khfa canh khde eua met vin di hay hien tupng khdng gian va bdng each dd chung ed t h i lam tdng cudng va lam ndi bat thdng tin Vl du: NhQng npi dung quan trpng ngn gaeh ehdn tae su chu y cua ngudi dpc, cdc hinh anh, phim video phii cd chu thfch hede cdc can hdi di kem - Chiic ndng dieu khien nhdn thiic NhQng phudng tien lam chQc ndng diiu khiin dupe nhdn thQc phii dinh hQdng mdi quan tdm cua ngudi hpc va hudng sU chu y eua hpc sinh vac thdng tin quan trpng NhQng ddan viit hoac ndi nhQ "hay sd sdnh", "xin hay chu y" hede "xin hay nhin" cd thg giup khai thdc bin dd hay hinh anh ddng bdng dd hoa mdt each tdt hdn .«H>.»fM>l cr J' I y • CI^L^fVqt^ Hinh He thdng da phiidng tien atlas dien tvi b Cac chufc nang ciia phUdng tien viec hinh k i l n thiJc - Chiic ndng kich thich kiin thiic sdn cd NhQng phitdng tign lam chQc ndng kfch thfch kiin thQc sdn cd phii trinh bay dirpc thdng tin quen thupc Chung phai hd trp viec td chQc kiin thQc mdi bdng edch dua dupe nhQng diim tiip xuc giQa kien thQc eu vdi kien thQc mdi Trong dd hoa, cdc bin dd vi eae khu vuc mdi thirdng 85 Kieu Van Hoan dupe kit hpp vdi ban cua nhQng vung tUOng tQ, eho phep ngQdi sQ dung so sanh khu vue mdi vdi vung tuong tu MQt vf du khac la am cua mOt thdi diem hay mpt vung khdng gian cu t h i cd t h i phdi hpp thdng tin da biet va chua biit Khdng chi cac b i n dd va am ma t i t c i cdc phuong tien diu ed t h i bean dupc chQe ndng - ChUc ndng trinh bdy nhiiu Idn NhQng phQOng tien hd trp trinh bay nhiiu lin phai t h i hien thdng tin a nhiiu hinh thQc khac nhdm cung cip cho ngudi sQ dung nhung so dd giii ma khac Chung nen trinh bay thdng tin d mpt vai mQc dp trQu tupng, bdng ede each trinh bay theo so dd khae nhau, dudi hinh thQc nghe hoac nhin T i t ca nhQng phuong tien diu cd t h i ddng gop cho chQc ndng - ChUc ndng ho tra quan sdt true tiip NhQng phQdng tien phuc vu quan sat trQc tiip phai hoat ddng nhQ la mpt phuong tien thay t h i eho the gidi thQc Chung phai cho mOt i n tQpng sdng ddng vi mdt vat t h i hay hien tupng khdng gian Cae hinh i n h 2D, eae anh 3D, video, anh ddng dudi hinh thQe md phdng thQc hoac nhQng thQe t i i o va dm tu nhign cd t h i dupe Qng dung cho chQc ndng Hinh Md hinh khdng gian 3D atlas dien ttC - Chiic ndng hd tra suy ludn NhQng phQdng tien hd trp suy luan phii trinh bay dupe thdng tin theo mpt each da dupc xQ 11 va chuyin ddi Chung phii cd kha ndng chuyin t i i dupe nhQng khai niem chung tQ ben ngoai vao ben chu thi Cac bin dd, hinh anh ddng trQu tupng, sP dd va dm chfnh thQe dung di khai thdc dQ lieu la nhQng phuPng tien phu hpp npi dung - ChUc ndng hd tra chuyin doi kiin thUc vdo thi gidi thuc Nhung phUPng tien hd trp viec chuyen ddi kiin thQc vac t h i gidi thQc c i n cc k h i ndng t h i hien dUdc hieu q u i tUdng tae cen ngudi tdi mdi trudng Chung phai cd k h i ndng hod nhap cac ddi tupng cu va mdi nhan Nhung phupng tien phu hop la cac ban dd dQ bdo, nhQng thQc te ao cho viec quyit dinh lap ke hoach, va nhQng hinh anh dpng cd thg nhin thiy va nghe thiy nham md phdng tieng dn cua cac ddi tupng da qui hoach nhu dudng sa hay san bay - ChUc ndng chiing mmh NhQng phuong tien d i chQng minh cin giup ngUdi sQ dung cd dupe mdt "hinh inh" phu hpp vi hien tupng Vi nhiem vu nay, cac hinh anh videe, trinh bay thQc bdng b i n dd va anh dpng cung nhu nhQng hien thQc ao Am cd t h i mang tdi mpt i n tupng sdng dpng ve tiing dn va sQ phan bd cua nd khdng gian NhQng phQOng tien de chQng minh dac biet huu dung va cin thiit cho nhung ngudi khdng cd kien thQc ve de tai dang dQpc the hien 86 Chitc ndng cua da phuang tien Atlas gido khoa dien tit - Chiic ndng ddt vdo ngU cdnh NhQng phQPng tign ed ehQe ndng cin giup dupe ngudi sQ dung dat thdng tin vdd mdt ngu einh Idn hdn T i t c i nhQng phQdng tien ma cd the dQa met cai nhin khdng gian hede mdt sQ thdng n h i t thed chu de phu hpp vdi chQe nang Cae vf du la nhQng bin dd quan sdt thi hien mdt dien tfch rdng Idn trdng khdng gian, video t h i hien vung lan can cua ddi tupng khdng gian hoac nhdm ddi tupng khdng gian, hay dm dung di thi hign am diin hinh eua mdt dign tieh hoac mdt khoang thdi gian eu thi - ChUc ndng cua ddng ca thuc ddy hoc tdp- NhQng phQdng tien cd chQc ndng thuc day cin cd k h i ndng gpi sQ quan tdm vd chu y eiia hpc sinh Su thu nhdn kiin thQe phu thupc nhiiu vao dpng cP eua ngudi sQ dung Ddng cd cc t h i dupe tae nen bdi SQ thu hut hoac bdng cdeh di chuyin hoac thay ddi cdc phudng tign Vi vay, nhQng hinh inh h i p din, nhQng phQdng tien true quan nhu anh dpng va video, va dm la phu hpp n h i t che mue dfeh ndy c Chufc nang cua cac phUdng t i e n t h e o m u c dich giao t i e p Cae chQc ndng eua phUPng tien (nhit la ban dd) lign quan tdi muc dfeh giao tiip la mdt mdi quan tam eu t h i treng dd hoa [5] ChQe ndng cua mdt bin dd xde dinh tinh hieu q u i cua nd mdt Qng dung cu thi va nd anh hudng tdi ndi dung, thiet ke va qui md cua nd Theo Papay (1973), yiu td quyit dinh ehQe ndng cua mdt ban dd la nhQng yen ciu va mdi quan tam eua ngudi sir dung, kiin thQc va kinh nghigm cua hp ve ddi tupng dupc t h i hien treng viec dpc ban dd Trong mpt bai bde cua Freitag (1973) [5] da phdn biet mpt sd chQe ndng cua ban dd Trong ban dd da phUPng tien, nhQng chQc nang ndy phai dQpc xet ngQ einh cua mpi phupng tien sdn cd Nhung chQc ndng dd la: - Chu:c ndng nhdn th-dc "ChQc ndng chQa dQng mpi qui trinh, thao tae hinh vd d i cao kiin thQe khdng gian T i t c i nhung qui trinh phan tfch ban dd, truyin t i i , hinh thanh, inh dpng, ein dupe liet kg ddy, niu cd the thi thed mdt trinh tu thao tdc din dat tQ nhQng md hinh gin hign thQe tdi nhung md hinh r i t trQu tupng cua khdng gian" Mpi phUPng tien diu co thi hd trp chQc ndng NhQng hinh anh, videe, inh ddng thuc nhu cdc thuc t i hay md phdng io, va dm tU nhign ed t h i mang lai an tupng thuc su ve hien tupng khdng gian Ban dd, anh ddng trQu tupng va dm nhdn tao ed the the hien nhung md hinh trQu tQpng Viec Qng dung vd phdi hpp nhQng phuPng tign khac phu thudc vac ndng luc cua ngudi sQ dung Ndng IQC cua hp cang eae thi ed t h i cd phudng tien cang trQu tupng hPn - Chitc ndng giao tiip "ChQc ndng giao tiip (ki c i chQc nang chQng minh) chQa dQng mpi qui trinh vd thao tac eua vige chuyin tii kiin thQe khdng gian tQ mOt ngQdi lap b i n dd tdi ngQdi su dung bin dd" [5] ChQc ndng cung cd thi dupe thQe hien bang tat ca nhQng phQPng tign dupc ndi tdi treng ngQ einh eua chQc ndng nhan thQc Viec Qng dung nhung phUdng tien ddnh eho giao tiip cin dupc diiu khiin bdi nhQng ngQdi sQ dung co ndng luc vd bdi cae mQc dp khac 87 Kiiu Van Hoan - Chiic ndng hd tra quyit dinh "ChQc ndng hd trp quyit dinh chQa dung mpi qui trinh va thao tac ma - dua vao sQ danh gia hien tQpng khdng gian - tao nen nhQng quyet dinh khdng gian va hanh dpng khdng gian." Cac tieu chQc nang la diiu hQdng, qui hoach khdng gian vd thuyit p h u c Diiu hudng cin nhQng phQdng tien diiu khiin viec tim phUdng phdp cua ngudi su dung Cdc ban dd tuyin hddc vdn b i n vi du nhu chi d i n bdng ldi ve mpt hudng d i n di lai ed t h i phu hpp vdi chQc ndng Cac anh dpng d hinh thQc cac hien thirc ao sQ kit hpp vdi mde gidi hay mdt t i m b i n dd khai qudt co t h i la mdt k h i ndng khde Hieu qua eua nhung each trinh bay bang anh dOng ehua dupe nghign cQu mdt each tdng quat Qui hoach khdng gian ddi hdi c6 nhQng phQdng tien ma cc t h i t h i hien dQpc nhung su vat eu vd mdi Ban dd, inh dOng, md phdng bdng am thanh, hinh inh vd nhQng hien thQc i o la nhQng phQdng tien phu hpp cho chQe nang Thuyit phuc mpt mat ygu ciu cac phuong tien thi hien thdng tin theo mpt mdi quan tdm cu t h i hoac mat khde dat dupe tdi eac xuc cim NhQng phuPng tien phu hpp la b i n dd, hinh inh, video, anh ddng va dm - ChUc ndng xd hdi "ChQe ndng xa hpi chQa di.rng mpi qui trinh, thac tdc khdng tad ngn hanh vi vd hanh ddng mang tinh khdng gian ma mang tfnh xa hpi" (Freitag 1993, tr 4) Cae vf du la nhung phUdng tien nhu cac sQ vat mang tfnh vdn hod va ed uy tfn cung nhu nhQng phQdng tien vdi tQ each la nhQng edng cu eo sQc manh xa hpi dQpc sQ dung thdng qua viec tiip can hay khdng tiip can thdng tin khdng gian ChQc ndng xa hpi cd the dQpc thuc hien bdng mpi phupng tien Phuong tien truyen thong Lira chpn va ket hpp phuong ti?n truyen thong Ho trf muc dich giao tiep: - Ho tra nhan thiic - Ho trp giao tiep - Ho trp mieu ta - H5 trp cac chac nSng xa hoi Ho tr^e nhSn thirc: - Tranh tinh trang qua tai thong tin - Tang thong tin quan trpng - Cam nhan infc tiep Tiep can nhan thirc Kich thich kien thuc Ho Xrq trinh bay Trinh bay ban da phirong ti?n De ho trgf sang tao kien thiic Theo thuyet kien tao - De ho trg true tiep nh^in thuc - Ho trg triru tugng - Ho trg chuyen doi kiSn thuc vac the giai thuc Phuang phap tiep can giao dye De chiing minh Dat ngii canh Xay dung Tao dgng lire Sd Chvlc nang cua da phi/dng tien viec trinh bdy bdn dien tvi 88 ChUc ndng cua da phuang tien Atlas gido khoa dien tit K i t luan Khdng phii b i t cQ sit kit hpp phUPng tien ndo eung dupe coi la mdt he thdng da phuong tign va chi cc su kit hpp cua cac ki thuat da phUPng tien, ngQ canh Qng dung vd eliQc ndng mdi eo thi xde dinh dQpc eac he thdng da phupng tign thuc ti Bai bao trinh bay chQc nang ciia cdc phuong tign cdc cdeh trinh bdy bin dd da phuong tien da dupe tliQc hien nhdm gdp phin tdng cQdng k h i ndng Qng dung cua cac each trinh bay da phUdng tien NhQng eliQc ndng dd ngu cin hd trd vige chpn lua vd phdi hpp ede phupiig tign thee each nae dd d i cae edch trinh bdy bin dd da phUPng tien cd hieu q u i TAX L I E U T H A M K H A O [1] Lam Quang Ddc, 2003 Bdn dd gido khoa Nxb Dai hpc Su pham Hd Ndi [2] Td Xuan Gidp, 1997 Phuang tien day hoc Nxb Gido due [3] Vu Bfch Van, 2002 Bdn dd hoc dien todn Gide trinh giing day cao hpc nganh bin dd, Ha Ndi [4] BorDen D Dent, 1999 Cartography Thema.tic Map Design, WCB/ Mc Graw - Hill ADwision of the McGraw Hill Companies [5] William Cartv^^right, Michael P Petersen, Georg Gartner, 1999 Multimedia Cartography Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Printed in Germany [6] Freitag U, 1993 Map Functions Five selecteed main theoretical issues facing cartography Report of ICA - Working - Group to define the main theoretical issues on cartography Kanakubo, pp 9-19 ABSTRACT F u n c t i o n s of m u l t i m e d i a e l e c t r o n i c school atlases This article discusses the functions of media in atlas multimedia presentations has which as been undertaken to contribute to the strengthening of the application dimensions of Atlas Multimedia presentations The functions mentioned should help in the selection and combination of media in such a way that atlas multimedia presentations are regarded as more than just a summation of individual media 89 ... tdc: tfnh khoa hpc, tfnh vQa sQc (dam bao dQpc npi dung chQPng trinh sach gido khoa, k h i ndng linh hdi kien thQc cua hpc sinh), tfnh trirc quan, tfnh my thuat 2.1.2 Cac chufc nang ciia atlas dien... dong, b i n dd dpng va video Vf du: su dung cac doan video atlas day hpc thdi gian chi tQ - phut, 84 ChUc ndng cHa da phuang tien Atlas gido khoa dien tU npi dung video tap trung vdo ndi dung cua... school atlases This article discusses the functions of media in atlas multimedia presentations has which as been undertaken to contribute to the strengthening of the application dimensions of Atlas