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Khoa hoc Gido due CO T H E T I E P T H U GI Of N E N G I A O D U C H O A K Y ? • GS TS TRAN VAN HIEN Dai hoc Houston, Hoa Ky N hCrng quoc gia giau co la nhdng quoc gia co con ngudi cd kha nang tao ddd[.]
Khoa hoc Gido due CO T H E T I E P T H U G I Of N E N G I A O D U C H O A K Y ? • GS.TS.TRAN VAN HIEN Dai hoc Houston, Hoa Ky N hCrng quoc gia giau co la nhdng quoc gia co hinh dao tao ngddi cua Hoa Ky de tham khao, mpt md hinh nang ve phat then kinh te va ngudi cd kha nang tao dddc nhieu td phuc vu sd thich ca nhan, va tddd giup Viet Nam chdc kinh te Idn vdi nang suat cao Nhdng td chdc thau hieu khach hang can gi, biet chpn dddc mpt hddng di mdi cho sd dao tao thuyet phuc, phuc vu tan tarn, va dddc khach ngddi cua minh Nhdng diem chinh cua bai la : - Kha nang tao td chdc la gi ? hang tin cay Ho biet chuyen mon hoa cdng viec, dung nhdng phdOng phap khoa hpc hien dai, - Dao tao kha nang tao td chdc - Dao tao kha nang hoa nhap the gidi bao ve mdi trddng, tan dung tai nang va sang tao cua nhan vien, gan Idi ich cua nhan vien vdi Kha nang tao td chdc la gi ? Kha nang tao nen nhurng to chirc kinh te Idn Idi ich cua cong ti Them vao dd hp cd nhieu vdn, cd the lam nhdng chuyen Idn va lau dai ddpc manh gdm cd kha nang cd ban, kha nang Tong san Iddng qudc gia GDP (Gross domestic chuyen mdn cdng viec (gpi tit la kha nang product) cua ca nddc Viet Nam vao nam 2008 la chuyen mon), kha nang giao tiep, kha nang sang 81 ti dd la va rat nhd so vdi tdng san Iddng tao va kha nang lanh dao cua nhdng td chdc kinh te Idn vdi n3ng suat cao Kha nang ca ban, theo thd td td de den kho cua nhdng cddng qudc nhd cdng ti Exxon - Mobil dao tao, gdm cd sdc khoe, kien thdc tdng cua Hoa Ky san xuat ddpc 372 ti la (gap 4,6 quat va phong each ngddi Kien thdc tdng lan ca nddc Viet Nam), Toyota cua Nhat ddpc quat gdm biet dpc biet viet; va hieu biet ve khoa 230 ti la (gap 2,8 lan Viet Nam), Samsung hpc, ve mdi tddng quan gida ngddi vdi khoa cua Han Qudc dddc 106 ti dd la ( gap 1,3 lan hpc, vdi moi trddng, vdi xa hpi va vdi the gidi Viet Nam) Neu Viet Nam tao ddpc vai cdng ti Idn Phong each ngudi bao gdm tinh than nhd tren, Viet Nam se giau han len Chinh quyen trach nhiem, long tu" tin, nang dpng, suy nghlva hdu hieu cung la mpt td chdc Idn cd nhdng kha hanh dpng dpc lap, that va dao ddc, sdtd nang tddng td nhd nhdng td chdc kinh te d tren lap, long rpng Iddng vi tha, can dam ndi len sd Do dd ngddi vdi kha nang cao deu cd the that, nhat la ndi len nhdng sai lam de sda chda, phuc vu tot vda td chdc kinh te va vda cho chinh can dam thdc hien nhdng thd thach mdi, tinh quyen Nhdng nddc giau cua chau A nhd Nhat, than lac quan va chi ganh dua cao Han Qudc, Hdng Kong, Dai Loan va Singapore Kha nang chuyen mon gdm cd nhdng deu la nhurng nddc hieu ddpc the gidi ben ngoai, chuyen mon can lam viec kiem song, nhCrng hpc that nhanh nhdng dieu huru ich td mpi ndi, va chuyen mon doi hdi nhieu ve tri tue va nen kinh la ban hang vdi nhieu nddc te dang can (thddng dddc Iddng cao) Dao tao kha nang Kha nang giao tiep gom kha nang lam viec NhCrng nddc khdng hpi nhap ddpc vdi the chung mot each hda ddng vdi mpi ngddi, dddc gidi thddng rat ngheo Do dd mudn mpt nhieu ngddi tin, it ke chdng ddi, cd nhieu ban, cd nddc phat then mdi cua A chau, Viet Nam can kha nang giai quyet nhdng tranh chap mpt each dao tao ngddi vdi hai nhdm kha nang quan on hoa, biet each thuyet phuc ngddi khac, v.v trong: kha nang tao ddng td chdc va kha nang Kha nang rat quan vi nd la dpng cd chinh sd lien ket nhdng ngddi la vdi hpi nhap the gidi de gay ddng td chdc mdi, hoac tao dieu kien cho Bai phan tich dda mpt cai nhin td mo 38 KHGD so 55, thdng - 2010 ^m——^—^— -sd trao ddi gida nhdng td chdc kinh te Kha nang sang tao bao gdm nhdng kha nang tao nen ddpc nhdng gi mdi la ma xa hpi can nhd san pham, kT thuat, nghe thuat, dich vu, td tddng hay y kien, td chdc, thi trddng, phddng each lam viec hay quan li hdu hieu, v.v Kha nang lanh dao gdm cd sd hieu biet nhu cau cua xa hpi de dinh hddng chien Iddc cho td chdc; biet lien ket nhdng ca nhan rieng re mpt td chdc vdng chac, hdu hieu; cd tarn nhin cao, xa, ro ret; xac dinh ro cac muc tieu cd the dat dddc va truyen dat cho nhan vien; tao sd gan bd, trung va nhiet tarn lau dai cua nhan vien vdi td chdc; biet each tang cddng nang suat chung cua td chdc Theo thd td quan trong, kha nang co ban la quan nhat vi nd la nen tang cua mpi kha nang lai Ke dd la giao tiep va lanh dao vi hai kha nang giup tao nen td chdc Tiep theo la sang tao vi nd giup td chdc tao dddc cd hpi mdi vdi Ipi nhuan cao Sau cung la chuyen mdn vi ngddi dan chi cd viec lam thu nhap cao dat nddc cd nhieu td chdc Idn hdu hieu Hai vi du sau day cho thay thd td cua sd quan cua nhdng kha nang tren : - Nike la cdng ti giay hang dau cua the gidi nhdng cdng ti me d My khdng san xuat mpt doi giay nao Nike chuyen ve lanh dao, giao tiep va sang tao; da'y nhdng cong viec san xuat den nhdng nddc cd nhan cong re va kha nang chuyen mon cao nhd Viet Nam Trong trddng hpp nay, kha nang it quan nhat la chuyen mon - Sinh vien Dai hpc Bach khoa (Viet Nam) rat sang tao va dat giai nhat td Robocon chau A - Thai Binh Dddng nhieu nam gan day Trong dd cac cdng ti san xuat robots la d Nhat va Han Qudc Hai dieu cho thay Viet Nam cd ngddi cd kha nang sang tao va chuyen mdn nhdng thieu rat nhieu ngddi vdi kha nang lanh dao va giao tiep de tao nen nhdng cdng ti Idn de giup dan giau nddc manh Hien tai Viet Nam la mpt nddc vdi thu nhap KHGD so 55, thdng - 2010 Khoa hoc Gido due dau ngddi rat thap, chda cd nhdng cong ti dpc lap giau manh d tarn cd the gidi Dieu cho thay phddng phap dao tao ngddi hien thdi khdng phat huy nhdng du diem san cd cua ngddi Viet nhdean cu, thong minh, ham hpc hdi, da tim toi sang tao de chuyen kha nang lanh dao giao tiep, kha nang chuyen mon cao va kha nang cd ban - nhat la phong each ngddi Dao tao kha nang tao to chdc d cap phd thong Chddng trinh phd thong ( cap 1: elementary, cap 2: middle/junior high, cap 3: high school ) cua Viet Nam dat nang viec hap thu that nhieu kien thdc tdng quat, it chu den nang cao phong each ngddi, kha nang giao tiep va sang tao Hpc sinh Viet Nam, tdcap 1, chi biet hpc va hpc, khong cd thi gid vui chdi, tap luyen the thao, va phat then nhdng kha nang quan khac nhd sd chu dpng, td tin, kha nang suy nghT dpc lap, tim toi, kham pha, v.v PhdOng phap giang day cd nhieu tinh dpc doan Hpc sinh thddng chap nhan tuyet ddi nhdng kien thdc td thay co va td sach giao khoa du dung hay sai Hpc sinh rat it ddpc td tim toi, suy nghT dpc lap, chat van, thao luan, phat bieu y kien va kham pha nhdng gi hdp vdi sd thich cua minh Phddng phap giang day khdng giup hpc sinh phat then phong each ngddi, kha nang sang tao va kha nang giao tiep Chddng trinh hpc rat it linh dpng vi tat ca mpi hpc sinh hpc cung mpt chddng trinh cung mpt thdi gian, khong can biet den sd khac biet ve sd phat then ve tarn sinh li cua mdi ca nhan va d tdng Ida tudi, ve hoan canh gia dinh, khac biet ve dia phddng, v.v Kien thdc tdng quat thddng hpc nhieu ve npi dia va dan tpc (it ve the gidi), nhieu ve qua khd nhat la tich chien tranh (rat it ve tddng lai va long yeu chudng hoa binh cua ngddi dan), nang ve li thuyet khoa hpc (nhe ve dng dung) Vi thddng hpc nhdi nhet, hpc sinh chdng quen nhdng kien thdc khdng hpp thdi, khdng hpp sd thich va hoan canh ca nhan hay mdc dp phat then ve tarn sinh li cua ca nhan Mdi trddng hpc thieu nhdng hoat 39 dong nhom ma hoc sinh lam chu va td khong phat huy dddc kha nang giao tiep va lanh dao Moi nam Viet Nam cd tren mot trieu hpc sinh cap thi vao dai hpc va chdng 15% dd Nhdng em khdng vao dddc dai hpc bddc chan vao ddi rat kern ve nghe chuyen mon, phong each ngddi va kha nang giao tiep, va gay nen nhieu khd khan cho nen kinh te Neu Viet Nam mudn cd mot nen giao due cap , cap va cap da dang, ta nen tham khao mpt so phdOng each td Hoa Ky : - Chddng trinh cap va cap cua Hoa Ky cung bao gdm kien thdc tdng quat d trinh dp thieu nhi Ldp hpc cd chdng 20 - 30 hpc sinh dd thay cd biet ro tdng em mpt va khuyen khich td suy nghT, chat van, phat bieu y kien (du dung hay sai), thuyet trinh, va tham gia vao nhieu hoat dpng nhdm de phat huy phong each ngddi va kha nang giao tiep td luc be - ChdOng trinh cap cua Hoa Ky theo he thdng tin chi, cd nhieu mdn td chpn (30% cua chddng trinh ), va cho hpc sinh rat nhieu Ida chpn nhd nao se hpc mpt mdn, mdn nao hpp sd thich va kha nang, trinh dp nao ( hpc lam cdng nhan, hpc de vao trddng dai hpc tieu bang, hay hpc de cd the dddc nhan vao Harvard), nhdng mdn nao hdp mpt chuyen nganh d dai hpc, tham chi cd the keo dai hay rut ngan thdi gian trddng Chddng trinh hpc day linh dpng thich dng ddpc vdi sd khac biet ve thong minh, tai chanh, sd trddng ve tarn sinh li, hoan canh gia dinh cua mdi hpc sinh, va td dd phat huy dddc sd dam me hpc va kha nang sang tao - Hpc sinh Hoa Ky ddpc khuyen khich tham khao, chat van, thao luan va phat bieu nhdng gi minh thich hay bde xuc ma khdng bi nha trddng hay thay cd cam doan Trddng thddng cd nhieu hoat dpng nhdm hpc sinh lam chu nhd hiep hpi va lien trddng Hpc sinh td chpn lanh dao cua hiep hpi qua tranh cd, va thdc tap kha nang giao tiep va lanh dao d tudi thieu nien Dao tao kha nang tao td chdc d cap dai hoc World Economic Forum 2006 xep hang giao 40 due dai hpc Viet Nam la 90/125 Khi so vdi nhdng nddc cd nhdng diem tddng ddng nhd ddng dan va nen van hda lau ddi, thd hang dai hpc cua Viet Nam roi vao 10% chdt cua the gidi Li la vi Viet Nam la dao tao rat it sinh vien vdi kha nang chuyen mdn cao thich hdp vdi doi hdi cua nen kinh te toan cau Gidng nhd phd thdng, dai hpc Viet Nam chda giup sinh vien phat then dddc nhdng kha nang quan nhd giao tiep, sang tao, lanh dao va phong each ngddi vi chddng trinh, phddng phap giang day, he thdng td chdc va quan li thieu tinh each linh hoat, va khong bat kip thdi cupc Moi nam Viet Nam cd chdng 150 ngan sinh vien trddng, va chi cd - 10% sinh vien gidi nhat vdi trinh dp tieng Anh va kha nang giao tiep cao tim dddc viec lam vdi thu nhap tarn du (chdng 300 - 500 dd la mpt thang) td cong ti nddc ngoai 90 - 95% lai khdng cd viec lam, hay cd viec vdi thu nhap rait thap (chdng 100 dd la mpt thang ) Neu Viet Nam mudn cai each dao tao ngddi d cap dai hpc, cd the xem xet mpt so phddng each nhd: - O Hoa Ky, cd quan kiem dinh chat Iddng dpc lap bao dam sd cap nhat hda cua chdong trinh hpc va kha nang cua nha trddng viec giup sinh vien dat dddc kha nang chuyen mdn d trinh dp cao - Hpi ddng quan tri la cd quan lanh dao cao nhat cua dai hpc Hoa Ky, chpn lanh dao trddng, va vien hpi ddng thddng la nhdng ngddi dat d dia phddng Mdi chuyen nganh thddng ddpc hddng dan bdi mpt hpi ddng cd van va vien la nhdng ngddi dat nganh Nhdng hpi ddng hddng dan dai hpc dao tao kha nang chuyen mdn ma xa hpi can nhd dai hpc nen day mdn va nganh nao, va day de sinh vien cd the hpi nhap nhanh trddng - He thdng cao dang cpng ddng (community college) cua Hoa Ky day ray d mpi dia phddng va cd chddng trinh: dao tao nghe ngan han (td den thang), dai han (hai nam), va van hda de chuyen tiep dai hpc (hai nam) KHGD so 55, thdng - 2010 Khoa hoc Gido due Sinh vien tot nghiep co the chuyen thing vao nam thu" cua dai hpc de hpc chuyen mon d trinh dp cao Day nghe d nhieu cap bac va lien thdng gida cao ding va dai hpc, tao cd hpi cho nhieu ngddi dat dddc kha nang chuyen mdn d nhieu trinh dp khac - Sinh vien cd the chuyen nganh va trddng mpt each d i dang de hpc nhdng kha nang chuyen mdn phu hpp vdi sd thich ca nhan va vdi doi hdi mdi cua xa hpi Sd phu hop dda den dam me ve hpc, kha nang chuyen mon va sang tao cao, va sinh vien chuyen nghanh de bit kip thay ddi mdi cua nen kinh te - Ldi giang day d cap bac dai hpc d Hoa Ky thddng hddng dan sinh vien td hpc, td nghien cdu, lam an, hpc nhdm, viet luan an ngln va thuyet trinh Sinh vien dddc td suy nghT, chat van, thao luan va phat bieu tat ca nhdng gi minh mudn Ldi giang day nang cao sd nang dpng, tinh than trach nhiem, kha nang sang tao, giao tiep va lanh dao - Ngoai nhdng mon hpc Idp, dai hpc Hoa Ky thddng cd nhieu hoat dpng nhdm sinh vien lam chu nhd nhieu hiep hpi trddng va lien trddng Hpc sinh td chpn lanh dao cua nhdng hiep hpi qua tranh cd Mo hinh td chdc giup sinh vien thdc tap va phat huy kha nang giao tiep va lanh dao cua minh Dao tao kha nang tao td chdc xa hpi Xa hpi Hoa Ky tao dddc mpt mdi trddng thich hpp cho sd phat huy nhdng kha nang trdu tddng nhd phong each ngddi, giao tiep, sang tao va lanh dao Sau day la mpt so vi du ve vai tro cua xa hpi sd dao tao ngddi d Hoa Ky - Ngddi dan hpc dddc sd cdng bing, dao ddc va that tiep xuc vdi mpt chinh quyen hdu hieu, minh bach cao, phuc vu ngddi dan tot, cdng bing vdi mpi ngddi dan, v.v - Td ngdn luan giup phat huy sd td tin va kha nang giao tiep Td lap hiep hdi dda den sd lap cong ti, hiep hpi (chuyen mdn, td thien, phi chinh phu), td dd phat huy ddpc kha nang lanh dao giao tiep va sang tao KHGD so 55, thdng - - Ngddi dan quen vdi sd that va dao ddc cua doanh nghiep ddi song hang nhd doanh nghiep khong ban gian cho khach hang vi ngddi mua ddpc phep tra lai hang vai tuan diu neu khong thich - Kinh te thi trddng va sdtdn quyen sd hdu ca nhan khuyen khich ngddi lam giau qua sd can dam diu td de md cong ti Idn manh nhd Microsoft, HP, Dell, v.v - Td Anh ngd nhd "you" va "I" giup ngddi tre (hay d|a vi thap) cd nhieu td tin giao tiep vdi ngddi Idn tudi, khac phai, mdi quen hay cd dia vi cao Nhdng dieu tren cho thay xay ddng dddc mpt dat nddc cd nen kinh te thi trddng, dd ngddi dan cd niem tin cao vao kha nang cua chinh quyen, doanh nghiep hoat dpng vdi tieu chi that, dao ddc, la mpt muc dich lau dai de Viet Nam cd the tao dddc mpt mdi trddng tot cho mpi ngddi dan td phat huy nhdng kha nang tiem an va td dd tao ddpc nhieu td chdc kinh te Idn, giau manh Kha nang hoi nhap the gidi Nhdm kha nang hpi nhap the gidi gdm cd kien thdc trung thdc ve the gidi va kha nang Anh ngd cao Kien thdc trung thdc la kien thdc khach quan td nhdng hpc gia cd uy tin cua the gidi va khdng cd vu Idi hay tham vong ve chinh tri hay kinh te d Viet Nam, chang han kien thdc ve nhdng cO quan lanh dao cua the gidi ( Lien Hiep Qudc - United Nations, Ngan Hang The Gidi World Bank, To chdc thddng mai the gidi - WTO, WHO, Vatican, Mecca, thi trddng chdng khoan Idn, v.v ), kinh te the gidi, chinh quyen cua nhdng cddng qudc, nhdng nddc cd tai nguyen Viet Nam cin hay la ban hang quan cua Viet Nam, nhdng td tddng kinh te chinh tri Idn, nhdng nen van hda cong, nhdng sic toe dong dan so, nhdng ton giao dong tin do, nhdng ngon ngd nhieu ngddi ndi, v.v ChdOng trinh phd thdng va dai hpc cua Viet Nam can cd nhieu mdn nhd the ve the gidi de giup ngddi Viet cd cai nhin bao quat, cd the v (Xem dep trang 46) 41 mon Doi ngu phai dong bp, hoan chinh, co kha nang hpp tac, lien ket mpi nguon life phuc vu su" nghiep phat trien giao due theo dung nhu cau cua each mang Kien quyet dau tranh loai bo mpi thdi hd tat xau lam danh nha giao, anh hddng tieu cdc den the he tre 4.2 067 mdi ca che quan li giao due hddng tarn vao viec xay ddng cac dinh che, cac quy tac van hanh thong sudt va cd hieu qua hoat dpng giao due toan he thdng td trung dOng den cd sd, td cd quan chu quan den cac ddn vi trdc thupc, td lanh dao chinh quyen dja phddng den cac ddn vi thdc thi cac chdc nang he thdng giao due Khau trung tarn dot pha va dieu kien tien quyet dam bao sdc song manh me, sang tao hoat dpng giao due phai la triet de phan cap va trao han sd menh dao tao the he tre cho don vi co sd trdc tiep giao due, dao tao, tdc nha trddng, dddc quyen td chu, td chiu trach nhiem trddc Nha nddc va xa hdi td dau vao den dau khuon khd phap luat va dieu kien thdc tien cho phep 4.3 Doi mai chinh sach dau fdcho giao due theo dung tinh than "giao due la qudc sach hang dau" de dam bao dieu kien tien quyet, song cho chu nghTa xa hpi nhd Hd Chu tjch da day: "Mudn xay ddng chu nghTa xa hpi phai cd ngddi XHCN" Khdng chap nhan chfnh sach phuc Idi ddi vdi giao due, ddng thdi cung kien quyet chdng lai xu the thddng mai hoa giao due Idc canh' tranh hdt ngon nguon chat xam cua cac tap doan td ban xuyen qudc gia WTO Trong the ki 21 nam chac va chi phoi ddpc giao due, ngddi dd se thu ddpc thang Ipi quyet dinh quyet dinh chfnh xac la minh nen di ve dau, va lam canh tranh ddpc vdi the gidi Oe giao tiep vdi the gidi, ngddi Viet cung can gidi tieng Anh, thd tieng ma da trd mpt ngon ngd chung cCia the gidi Tieng Anh phai d trinh dp cao, neu khong, ngddi hpc td td se quen di nhdng gi da hpc cap 3, hpc sinh gidi phai giao tiep ddpc vdi ngddi nddc ngoai, nghe va hieu dddc Anh ngd td radio va tivi nddc ngoai; d cap dai hpc, phai ndi va viet dddc tieng Anh chuyen nganh; va d cap cao hpc, phai thuyet trinh dddc va tranh luan nhdng de tai chfnh nganh Hien tai Viet Nam la mpt nddc vdi thu nhap dau ngddi rat thap, chda cd nhdng cong ti dpc lap giau manh d tarn cd qudc te, va chda cd vi tri cao tren the gidi ve mat kinh te Dieu cho thay kha nang hpi nhap the gidi cCia Viet Nam can phai dddc nang cap that nhieu Song song vdi viec dao tao kha nang tao td chdc, ngddi Viet can nang cap kha nang tieng Anh va cd sd hieu biet trung thdc ve the gidi de chdng tien len nhd Singapore va Hdng Kong Ldi ket Trong ba thap nien qua Viet Nam vln la mpt nddc ngheo vi cd mpt nen giao due chda phat trien Ket qua la ngddi Viet khdng tao dddc nhdng td chdc kinh te ddc lap Idn manh va thddng phai lam gia cong cho ngddi nddc ngoai hay lam rupng theo each cd dien vdi thu nhap rat thap Viet Nam can cd mpt cupc ddi mdi ve giao due sdm de tao ddpc nhdng td chdc kinh te Idn cd the canh tranh ddpc tren the gidi SUMMARY SUMMARY CO THE TIEP THU (Tiep theo trang 41) The author believes that in order to reach the educa- Based on studies about education in Vietnam an the ofUS the author stresses that for economic growth tion quality according to the Vietnamese socialist goals education shall produce people with im rich population, strong country, equal, democratic andVietnamese modtant abilities : organization building and internation ern society in parallel to the reform of education system tion ; in which factors like basic ability professional, there shall be changes in contents, methods and managemunity, leadership, creative ability and personal beh ment based on the valuable lessons from Vietnam andare important to the education in schools, universitie other countries in the society 46 KHGD sd 55 thdng - 2010 ... yeu chudng hoa binh cua ngddi dan), nang ve li thuyet khoa hpc (nhe ve dng dung) Vi thddng hpc nhdi nhet, hpc sinh chdng quen nhdng kien thdc khdng hpp thdi, khdng hpp sd thich va hoan canh ca... bieu y kien (du dung hay sai), thuyet trinh, va tham gia vao nhieu hoat dpng nhdm de phat huy phong each ngddi va kha nang giao tiep td luc be - ChdOng trinh cap cua Hoa Ky theo he thdng tin chi,... sang tao bao gdm nhdng kha nang tao nen ddpc nhdng gi mdi la ma xa hpi can nhd san pham, kT thuat, nghe thuat, dich vu, td tddng hay y kien, td chdc, thi trddng, phddng each lam viec hay quan li