S6 09 2012 CHAU Mf NGAY NAY Cd CHE VA TO CHUt HE THONG GIAO DUG HOA KY I hxidc ait ch inh sach vk cd cau he thd''''ng gi&o due Hoa Ky H^ thSng giao dvc Hoa Kf tfl thdi lap quoc t6i nay da trai qua nhi^u[.]
S6 09-2012 CHAU Mf NGAY NAY Cd CHE VA TO CHUt HE THONG GIAO DUG HOA KY ThS Nguyen Anh Hiing Vi$n NghiSn citu Chdu My trinh, noi dung giang d^y, x&y d\p:ig vk thdng qua ngfin saeh hoat dong, tfl tuyin giao viSn va lo tSt ea nhiing odng H^ thSng giao dvc Hoa Kf tfl thdi v i ^ td chflc h^lu efin USn quan Trong lap quoc t6i da trai qua nhi^u mdi m0t bang, e6 nhilu trfldng mang thftng trfm Tfl ch5 hokn tokn tfl nhiing chfldng trinh dao tao khong nhfln dam traeh h6i cuoi th^ ky gidhg XVIII, n6 ddn ehuyen sang trach Cho din nhiing nfim 1785, giao dye nhi$m cho chinh quyen dia phfldng cua tfl nhan va nha thd v i n chilm va bang iku the ky XIX Den th^ ky phiin Idn Vao nam 1785, Quoc hoi My XX, chinh quyIn liSn bang ng4y thdng qua mdt dao lufit ve viee danh cang tfing cflcing can thi$p Chinh mot sd khu d£it nhlCt dinh tai cac bang sach va ngu6n t i i chinh trung flflng viing ddng hie d l lap nhiing lam bien ddi phSn Wn ban eha't, quy trfldng cdng quy md Tuy nhidn, mvic mo, ed ca'u td chflc va hoat dong cua dieh khdng tiafc hien dfldc vi chinh n l n giao due Hoa K^ quyen bang cho rang giao due khong ThuS mdi hinh thanh, cong tac giao phai la trach nhiem chinh cua nha due d 13 bang thuoc dia da dfldc ngflcli nfldc hen bang Den nhiing nam 1820, Anh giao cho cac dia phfldng Tai ap Ifle eioa edng chung v l nhu diu c6 nhiing quSn, thinh hay thi trSih, mot h^ thdng giao d i ^ cdng lap de hat dong dan, hoi dong quan ly lap thdng nhSit chfldng trinh va dam bao trfl&ng hoe dia phfldng va td chflc bo eha't Ifldng cang Idn LJnh vflc may eho chung Thdi k^ niy, ngoai giao dvie dfldc cC( tri xem la trach chinh quyfa scl tai, nha thcl va cac td nhi$m cd ban thuoc chinh quyIn n§n chflc cong ddng tfl nhan eiing tham gia cae bang iSn Ifldt dat vfih d l xay xay dflng trfldng hoe dl xoa mfl chfl dflng trfldng edng thudc lanh dia minh Cac ldp h i u hg't la phd thong mdt each nghi6m tue hdn Giao due dia phfldng diin phat triln Nam 1834, bang New York dfla Vl chfla CO mot he th£«ig giao due quoc gia thong nha't nen mSi trfldng dia quyft dinh bao clip giao due phd phfldng thflc hi$n mot Mlu Hfli ddng thdng b i n g ngfin sach n h a nfldc giao vign timg trfldng dmh chfldng Chinh saeh nky sau dd dfldc phd I hxidc ait c h i n h s a c h vk cd c a u h e thd'ng gi&o d u e Hoa Ky ã#iiaji.ôit NGAY NAY S 09-2012 biln tdi tS^ ea eac bang khac kdm theo nhiing quy dinh v l vide b i t budc tre em ddn trfldng, trfl vai bang d miln Nam phan bidt chung toe Din nam 1862, Qude hoi hen bang tai Hiam gia vao Bnh vflc giao due bling vide thdng qua Dao luat Morrill - cSip da't dl xay d\fng trfldng hoc, cung nhfl c£p dat va d i u tfl ngfin sfieh xay dflng d moi bang it n h i t mdt trfldng dai hoc nham dfio tao, phat triln ddi ngu chuyen gia ky thufit va chuyen gia ndng nghidp Dao luat eho tdi tfin v i n dfldc trien khai va h i u nhfl khdng phai svta ddi Td chflc Giao due qud'c gia dfldc lap Giao due phd thdng cac cfi'p hoan toan dfldc hfldng trd clip ciia nha nfldc, cdn giao due dai hoc va chuyen nghidp ciing dfldc nha nfldc hd trd phat triln dam nhidm Tudi tot nghidp eua hoe sinh trung hoe eung b i t d i u nang d i n Idn tfl 17 tdi 18 vfi eao hdn dd'i tfldng thu nh&n vao trfldng cang dfldc md rdng Hang loat trfldng edng ddng ddi vdi du eac ldp cho moi hoe vien Thfl vien edng lap l i n Ifldt dfldc xay dflng d h i u k h i p cac qufin va thfinh phd' Ben canh dd, nhan thflc cua cae nha chinh tri v l vai trd, trach nhiem cua chinh quyIn dd'i vdi giao due cung cd thay ddi quan Ching han, nam 1910, Tdng thd'ng vfla man nhi$m Theodore Roosevelt da phat bilu ring: "Chflc nfing cd ban nhfl; ciia ehinh quyIn la td ehfle giao due cho cdng dan" Nam 1917, chinh quyen lien bang thdng qua Dao luat Smith-Hughes, Sudt thdi ky tfl nam 1834 den cfi'p ngan sach hang nam d l hd trd nhiing nam 1910, ehinh quyen bang mdt sd' trfldng ciia bang cd lien quan va dia phfldng dam nhidm cang din lien bang giao due phd nhilu boat ddng giao due phd thdng thdng va dai hoe D i n nfim 1932, ea Nam 1910, chinh quyen lign bang nflde My ed 127.000 trfldng phd ddng gdp vao t i l n trinh phat tridn thdng eac ca'p Dai hoe va eao dang hd thdng giao due cdng Ifip qua hai edng lap cung dfldc hinh hoat dong; (1) thdng qua To chflc nhilu hdn Tfl nam 1935, Tdng Giao due qud'c gia cua ehinh quyIn thd'ng Franklin D Roosevelt md liln bang, Chinh phu thflc hidn cac chfldng trinh tai trd tiln cho nhflng cd va'n c i n thidt eho uy ban giao due gia dinh nghdo d l giup em ho tdi thudc bang; vk (2) Ifip mot tai khoan trfldng va chfldng trinh phuc vu an ngan sach cho giao due rigng trfla cho hoc sinh phd thdng tren mdi tai khda n h i m thfle hidn vi§c hd pham vi toan qud'c tr(J cdng tac xfiy dflng ngfinh pham Vai trd hen bang cang xua't vi qude gia Cho ddn thdi dilm a'y, hidn rd va nhanh Nam 1940, Dao 81% giao d}fc t i l u hoc vk trung hoc luat Lanham tid'p tue bd sung tai cfic trfldng cdng ciia dia phfldng ehinh tfl hen bang v l bang d l suia 30 sang trfldng sd, xfiy dflng trfldng mdi vfi eiing cd' dilu ki^n lam vi§c cho nhflng trfldng ed lien quan din lidn bang Nam 1953, Qude hdi Hoa Kj> nhap Uy ban Giao due qude gia vao vdi hai ddn vi khfic, thfinh Ifip B^ Sflc khde, Giao due vfi An sinh; b i t d i u v i ^ hoaeh dinh chinh s&ch va quan 1^ gifio due d pham vi toan qud'c Nam 1957, sau Lidn Xd phdng cdng vd tinh Sputnik 1, ndi hd then va sfl thfieh thflc tri tu^ lan tran k h i p nfldc My Ap lflc cua sfl ki6n Idn d i n ndi sud't cae ddi tdng thd'ng tiep theo, linh vflc giao due khdng ngflng dfldc chu dau tfl va cai each' Nam 1958, Dao luat Giao due vi An ninh qude gia ddi, chinh thfle tao mot bfldc ngoat quyet dinh Chinh quyIn lien bang true tidp gifl vai trd chu dao giao due tfl xay dflng chinh sach din quan tri, thi hanh Nam 1963, chi tieu cho giao due tai khda chiem ty USD hay tfldng dfldng 4% tdng ngan sach Den nam 1980, sd l§n tdi 10,1 ty USD hay 8,7% ngan sach Nam 1965, Dao luat Giao due Tilu hoe va Trung hoc ddi, thiet Ifip hanh lang eho lien bang quyet dinh d i n d i n chinh sach giao due cd sd vdn lau thude dia phfldng Day la cdng trinh quan va cd y nghia nha't ke tfl nam 1935, tao dflng bdi nd lflc cua Thfldng Nghi si Robert Kennedy Td chflc Giao due qud'c gia (NEA) phu traeh 150 CHAU MY W B A Y J M A T chfldng trinh cho gifio due khfic trai k h i p 40 cd quan dai didn d cfic bang tofin qude nhflng nfim d i u 1980 NSm 1978, Tdng thdng Jimmy Carter dfla dfl thao thfinh 14p Bd Gifio due vfi dfl^e Qude h^i Hoa K;^ e h u i n y 17 thfing sau dd d l ngfiy 17/10/1979, Bo Gifio dye My chinh thflc ddi' Tfl nfim 1980 d i n 1992, chinh quyIn lidn bang v i n tri hd trd ngfin sfich eho dia phfldng Tdi hai nhiem kj> (1993-2000) cua Tdng thdng Bill Clinton, d i u tfl cho gifio di^e tinh theo ty le GDP da len mfle Idn nhfi't ndu so sanh vdng 30 nfim k l tfl 1970 Cflng vdi dd, dfldng nhien Ifi vai trd ciia lien bang ngfiy cang tfing cfldng eiing bang hoach dinh chinh saeh, td chflc he thdng va quan tri gifio due Ke nhiem Clinton, Tdng thdng George W Bush rdi Barack Obama v i n tri ty 16 diu tfl eao ddi vdi giao due vfi tai khda ehi tieu eho gifio due moi nfim g i n day da vfldt qua sd 900 ty USD 11 Cd c h S v a t o chflc h e thding giao d u e H o a Ky n g a y n a y Sau ca mot trien vdi n h i l u each, ngfiy thdng gifio due chia nhu sau: qufi trinh dfii phat sfl kien, bidn ddi, eai ed e h i va td chfle he Hoa K^ ed t h i phfin Gifio due p h o t h d n g Hoa Ky h i u nhfl khdng tdn tai cfic chfldng trinh nhfi tre vfi mfiu giao CHAUMYNGAYNAY SO 09-2012 cdng e^ng cd tinh chfi't b i t budc Chinh quyIn liSn bang ho trd tai ehinh cho Chfldng trinh Head Start chfldng trinh m i m non danh cho cfic gia dinh cd thu nhfip thfi'p; cdn p h i n Idn nhflng gia dinh khac tfl tim trfldng vfi tra ehi phi nhfi tre, mfiu gifio Tai cae thfinh phd Idn, ddi cd nhiing nhfi tre vfi ttfldng m i u giao phuc vu nhu c i u cua eac gia dinh ed thu nhfip eao - mot sd gia dinh gifiu ed xem nhflng trfldng nhfl bfldc chuin hi d i u tidn de cai ho sau vfio hoe dai hoc d eac ed sd nhdm Ivy League danh gia; ho cdn cd ca ddi ngu ngfldi tfl v i n chuyen hS trd efie bfic eha me vfi eon cai ho tfl b i t d i u nhfip hoc Theo Dao lufit Smith-Hughes ban hanh nam 1917, Dao lufit Giao due Tieu hoe va Trung hoc 1965 thi trach nhidm chinh ve dilu hanh va quan If gifio due phd thdng thuoc v l chinh quyIn 50 bang, Quan Columbia (Thu dd Washington) vfi cae lanh thd phu thudc Giao due phd thdng keo dai 12 nam (khdng ke thdi gian 1-2 nam d cfic ldp dfinh cho tre em chfla du tudi ddn trfldng) Khoang thdi gian cd ehut it khac gifla cae bang V l nguyen tic, ta't ca hoc sinh d i u dfldc eung cip giao due miin phi Vdi nhflng gia dinh di6n ngheo, chinh quyIn cd mdt sd chfldng trinh trd cfi'p thdm thu nh|ip eho gia dinh d l eon em ho ed the dInXarfldng: Trd cfi'p cho Tre em phu thude (ADC), Head Start Khdng phai giao due phd thdng 12 nam hoan toan nhfi nflde da,m trfich v a n ed chflng 10% sd trfldng phd thdng eac ca'p thuoc v l nha thd (trfldng ddng), td chflc xa hdi va tfl nhan - nhflng dilu khac bi6t la h i u hdt hoc sinh nhflng trfldng diu hdi qufi tudi so vdi mfit bing tudi eiia hoe sinh trfldng edng vfi e h i hoc cung khac Lufit Id giao due My cho ph6p tfl nhfin md trfldng phd thdng, miin Ifi ho hoi du dilu kifin vfi tieu ehuin chinh quyIn bang quy dinh Tuy vfiy, vdi gifio due phd thdng, g i n nhfl chfla cd mdt trfldng tfl nfio du dilu kien hoe tfip va e h i dd bao cfi'p hoc phi, hoe li$u, ngoai khda, xe buyt, bao hiem nhfl d trfldng cdng Do dd, khdng gidng giao due dai hoe, trfldng tfl phd thdng rfi't khd phfit trien Co the ndi ring, giao due phd thong vfin nhfi nflde doc quyIn dam trfich vfi miin phi - dilu t h i hien tinh coi dac bidt giai doan giao due cd sd D I dfldc giang day d trfldng phd thdng, mdi gifio vien cin hdi du hai dilu kidn: (1) td't nghiep dai hoc sfl pham hoac mot trfldng gifio due ehuyen nghiep theo ca'p dang ky giang day; va (2) phai vfldt qua dfldc ky thi kiem tra nang lflc sfl pham uy ban gifio due cua bang td chflc Cd du hai dilu kien tren, ngfldi dang ky giang day se dfldc cfi'p giiy chflng nhfin giao vien, tfle la dfldc quyIn giang day H i u nhfl chi chiing 50% sd ngfldi dfl kilm tra Ifi 32 S6 09-2012 vfldt qua dfldc ky thi l i n thi d i u ti6n Hinh thflc kilm tra cung rfi't da dang vfi tai mdt sd bang, cfl sau hofic nfim, giao vien lai dfl(^c bdi dfldng mdt thdi gian v l nghidp vu, tilp dd lai qua mot ky kiem tra nhflng nhflng ky kilm tra sau ehi n h i m ciing cd chfi't Ifldng vfi nflng bac Ifldng Tinh den cudi nfim 2000, mfle Ifldng trung binh hang nfim ciia mdt gifio vifin trung hoc b My 14 37.700 USD (cao nhfi't Ifi tai bang Connecticut vdi 50.300 USD/nfim va tha'p nha't la tai bang North Dakota vdi 27.600 USD/nam) Hifin nay, mflc Ifldng trung binh eua mot gifio vien trung hoc d My fldc tinh dat 42.800 - 43.400 USD/nam Giao due dai hoe va sau dai hoc 2.1 Cdcdu tdchdc Cd ciu td chfle cua h i u hdt nhiing cd sd dai hoc d My deu kha gidng Du cdng hay tfl, quan ly trflc tilp la mot Giam ddc (Chancellor) hay Hieu trfldng (President) Dfldi mdi trfldng dai hoe la cfic trfldng trflc thudc nhd hdn (school) cd Hieu trfldng (Dean) dflng diu Dfldi cfip trfldng v l mat td chflc Ifi efie ban hoac khoa vdi Chu nhiem la ngfldi diing diu Ngofii he thd'ng ban, khoa thuoc trfldng, eon cd nhflng trung tfim nghien cflu flng dung va lien k i t dao tao vdi ngfldi dflng d i u la Giam ddc Trong mdi trfldng, cd t h i ed tdi hdn 20 ban, khoa va trung tfim Nhfl vfiy, mdt cd sd dai hoe ed tfl d i n trfldng trflc thudc nhfl George CHAU Mt NGAY NAY Washington cd t h i c6 tdi hfing trSm ban, khoa, trung tfim Mdi trfldng thfinh vifin trvtc thu^e nhfl SBPM (School of Business and PubUc Management) cua Dai hoc George Washington da cd hdn 260 gifio sfl, khdng k l ddi ngu hfinh chinh 2.2 B^i ngC chuySn mdn Khfic vdi gifio vien phd thdng, khdng ed ydu c i u v l gifi'y chflng nhfin giang d^y ddi vdi gifio sfl d^u hoc Tuy nhiSn, hoc vi Tiln si (Ph.D) g i n nhfl la dilu ki^n thdng thfldng va tiSn quydt d l du tfl each giang day d^i hoc d Hoa Ky Thfl b4c chuyen mdn dfl(je xdp theo thfim nidn va sfl thfing tiln uy tin, nfing lflc chuyen mdn Cd efie bfic chuydn mdn sau: Tii} giang (Instructor), Gifio sfl phu tfi (Assistant Professor), Giao sfl cdng tac (Associate Professor) vfi Gifio sfl ehinh thflc (Full Professor) - hay chi goi la Gifio sfl (Professor) Cd mdt sd thfldng v i n dflng nhiing tdn goi khac, c h i n g han: giang vien (Lecturer), Gifio sfl phu tfi (Adjunct Professor) vfi Gifio sfl danh d\f (Emeritus Professor) Ddi vdi xfi h^i My, ddi ngu ehuyen mdn d^i hoc thfldng dfldc goi chung la "Gifio sfl" Mdt tidn si dfl^e gifl hay mdi d lai trfldng se b i t d i u b i n g chflc danh Trd giang, Ifim vi$e d khoa tofin thdi gian trd ly giang d^y vfi nghidn eflu Hdp ddng dflfle ky nam vfi ed t h i dfldc gia h a n tdi da l i n nfla Dfiy Ifi thdi gian t^ip S4 cua CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2012 giang vi6n Sau nfim trd giang, ngfldi se: (1) du dilu ki$n d l dfldc phong ehfle danh Giao sfl phu ta bdi Hdi ddng Khoa hoe cua trfldng vfi tilp tuc d lai trfldng; hofic (2) khdng du dilu kidn vfi nha trfldng cha'm dflt hdp ddng Gifio sfl phu ta cd thdi gian tfl din nfim phat triln chuy§n mdn, uy tin khoa hoc giang d?y, nghiSn cflu d l dang ky chflc danh Gifio sfl edng tfie Sau thdi gian 5-7 nfim nfiy, neu vi giao sfl khdng khing dinh dfldc minh, thi ed the tha't bai d Hoi ddng X6t duy§t va v i n phai rdi trudng, kiem ndi khfic hofic nghi khac Ngflde lai, n l u len dfldc Giao sfl cdng tac, thfldng diu rfi't cd uy tin v l chuyen mdn, ddng gdp nhilu chd nhfi trfldng va trd lflc Ifldng ndng edt Giao sfl cdng tfie se lam vi$c khdng gidi han thdi gian cho den khi: (1) v l hflu (tren 65 tudi); hofic (2) mfit sflc Ifim vide tai nan, benh tfit; hofic (3) bi Hdi ddng Khoa hoc quyet dinh dinh ehi giang day vi ly dae biet nghiSm cung ed ngfldi khdng len dfldc cho den tfin v l hflu! Hoc hfim Giao sfl (chinh thflc) Ifi dang cfi'p hfin Ifim eao nhfi't nhflng cd sd dai hoc d My Hdi ddng xet hoc hfim cua khoa vfi trfldng thfldng can efl vao cdng chuy§n mdn, danh gia cua cac ddng nghiep ngang hfing vfi eao hdn, cua bd phfin hanh ehinh va - mot so trfldng hdp - y kiln cua sinh vien, hoc vien v l chfi't Ifldng giang day moi x6t duyet, x^t phong Mdi giao sU khdng giang nhilu; len ldp nhilu nhfi't la Idp/tuin, mdi ldp budi vfi mdi budi keo dai tdi da la gid Bdi vi ho lam cdng tfie hfldng din; sinh vien, hoc vidn phai tfl hoe, Ifim bai tfip, bao cao, thao lufin la chinh Chu yeu thdi gian ho danh cho nghien cflu va hfldng dfin nghien eflu Tuy vfiy, thu nhfip ndi ehung kha eao Ifldng gifio sfl d nhflng trfldng dai hoc tra eao nhfi't Men Ifi tren 160.000 USD/nam Da'y la chfla k l d i n cdng viee thfl hai (lam them) cua ho ed nhilu gifio sfl edn lam ki§m nhifm rfi't nhilu Giao sfl cdng tac dfldc quyIn len viec khfic cho cae edng ty, eac cd ldp va giang theo ndi dung hay theo quan ehinh quyln 2.3 ChU(Mg trinh dao tao each mfi ho thich, khdng Id thudc Trong mdi cd sd dai hoe, ed nhilu vfio bfit cfl dilu gi Khdng ed quyIn quan ly ehuyen mdn ho Dfiy chfldng trinh dfio tao "Chfldng trinh la tinh ddc Ifip dac thu chuygn dfio tao" la khfii ni6m dan ehdo gifla mdn d mdi trfldng dai hoc Hoa Ky ehuyen mdn vdi td ehfle Theo sd Thdi gian tfl chflc danh Giao sfl cdng Ifldng tin ehi quy dinh, c6 eac chfldng tac d i n Giao sfl (chinh thflc) la trinh eao dang, dai hoe, cao hoc, khdng gidi han: ed ngfldi dat dfldc nghien eflu sinh, ma thdi gian dfio sau dam bay nfim Ifim vi$e, nhflng tao gidng nhieu nfldc khfic: cao dang S6 09-2012 chuydn nghi$p nfim, d^i hoc nfim, cao hoe nfim, nghidn cflu sinh 4-5 nfim Theo cfich thflc k i t cfi'u mdn hoc vfi h§n thdng dao t^o, ed cfic chfldng trinh ndi gifla nhflng chuydn mdn khfic nhau, ehfldng trinh hpc rut ngfin cho cfic hoc vi BA, BS, MA, MBA, MS, MPP, Cdn theo hinh thflc dfio tao, cd cfic chfldng trinh t^p trung, thfldng xuySn, tai chflc, tfl xa Mdi cd sd dai hoc cd t h i cd tdi hdn 30 ehfldng trinh dfio tao khfic nhau, rfi't da dang d l thich flng vdi nhu ciu vfi hofin eanh ngfldi hoc Chiu trfich nhidm ehinh vl ehuy6n mdn, noi dung vfi kdt cfi'u ehfldng trinh giang day Ifi hieu trfldng va nhflng gifio sfl d cfic trfldng trflc thuoc cd sd dai hoc Chfldng trinh dfldc dilu chinh cfl nfim l i n - nhflng ehi diin thflc sfl ed nhu ciu Vl tuyen sinh, moi cd sd dai hoe tiln hanh mot each khac Tuyen sinh dai hoc dfldc td chflc tfip trung d toan ed sd mdi nfim mot lin Cdn tuyen sinh sau dai hoc thi dfldc thflc hien ddc Ifip d moi ban, khoa mfi hoc vien dd se theo hoc vdi mot hdi ddng ehu ylu Ifi cac giao sfl d khoa vfi mdt vfii thfinh vien ca'p trfldng Dilm tuyIn sinh dai hoc chi Ifi mdt ylu td' Cae ydu to' khfic dfldc cong vfio dd xdt tuyIn la nhflng chflng ehi b i t budc phai ed d ehfldng trinh trung hoe, bang dilm vfi thfl gidi thieu cua eae t h i y cd giao eu d trfldng phd thdng Xdt tuyIn sau dai hoc THAir MY iJBA«»«a5: eung khfi gidng nhfl t h i Vdi hoc vidn sau d^i hoc ngoai qude, ho edn phai ed efie lo^i dilm td chflc ETS eSp nhfl TOEFL hofic ESL, GRE hay GMAT tfly theo y6u c i u tflng trfldng Sinh vidn, hoc vidn hoe theo phfldng thfle tieh luy tin ehi Cd tin chi b i t bu^c vfi tfl chon Hofin tift sd tin ehi c i n thidt Ifi du dilu ki^n x6t hofic di^ thi tdt nghi$p, trinh d l an b i t k l thdi gian ehi Ifi nfim, n&m hay tdi 10 nfim Cd ldp hoc d tfit ca eae gid - tfl gid sang d i n gid tSl, giup ngfldi hoc cd t h i tfin dung thdi gian d l dfl hoc hofic hoc vfldt Mdi ldp hoc si sd' thfldng khdng qufi 30 ngfldi; ldp cao hoc chi khoang 15 ngfldi 2.4 Bong gdp tdi chinh Khfic vdi gifio due phd thdng, gifio d\ie dai hoe vfi sau dai hoc budc ngfldi hoc phai ddng t i l n cho dfl la trfldng edng hay tfl Cac khoan phai ddng gdm hoc phi, le phi nhfi trfldng, bao hiem y te, ehi phi thfl vien, phdng thi nghiem, tfii lidu hoc t^p, sinh boat ngo^i khda, ciing cfic chi phi k i l m tra, tdt nghiep Ngofii ra, ndu sinh vien, hoc vien noi tru, ho phai ddng them t i l n ndi tru Tdng cdng mdi sinh vien, hoc vien phai ddng khdng dfldi 15.000 USD cho mdt nfim hoc d nhflng trfldng dflfle xdp h a n g tfl k h a trd len C h i n g han, hoe phi sinh vien dai hoe nfim 2000-2001 cua American University Ifi 21.399 USD, Georgetown College - 24.168 USD, George Washington University 25.040 USD Hdn nfla, mfle hoe CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 09-2012 phi bfiy ed the ludn tang khoang 5% mdi nfim nhfl trfldng hflp eua Dai hoc George Washington (GWU)^ Do vay, ngudn tfii chinh quan nhfi't eua moi ed sd dai hoc My, dfl cdng hay tfl, la hoe phi ciia ngfldi hoc di trfldng cdng, ngofii hoc phi, ngudn thu khfic gdm cd ngfin sfich nhfi nflde, thu tfl efie hdp ddng nghien cflu R&D cho chinh quyln vfi doanh nghidp, tfii trd tfl nhflng td ehfle edng ddng, cfic cdng ty Vdi trfldng tfl, ngofii hoe phi, edn cd vd'n cd ddng va thu tfl nghidn eflu khoa hoc Nha nflde ehi ca'p dfi't dai phuc vu giao due theo lufit Nhilu cd sd dai hoc CO ngudn thu tfl ngofii hoc phi rfi't Idn, chang ban, trfldng edng nhfl 6WU cd tdng thu hoc phi nien khda 2000-2001 la 422,9 trifiu USD, nhflng tdng thu toan bo - k l ca cae ngudn khae - len tdi 1.018 tri$u USD Giao d u e d a y n g h e Tfl thfip nien 1960, chinh sfieh giao due da dinh hfldng tao ed hoi din trfldng eho t i t ca tre em Chfldng trinh Head Start giup dd cho nhflng tre em ngheo dilu kidn vfit chat vfi trfl cfi'p t i l n eho gia dinh de cfic em ed t h i den trfldng m i u gifio vfio mfla hd, e h u i n bi vao trfldng tilu hflc nien khda din Ben canh dd, ehfldng trinh cdn hd trfl vfi vfin ddng efie cdng ty eung cfi'p nhflng ed hdi vide lam bfin thdi gian, ban dem cho nhflng ngfldi Idn chfla dflfle din trfldng nham dong vien ho di hoe ngofii gid vfio luc ranh rdi, khiln ho khdng phai quylt dinh 35 nhflng chon Ifla khd xd nhfl di lam dd kilm sd'ng hay bd Ifim di hoc Nfim 1975, Dao lufit Phd cfip gifio due cho tre em tfin tfit dfldc ban hfinh vfi md ngfin sfieh cflng cd hdi hoe n g h i them cho ngfldi nghdo'' Hd thdng giao due day n g h i chii ylu Ifi mang cua nhflng trfldng eao dfing chuyen nghidp va trung tam dfio tao n g i n han Hoat ddng eua hai bd phfin nfiy cd nhilu dilm gidng vfi khac 3.L H$ thdng trUdng cao ddng chuyen nghiip Cao dang ehuyen nghiep tdn tai ca sd hflu cua nha nfldc vfi tfl nhan, nhflng Ifldng trfldng eua tfl nhan chilm den gan 70% H i u h i t eae trfldng cao dang chuyen nghifip dao tao theo quy trinh nam Sau dd, ho cd t h i Ifla chon mdt hai dfldng: (1) ed t h i dang ky hoc tilp 1,52 nfim chfldng tnnh dai hoc d ehinh trfldng hay mot trfldng dai hoc khac dl lay hoe vi Cfl nhan khoa hoc xa hdi (BA) hay Cii nhan khoa hoc tfl nhign (BS) - tinh Uen thdng dfldng nhign cua cd che gifio due; hoac (2) trfldng xin viee Ifim, di Ifim mot thdi gian dl kilm sdng, nfio ed du dieu kiSn thi trd lai dfing ky hoe liy bfing cii nhan sau Thfle tl, p h i n idn chon eon dfldng thfl hai Cae ngfinh ve ky thuat, mfiy tinh, hda hoe, kinh te vfi ngoai ngfl la nhiing ehuyen nganh cd ddng ngfldi hoc nhit Xem xet tfl mot sd khia eanh, ngfldi ta cd t h i coi chfldng trinh nfiy la giai doan d i u eua gifio due dai S6 08-2012 hoc, nhflng thfle chfi't, nd v i n Ifi chfldng trinh day n g h i theo dung nghia Nhilu trfldng d^i hoe Idn nhfl George Washington, Georgetown, Pennsylvania, Rttsburgh, eung tham gia chfldng trinh day nghi ndi tren, v^y, Idn nhfi't v&n Ifi hd thdng efie trfldng cao dfing chuydn nghidp Ddi tflflng di hoc cao ding chuydn nghidp da sdldn tudi vi c6 nhiing ngfldi nghdo nfin khdng dii dilu ki$n hoe dung tudi, cd nhiing ngfldi phai kilm sdng mot thdi gian dfii tfl mdi Idn cung di hoc mudn, lai cd nhiing ngfldi phai dang ky phuc vu quan ddi 46 nam de sau h i t hflp ddng, trd v l dfin ehinh, dflfle Bd Qude phdng cfip tiln cho di hoe nhfl la mot dilu Men tra cdng Do dd, bi§n Ifla tudi cua ngfldi hoc cao dang chuyen nghiep kha rdng, phd bien nhfit Ifi tudi 18-30 Cd ca ldp ban ngfiy vfi ban dem Phan ddng so ho vuii hoc vila lam mot khoang thdi gian theo ehfldng trinh ho trfl eua chinh quyln hoac tfl minh Mem viec 3.2 He thd'ng trung tam ddo tao nganh nghe Nhflng trung tfim dfio tao dfit k h i p ndi, eung cfi'p thidt y l u dieh VT^ hoe n g h i eho moi ddi tflflng Da sd trung tfim Ifi cua tfl nhfin Nhfi nfldc vfi cfic trfldng dai hoc cung tham gia, nhflng khdng thfinh cdng l i m vide day n g h i n g i n han Moi trung tfim thfldng ehi cd phdng - phdng dfinh cho quan tri, tid'p khfich vfi phdng hoe Nhflng eung ed trung tfim Ifiu ddi vdi hfing CHAU MY NGA" ehvie cd sd dfio tao rai rfie, hfing chue ddn hfing trftm phdng hoe nhfl mdt hdi trfldng Idn Ngfinh n g h i mfi eac trung tfim eung flng cho n h u c i u dfio tao thi ei^e ky da dang Cd the ndi xa hdi cd nhu c i u v l va'n d l gi, Ifip tfle ho cd t h i td ehfle dfio tao nganh n g h i dd Si sd moi ldp hoc thfldng it, chi khoang 3-12 hoc vidn, cang khiln ho d i md ldp nhflng c i n thilt H^ thdng trung tam dao tao cd t h i phfin nhdm dfla tren nganh n g h i mfi ho tfip trung cung flng°: 1) Nhdm cae ngfinh n g h i dfie bifit nhfl ky thufit d i u khi, hfing khdng, tfl ddng dilu khiln, dd hoa, ky thufit x^ ly mdi trudng ; 2) Nhdm cfic ngfinh n g h i v l edng nghe nhfl hda thfle pham, sinh hoe, cay trdng, dien, didn tii xfiy dflng, sfla chiia dtd, lai xe, sfla chfla mfiy mde, vien thdng ; 3) Nhdm cfic ngfinh n g h i phd thdng nhfl k l toan, tfii chinh, tiep thi, bfin hfing tfl ddng, quan ly cAa hfing, bao chi, in fill, xufi't ban, may mfie, gifit 14, phuc vu khfich san, nhfi hang, phuc vu tren mfiy bay, hfldng dfin du lich ; vfi 4) Nhdm efie trfldng day ngoai ngfl phd thdng vfi ngoai ngfl chuydn ngfinh Hinh thflc dfio tao rfit nhilu Mlu Dfio tao tfl xa qua mang internet, qua tivi, dfio tao tai trfldng, tai nha (ddi vdi efie ldp ngoai ngfl) diu phd hi& Ngfldi hoe nghi cd t h i tam thfiy hfing v ^ dia ehi d l di hoc tren nhieu trang web Gifio vien h i u h i t dflfle tuyIn tfl nhiing cvt nhfin tdi nghidp h ^ g khfi trd Idn tsd eae trfldng d ^ hoc CHAUMYNGAYNAY SO 09-2012 37 Nhiing khda hoe nghi cd thdi gian co gian, theo ndi dung cua ngfinh Mdi ldp thfldng kdo dfii ehi mot thang Tuin hoc 2-4 budi, moi budi cung chi hoc gid Cd chfldng trinh bao gdm vfii chue ldp, cd ehfldng trinh It vfi ngin hdn Ngfldi hoc ed t h i hoe vfio b i t cfl gid nfio vfi vfio b i t cfl lflc nfio thufin ti$n nhfit nfim Hoc mdt vfii khda, bfin vi$e phai nghi mot khoang thdi gian, ngfldi hoe cd t h i dfing ky hoc lai tiep ldp tren neu thdi gian nghi quy dinh cho phfip cua chfldng trinh Thflc hfinh la ndi dung quan tfim n h i t chfldng trinh day righl ddng t ^ dia phfldng, cac hfing truyin thdng, edng ty Idn, ciing gdp phan dfing k l vfio vide cung flng ed hdi day nghi cho ngfldi Idn tudi Mot sd trung tfim thidn nguyen vfi edng ddng khdng Ifi'y hoc phi - dae bidt Ifi cac tnmg tfim hfldng tdi phuc vu ngfldi ngheo, cdng dfin di tru mdi den My, ngfldi tfin tfit Tfl sau nfim 1992, vdi sfl ddi va phfit trifin manh cua mang internet, nhu ciu hoe nghi da dflfle dfip ilng mot phin Ifln bdi hinh thflc dfio tao qua mang nhfl hoc tfl xa • Hfing nfim, cac trung tfim hay trfldng Idn thfldng giti t h i n g nhu ciu tuyIn ngfldi d i n nhflng khoa eua dai hoc d l ho nifim yet eho sinh vien s i p trfldng thfi'y Tuy vfiy, da sd gifio vien Ifim ban thdi gian, chi ed mot bo phfin hflu cd - khdng qufi mot phin ba tdng nhfin sfl k l ea hfinh bdi vi: (1) chinh va giang day Lfldng tai cfic trung tfim thfldng khdng cao b i n g nhflng ndi khfic mfi mot tan cd nhfin loai kha trd Ign cd t h i Mim dfldc - dae biet la eae cfl nhfin v l may tinh, dien, dien tfl, sinh hoc xuat than tfl efie trfldng uy tin, dd, ho ehi giang d?y d l Mim tiln thSm ngofii gid; vfi (2) Cae trung tfim eung khdng mudn tuyIn ngfldi nhilu vi ngfii ehi phi thfl lao gid phai tra eao hdn tuyIn bfin thdi gian hofic mdi theo dip, theo ldp, ndn lflc Iflflng giao vien 100% thdi gian la rfit it Michael Imber & Tyll Van Geel, Education Law, McGraw-Hm, Boston, 1993 Michael Engel The Struggle far Control of Public Education: Market Ideology and Democratic Values, Temple Univ., Philadelphia, 2000 Joel Spring, American Education, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2008 Nguyin V^n Phu (b.s) Tone quan vi hi thdng gido due dai hoc vd cao dang cua My, NXB Thanh nien,' Hk N5i, 2004 Terry M Moe (ch.b), Sa liMc vi cdc trudng hoc Hoa Ky, Nxb CTQG, HN, 2005 Lfim Quang ThiSp, Giao due dai hoc Hoa Ky, NXB Giao due H i N6i, 2006! Nguyin Tiltn Dat, Kinh nghiim vd tuu phat tri4n gido due yd d&o tao tren the gidi, NXB Giao due, H i N6i', 2007 Trin Thi Bich l i l u , iVdn^ cao cftdi fc^gido due (fai hoc d My: Nhiing giai phap mang tinh hi thong vd dinh hi/dng thi mOng, Nxb DHSP, HN, 2008 iiii DflLt - Ciiu Man Sinh - Lau L | p Dllc - Chu Hai Yen, Coi each gido due S My, NXB Giao due, H i NOi, 2010 lO.Cac trang web: www.whitehouae.gov; www.8enate.gov; www,house.gov; www,nea.gov; www.dol.gov; www.moet.gov.vn; vi.wikipedia.org; dantri.com.vn Nhiing trung tfim cua cfic to chflc thi$n nguydn tdn giao, cac td chfle cdng Tdi liSu tham khdo: Chu, thich: 1) B Guy Peters, American Public Policy: Promise and Performance, Chatham House Publishing, New York, 1999, p.343 2) Howard M Leichter & Harrell R Rogers, American Public Policy in a Comparative Context, McGraw-Hill Books Company Press, NewYork, 1984, p.228 3) George Waslungton Institution Research, Spring Semester 2001 4) www.cbo.gov/Jan.2001 5) w.ww.ed.gov/ National Center of Educational Statistics, J a n l , 2001 ... (Dean) dflng diu Dfldi cfip trfldng v l mat td chflc Ifi efie ban hoac khoa vdi Chu nhiem la ngfldi diing diu Ngofii he thd''ng ban, khoa thuoc trfldng, eon cd nhflng trung tfim nghien cflu flng dung... trfldng dai hoc khac dl lay hoe vi Cfl nhan khoa hoc xa hdi (BA) hay Cii nhan khoa hoc tfl nhign (BS) - tinh Uen thdng dfldng nhign cua cd che gifio due; hoac (2) trfldng xin viee Ifim, di Ifim mot... din lidn bang Nam 1953, Qude hdi Hoa Kj> nhap Uy ban Giao due qude gia vao vdi hai ddn vi khfic, thfinh Ifip B^ Sflc khde, Giao due vfi An sinh; b i t d i u v i ^ hoaeh dinh chinh s&ch va quan 1^