Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
cuu •Khoa hoc Gido due w v P H A N B I E T L A N H D A O V A Q U A N L I T R O N G Q U A N L I G I A O D U C • PGS TS NGUYEN LOC Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam I Oat van de M3c du, d mot mdc dp nao d[.]
•Khoa hoc Gido due cuu w v P H A N BIET L A N H DAO VA QUAN L I TRONG Q U A N L I GIAO DUC • PGS.TS NGUYEN LOC Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam I Oat van de M3c du, d mot mdc dp nao do, lanh dao va quan li nhieu dupe dung vdi npi dung nhu nhau, song dupe dat canh de phan tich thi ngudi ta ngam dinh su khac biet Idn gida hai khai niem Viec phan biet hai khai niem nham giup giai quyet mot thdc tiln quan li kha dac trung 06 la, thdc hien cong viec cua minh, cac nha quan li cua mot td chdc, chlng han nhu hieu trudng, hieu phd, trudng, phd phong ban, td trudng bp mon cua mot trudng hpc, thudng gap phai cac tinh hudng khdng can bang, tham chi la cue doan Cd ngddi qua chu den nhung cdng viec ti mi nhu tuyen chpn can bp, lo ling ngan sach, kiem tra, giam sat, v.v ma Idi long viec suy nghi dinh hudng phat then cho nha trudng NgUdc lai cd mot sd ngddi lai qua bay bong vdi nhdng ke hoach va phddng hddng phat then vien vdng, ma khdng chu y den cac dieu kien cu the can cd de van hanh nha trddng tot Ket qua la ca hai kieu ngddi quan li nhd vay deu mang den that bai cho nha trudng Mpt dieu can nhan thay nda la phan Idn cac nha quan li thudng chu vao cdng viec cu the, thddng nhat, nhieu hdn la suy nghT ve phddng hddng phat then hay la tarn nhin cho nha trddng II Khai niem va djnh nghTa Oe tranh nham lan, trddc het ta can thdng nhat mpt so dinh nghTa ve lanh dao va quan li nhd sau (Davies, B va Ellison, L , 1997): Lanh dao la de tarn nhin chien lupc de dinh hudng phat then cho to chirc cung nhu su dung cac kTnang khich le (khdng ep budc) nham ddng vien cac nhan vien cap dudi tich cue thuc hien tarn nhin de Quan li la tap trung vao cac cdng viec cu the nhu to chUc nhan luc, danh gia va phan phoi nguon luc, van dung cac quy che nh'am van hanh td chUc mpt each hieu qua nhat Oinh nghTa lanh dao bai ve cd ban khdng khac nhieu so vdi khai niem lanh dao ndi chung Dieu can chu y la khai niem lanh dao d day nhan manh viec "de tarn nhin chien lupc" nhd la sd khac biet dac trdng sd tddng phan vdi khai niem quan li Mat khac, djnh nghTa ve quan li bai cd khac so vdi dinh nghTa ve quan li ndi chung Quan li ndi chung la quan li dupe hieu theo nghTa rpng, nd the hien ban chat cua cong viec ma ta can phai lam vdi td each la ngddi gid mpt chdc vu quan li nao dd Tuy nhien, ngddi gid mpt chdc vu quan li ndi chung can phai ket hpp hai hoa hai mat, dd la lanh dao va nhdng viec lai Nhdng viec lai dd dddc gpi la quan li theo nghTa hep, cd nghTa la nd chi bao ham "cdng wee cu the nhu to chUc nhan luc, danh gia va phan phoi nguon luc, van dung cac quy che' Trong pham vi bai viet nay, khai niem quan li dddc hieu theo nghTa hep Nhieu cdng trinh nghien cdu ve quan li cho thay cd mpt quan diem phd bien nhieu thap ki qua, ke ca cho tdi nay, la mpt td chdc phat then cdng la ngddi quan li cd kT nang quan li tot Dieu ch? dung the gidi cua chung ta tddng ddi on dinh va md hinh quan li theo triet li "kiem tra" td hieu qua Song the gidi hien da trd nen phdc tap hon nhieu, chda ddng nhieu bien dpng, cac td chdc trd nen da dang, chiu nhieu thach thdc Neu nhu trudc day viec ap dung cac kT nang quan li la dd de dap dng cac trach nhiem ddi vdi khach hang, nhan vien, v.v thi va sau nay, ngddi quan li can phai biet nhin xa hdn vao tddng lai cua td chdc, biet dpng vien va khich le nhan vien, va dd tao thay ddi de phu hdp vdi xu the khach quan (Daft R.L, 1999) Neu xet thdc tien hoat dpng cua cac nha quan If dddi gdc dp lanh dao - quan li thi nhdng khao sat ddi vdi nhieu td chdc gan day cho thay cd tdi 2/3 nhdng ngudi dupe hdi cho ring Theo nghTa chung nhat "Lanh dao la qua trinh khich le moi ngudi cung co gang lam viec de hoan cac nhiem vu quan trong" (Nguyen Lpc, 2009) Quan li theo nghTa rpng dddc dinh nghTa nhd: "Nghe thuat hoan cong viec thong qua ngudi khac" (Nguyen Lpc 2009) KHGD sd 55 thdng - 2010 Khoa hoc Gido due- Nghj^n^uX td chdc cua hp co qua nhieu nha quan If Hinh 1: Phan loai ngudi quan It mdi tuong quan "manh ve quan If song "yeu ve lanh Quan lanh dao - quan li d*ao" Ket luan chung la cac td chut hien dai dupe "quan li qua nhieu va lanh dao qua it" (Kotter JR., 1990) Hien tupng cd the dUdc mo ta nhu sau (Xem Manh Hinh 1) Co qua Hau nhd Tren Hinh ta xet hai khia canh nhieu khong co lanh dao va quan li theo cac true hoanh va true tung tuong Ung Ngddi quan li cd the phan theo bdn ket hpp, theo mdc Co qua manh va yeu cua hai khia canh lanh dao nhieu Co qua it va quan If Ket hpp thd nhat: Ngudi quan li Yeu manh ve lanh dao nhung yeu ve quan li Lanh dao Yeu Tren hinh ve loai ngddi nam d ben phai dddi Nhdng ngddi quan li thddng dda nhdng y tudng to Idn ve cai each nhdng y tddng to Idn ve cai each toan dien hay toan dien hay la nhdng chuong trinh canh tan la nhdng chddng trinh canh tan mdi me, khdi day mdi me Hp cd kha nang khdi day long nhiet tinh long nhiet tinh va sd ung hp manh me td tat ca va su ung hp manh me cua tat ca mpi Idc lupng mpi Idc Idpng td chdc mpt each rat hieu td chdc mpt each rat hieu qua Tuy nhien y qua (tddng td nhd loai ngddi quan li thd nhat), tudng va long nhiet tinh se khong du va ch! sau nhdng ngddi quan li biet tao nhdng dieu mpt thdi gian tien hanh cac thay ddi, cac y tddng kien tot nhat ve cac mat ke hoach, nguon Idc, to Idn bi pha san To chdc se chiu thiet hai nang ngddi de bien cac y tddng hien thdc ne Trong thdc te co qua it ngddi quan li loai To chdc cd nhdng ngddi quan li nhd the se Ket hdp thd hai: Ngudi quan li manh ve nhanh chdng gat hai ddpc nhieu cong ben quan li nhung yeu ve lanh dao Tren hinh ve loai vdng Rat tied thdc te, hau nhu khdng cd ngudi nam d ben trai tren Nhdng ngddi ngddi quan li loai Nhd cac td chdc ndi chung, cac td chdc giao quan li thddng mudn tham gia vao tat ca mpi hoat dpng cua td chdc Hp luon tao sUc ep de due cung dang ddi dau vdi nhdng van de tddng cac nhan vien phai canh tranh vdi va td Ve dieu nay, neu xet rieng mpt td chdc cu the thddng gay thai dp phan cam td phia nhan la nha trudng va ngddi nam gid vi tri cao nhat vien Hp thudng hoan cac cong viec de cua nd la hieu trddng, da cd nhan xet nhd sau song ve lau dai hp se gap nhieu khd khan (Halpin, 1966): " qua nhieu hieu trudng de cho viec tri chat lddng cua san pham cung nhd trach nhiem cua minh bi che khuat bdi nhung sd phat trien cua td chdc, bdi hp hau nhd khdng chuyen vat vanh, ket qua la hp tu tit bd vai trd cd mpt y tddng cung nhd dinh hddng gi cho td lanh dao ciia minh va chi lam nhCrng cdng viec chdc tddng lai Trong thdc te, co qua nhieu su vu NhCrng hoat dpng lap di lap lai hang ngddi quan li loai va mang tinh chat chieu le cd mpt sUc hap dan Ket hpp thd ba: Ngddi quan li yeu ve quan li be ngoai rat Idn, bdi vi chung thudng lam diu di va yeu ve lanh dao Tren hinh ve loai ngddi ndi to ling vdn luon gin vdi vai trd lanh dao ciia nam d ben trai dddi Nhdng ngddi quan li ngudi hieu trudng Nhung chung ta phai tranh vda khdng hinh dung ddpc sd phat then cua td mic Idi nham lan giCra hoat dpng mang tinh hang chdc minh tddng lai sap tdi, vda khdng biet vdi nang suat va su sang tao can thiet cho tao dieu kien cho td chdc van hanh cd hieu qua viec lanh dao co hieu qua" theo cac muc tieu de Cac td chdc cd nhdng Cac nghien cdu li luan ve lanh dao va quan ngddi quan li nhd the se nhanh chdng that li nham muc dich giup cac nha quan li cac cap bai Trong thdc te, co qua nhieu ngddi quan li can bang lai su lech hudng cac cdng viec loai quan li bang each chi ro su khac biet gida hai Ket hpp thd td: Ngddi quan li manh ve quan khai niem Mpt sd ngddi cho rang lanh dao li va manh ve lanh dao Tren hinh ve loai ngddi va quan li la hai mat cua mpt van de, nam d ben phai tren Ngoai viec dda dd so khac lai ndi rang dd la hai khai niem rieng M a n h KHGD so 55, thdng - 2010 •Khoa hoc Gido due Nghinen ciAi biet nhdng bd sung lin nhau; tham chi cd nhdng truong phai lap luan rang lanh dao chi la mpt mat cua quan li Du vai tro cua chung la gi di nda thi mot dieu khdng the tranh cai la can phai tao sU can bang gida lanh dao va quan li Van de can dupe quan tarn d day la nhieu sd thien lech qua ve phia quan li dang lam giam y nghTa va vai trp cua lanh dao mpt td chdc Ngddi ta ndi, nha trddng hien bi quan li qua nhieu va dddc lanh dao qua it III SU khac biet gida lanh dao va quan li Nhung khac biet dudi gdc dp tinh each va chdc nang Trong no Idc xac dinh sd khac gida lanh dao va quan li, mpt so nha nghien cdu cd xu hudng md ta cac tinh each dac trUng d ngudi quan li va ngudi lanh dao, td dd dda so sanh, vdi gia thiet la cd ngddi thuan la lanh dao va cd ngddi thuan la quan li Cach tiep can rat gan gui vdi cac hpc thuyet ve tinh each nghien cdu lanh dao va vT nhan Va neu nhd danh sach tinh each lanh dao da cd hdn 3.000 ten gpi thi sd so sanh tinh each gida lanh dao va quan li cung khdng phai la don dieu Chang han, Certo (1997) de xuat mpt sir so sanh li thu gida tinh each cua ngudi lanh dao va quan li (Xem Hinh 2) Hinh 2: Tinh each cua ngudi lanh dao tuong phan vdi ngudi quan li Ngddi lanh dao: Thien ve "TRAI TIM" Ngddi quan li: Thien ve "KHOI OC" Cd tarn nhin Dam me Sang tao Linh ddng Truyen cam Ddi mdi Qua cam Giau tddng tddng Thdc tien dpc lap Duy li tri Co vain Kien cddng Giai quyet van de Kien quyet Phan tich He thdng Than Quyen Idc, menh lenh tao sd on dinh Nguon: Certo, C (1997): Modern Management, Prentice Hall Upper Sadie River, New Jersey Trong nghien cdu ve quan li giao due nhieu tac gia cung cd gSng chi sd khac biet gida lanh dao va quan li mpt nha trdPng Nhin chung day mdi chi la cac nghien cdu ban dau, can ddpc tiep tuc hoan thien Chang han, mot vai dac tinh cua lanh dao va quan li giao KHGD so 55, thdng - 2010 due dddc Evans (1996) mo ta kha cu the (Xem Hinh 3) Hinh 3: Dac tinh cua lanh dao va quan li giao due r Oac tinh lanh dao Oac tinh quan li Mang lai tarn nhin Bao dam rang Oe muc dich nhdng thdc hanh chung (cd tham ve quan li phan van) anh ddpc cac hanh dpng lanh dao Tao dieu kien hoan nhdng muc Thdc hien tai cau true de viec td chdc tieu giao due va td trddng hieu qua va chdc nang suat hdn Dap dng dddc cac Thiet ke va thdc nhu cau va tinh hien nhdng ke hudng khac hoach chien Iddc Cd dinh hddng cho Dap Ung nhu cau tddng lai Cd tinh doanh ve trach nhiem Bao dam hoan nghiep ve giao due cdng viec Ho trp trddng hpc Bao dam td chdc ndi giao due hoat ddng thdng song dpng sudt Lam viec sang tao va trao quyen cho Lam viec hieu qua vdi ngudi nhdng ngddi khac Dam bao dddc tien Quan li tai chinh cd hieu qua trinh va npi dung giao trinh la cap Tiep thi va quang ba nha trddng nhat va thiet yeu Nguon: Evans, R (1996), The Human Side of School Change, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Nhdng khac biet vai trd tong the Lewitt (1986) lai xem xet sd khac biet gida lanh dao va quan li dddi gdc dp cua vai tro tdng the Ban chat cua each tiep can la d chd, mpt ngddi gid mpt chdc vu quan li nao dd bao gid cung dam nhan mpt vai tro tdng the, bao gdm quan li va lanh dao, va hp cd the chuyen td vai tro sang vai tro vai tro tdng the Cach tiep can vai tro tdng the giup ta thay ddpc nguyen nhan vi nhdng ngddi gid chdc vu quan li cua mpt td chdc thddng cam thay de chiu va an toan vai tro quan li hdn la phai chuyen sang vai tro lanh dao day thach thdc va khd khan Lewitt cho rang vai tro tdng the bao gdm bdn mdc dp la: mdc dp nong cot, mdc dp mong dpi, mdc dp md rpng va mdc dp tiem nang Trong dd mdc dp nong cot va mong dpi la Khoa hoc Gido duo vai tro quan li mdc mo rpng va tiem nang la vai tro lanh dao (Hinh 4) MUc ndng cot: phan anh nhdng khia canh chinh thong cua vai tro va thddng ddpc the hien bing cac van ban cd lien quan, cung biet va hieu ro Ching han nhd cac trach nhiem ve lap ke hoach lap ngan sach, to' chdc, sap xep nhan sd, kiem tra va giai quyet van de Vai tro dddc coi la thda man cac nhu cau cua to' chdc ve hieu qua ben va phan cong trach nhiem Mac mong doi: the hien td hdp cac mong dpi cua cac nhdm khac td chdc ve vai tro cua ngddi hieu trddng ching han Cac nhiem vu cd the khdng ddpc viet van ban nao nhdng mpi ngddi deu cho rang phai lam, ching han nhd ngddi hieu trddng dddc mong dpi la den dd va khai mac mpt sd kien the thao cua nha trddng Mac md rong: la nhdng vai tro ma ngddi hieu trddng tin ring dd chinh la trach nhiem cua minh, khdng quan la cd quy dinh bing van ban hay khdng 06 la nhdng cong viec ma hieu trddng thay quan trong, can phai lam, ching han nhd thach thdc nha trddng thdc sd trd mpt td chdc hpc tap Mac tiem nang: la vong ngoai cung cua vai tro tdng the, no bao gdm cac sang kien, each tan Va cung vdi mdc dp md rpng nd tao nen vai trd lanh dao, vai tro nhat cd the tao nen thay ddi Chdc nang cua vai tro nong cot va mong dpi lam sinh nhdng nhu cau ve quyet dinh li, kT nang phan tich kien quyet, tao on dinh va nhdng tien trinh ve cau true, chu y den tiem Idc ngddi Day la nhdng kT nang dien hinh ma phan Idn cac khoa hoc ve quan li quan tarn Nhdng yeu to cua vai tro hdu hinh hdn, cu the hdn, de dem va xac dinh hdn Vai trp lanh dao cd xu hddng md rpng gidi han, can cd sd truyen cam, qua cam, thdc nghiem, tddng tdpng, ddi mdi, dam me va tarn nhin Khia canh cua vai tro vo hinh hdn va mang y nghTa tinh than nhieu hdn Nd tiem an, trdu tddng, hinh tdpng va mang tinh y tddng hdn la kT thuat Vong tron ben cd lien quan den nhdng gi ta phai lam, nhdng vong ben ngoai lien quan den nhdng gi ta mudn lam Dieu cho thay li tai cd nhdng khd khan di chuyen tdvai trp quan li sang vai tro lanh dao nhd: Vai tro quan li qua nhieu Cac nha quan 10 Nghien curu Hinh M6 hinh vai trd tong the cua ngudi lanh dao Muc tong COI Mut dd mong doi Muc tiem fifing Nguon: Levitt, T (1986), Marketing Imagination, New York: The Free Press li "goi" vai tro nhdng gidi han td dat de lam mpt khu vdc d l chiu, ngan can chinh hp di chuyen nhdng vong ben ngoai Co d|nh vai tro nong cot va mong dpi sd an toan hdn Di chuyen hay suy nghT ngoai khu vdc an toan la dang sd Cac nha quan li co khuynh hddng d lai "goi", d luong chinh, khong dam tao song, khong gay chu y, khong thach thdc hay thuc day Ban chat trdu tddng va vo hinh cua lanh dao co nghTa la nim bit va yeu cau nhdng kT nang ve xay ddng y tddng la kho hon IV Ket luan The ki XXI da bat dau, nhdng that kho dd bao trddng hpc tddng lai se nhd the nao, bdi vi cd qua nhieu nhdng dieu khong chic chin Nhdng cd mpt dieu chic chin la nha trddng cua the ki se rat khac so vdi nhdng gi ma chung ta da biet the ki XX Ve mat khai niem, chung ta phai suy nghT xem mpt nha trddng la nhd the nao, va tai nd ton tai, de lam gi va cho ai? Cac nha nghien cdu ve quan li giao due cd the dat nhdng loai van de gi de giup cac nha quan li giao due dddng dau vdi nhdng thach thdc nay? Cd nhieu van de can ban cai, song dieu ro rang la nhdng kT nang quan li hoan hao vdi nhdng quy che va ki luat chat che van chda du, neu khong noi la bat cap, ddi vdi nhdng bien ddi qua nhanh dang xay Va d day, kT nang KHGD so 55 thdng - 2010 •Khoa hoc Gido due Nghiep curu lanh dao bit dau the hien ro net vai trd cua minh, no khong nhdng bd sung cho kT nang quan If ma la dpng Idc chinh cho nha trddng phat then tdong lai Do vay, viec hieu ro dac diem va sd khac gida quan li va lanh dao cd mpt y nghTa li luan va thdc tien rat Idn CHUAN D A U R A (Tiep theo trang 6) cdng" va "kT nang mem" tao nang Idc cua ngddi dddc dao tao - Y nghTa cua CDR Lau nay, CDR cua mdi chddng trinh mdi ddng d viec xac dinh muc tieu dao tao ve kien TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO thdc, kT nang, thai dp va nang Idc mpt each chung chung, thieu cu the nen gan nhd chi cd gia tri de Certo, C (1997): Modem Management, Prentice Hall xet duyet chddng trinh cho md ma nganh Upper Sadie River, New Jersey Neu xay ddng COR chi tiet den tdng nang Daft, RL (1999), Leadership - Theory and Practice, Idc hay hanh vi cu the va yeu cau ngddi tot The Dryen Press nghiep phai dat dddc, thi y nghTa cua COR cd Davies, B va Ellison, L (1997), School Leadership For the thay ro qua cac diem sau day: The 21st Century, Routledge - Ngddi day va ngddi hpc biet day va hpc Evans, R (1996), The Human Side of School Change,the nao de dat COR; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass - Ngddi sd dung nguon nhan Idc biet nang Idc the hien qua CDR cua ngddi tot nghiep cd Halpin, A.W., (1966), Theory and Research in nhdng gi de tuyen dung; Administration, Macmillan, New York - Nha nddc, nha quan li sd dung CDR de Kotter, J.P (1990), A Force for Change: How quan Leadership Differs from Management, New York: The li va danh gia chat Iddng san pham dao tao cua cd sd dao tao; Free Press - Nha tai trd biet hieu qua tai trp den dau de Levitt, T (1986), Marketing Imagination, New York: The tham gia tai trd Free Press - COR cd the ddpc sd dung de xep hang Nguyen Lpc (Chu bien), Mac Van Trang, Nguydn Cdng cac cd sd dao tao mpt each dinh Iddng thdng Giap, (2009), Co so li luan quan li to chirc giao qua ket qua danh gia cac kT nang mem (nen due, NXB Dai hoc Su pham, Ha Npi tang cua nang Idc phat trien) cua san pham dao tao co sd dd SUMMARY TAI LI$U THAM KHAO This paper refers to the theoretical problems of the concepts of leadership and management with the purpose Edward F.Crawley, Doris R Brodeur, Johan Malmqvist, to help educational managers in balancing their roles inSren stlund, Rethinking engineering education - the CDIO approach , 2007 their daily management job The article offers newly update Le Due Ngoc, Giao due dai hoc: Quan diem va giai definitions of leadership and management in relation tophap, NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Ndi, 2004 each other Next, the article provides insights into the differ3 Tran Huru Hoan, De cwong mon hoc (Syllabus) ences between these concepts from the perspectives of hoc che tin chi, Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha characteristics, function and total role models Finally, Ndi, the tap 25, sd 1S, 2009 article contends that the excellent management skills with strict standards and rules have become insufficient, ifSUMMARY not inadequate for the very fast changes nowadays And here, Outcomes standards of a higher education program leadership skills began to clearly show their important contents the minimal qualities of the graduates, therefor the definition of outcomes standards shall reflect the rol roles, they not only supplement the management skills and but also are becoming the main driving force for school responsibilities for the products by the institution to t stakeholders: state, employer, sponsor In this article th development in the future Therefore understanding charauthor presents some major components for defining out acteristics and differences between management and leadcome standards in higher education: basis, procedures, ership have a huge theoretical and practical meaning.and methods KHGD so 55 thdng - 2010 11 ... nguon Idc, to Idn bi pha san To chdc se chiu thiet hai nang ngddi de bien cac y tddng hien thdc ne Trong thdc te co qua it ngddi quan li loai To chdc cd nhdng ngddi quan li nhd the se Ket hdp thd... tddng cung nhd dinh hddng gi cho td lanh dao ciia minh va chi lam nhCrng cdng viec chdc tddng lai Trong thdc te, co qua nhieu su vu NhCrng hoat dpng lap di lap lai hang ngddi quan li loai va mang... quan ngddi quan li nhd the se nhanh chdng that li nham muc dich giup cac nha quan li cac cap bai Trong thdc te, co qua nhieu ngddi quan li can bang lai su lech hudng cac cdng viec loai quan li