Darii; Tlii I e Tarn Tap Chi KlIOA HOC & CONG NGHE 73{ll) 3 NGHI THCC LOI NO/ JRO^G HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP VA REN LUYEN NGHf THlfCLOINOICHO HOC SINH TIEU HOC Dang Thi Le Tam* Tnn''''mg Dai hoc Sir pluiiii D[.]
Tap Chi KlIOA HOC & CONG NGHE Darii; Tlii I.e Tarn 73{ll):3 NGHI THCC LOI NO/ JRO^G HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP VA REN LUYEN NGHf THlfCLOINOICHO HOC SINH TIEU HOC Dang Thi Le Tam* Tnn'mg Dai hoc Sir pluiiii - D/l Thai Sguyen TOM TAT Nghi tliLic lai noi (NTLN) la mot thuat ngir moi xiiat hien thai gian gan da\' ngon ngu' hoc chuven dan sang huong nghien ci'iu loi noi NTLN la diing tieng noi de phuc vu cho nghi thuc ung xir Do do, can phai nhan thiic dugc tam quan ciia viec su dung NTLN tchau ngij', giao tiep de phuc vu cho viec thiet lap, tri va phat trien cac moi quan he \a hoi Day hoc NTLN la mot noi dung moi ciia chuong trinh Tieng Viet tieu hoc Cac NTLN chuong trinh se giup hoc sinh biet each giao tiep ung xu nhieu tinh Huong cua cuoc song, giup cac em phat trien dugc tat ca cac dang loi noi ma cugc song dang doi hoi cac em, huong cac em tra nhung nguoi nang dgng, sang tao, hoan thien xa hoi inoi Til-khoa: nghi llnrc /('ri nui, hout dong giao tiep, tieng I'iel lien lioc tinh huong NTLN TRONG HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP Noi toi giao tiep ciia \a hoi ioai nguoi la noi to! giao tiep bang ngon ngfr vi chi ngiiai moi CO ngon ngiT Ngon ngCr doi da gan ket nguoi lai vcVi chal che hon va xa hoi Ioai ngiroi thi dugc "xa hoi hoa'' manli me hon boi tinh quy iroc chat che cua no Xa hoi cang phat trien tinh quy uoc cua ngon nuiT cang cao, vol nhung nghi thi'rc nga\ cang tinh te va phuc tap Ngon ngiT hoc hien dai da nga_\ cang cln'i y hon toi ngon ngiT moi quan he voi cac nhan to van hoa, xa hoi hay pliong tuc tap quan cua cong dong sir dung no d nude ta, NTLN la moi thuat ngfr moi xuat hien thai gian gan day, ngon ngfr hoc cliuyen dan sang huong nghien ciVu loi noi NTLN la dimg tieng noi de phuc \'u cho nghi thuc I'rng xir CcS rat nhieu each hicu khac ve NTLN: Trong cuon "'Nghi thuc loi noi Nga" Akisina A.A va N.I.FormanoNskaiJa da neu len mot dinh nghia kha day du \e NTLN NTLN la •"Nhrrng quy tfic irng xu loi noi dac trung cua tirng dan tpc dupe dimg cac tinh huong CO nhtTng nguai doi ihoai dang tiep xi'ic \a giao tiep voi giong dieu dirge lira chgn phu htip voi hoan canh giao tiep \6i cac dau hieu xa hoi cua nhung nguoi doi ihoai \a cac mo\ quan he giua lig \ 6i va dugc bien cac dgng liinh giao tiep"" Tir dien tieng Viet cua Vien Nghien ci'ru ngon ngiT hoc 2005 c6 dinh nghla: "NTLN la nhung dieu quy dinh tlieo quy iroc xa hoi hoac tlioi quen can phai lam di'ing de dam bao tinh nghiem tuc cua sir giao tiep"" Nhu \ay, XTL.X la he l/iniig iilimig cong ihi'iv linrng doi vCnig hen incing tilth dac thii cua dan toe dime thiiii nhan nhdin thiet lap moi c/iian he gii'ra cac ihdiih vien thain gia giao tiep mat long the uoc le Xa he)! dat nhiTng hinh thuc nghi le ung xu (trong c6 ca nhCing ung xu loi noi) moi thiet lap va tri sir tiep xuc voi ngiroi doi thoai va doi hoi nhung nguoi ban ngfr phai tuan thu cac quy tac ay Ngay li'ic nho, nguoi ta da dugc day each dimg cac nghi thirc, cac the thirc cliao hoi, cam on, xiii loi \a c6 nhung phan irng \6i sir khong tuan thii quy tac ay Cac hoat dgng giao tiep bang ngon ngfr \ a cac tliao tac cua no chin sir kiem tra ngat ngheo cung nhu chiu anh huong tir cac nguycn tac tham my \a cac quy uoc xa hoi De giao tiep dugc voi ngircTi phai tuan theo nhiing nghi thirc nhat dinh theo quy uoc ciia xa hoi, chang han nhu triroc vao cau chuyen thi phai c6 chao hoi, nhan an hue tir ngiriii khac thi phai cam on mac loi thi phai xin loi \77,.V chinh Id IKTI hoc 16 fd ret iihdt tinh rieiig hiel cua van hod lam Iv dan ' Tel: (l'JI2454S2S Email Iclai}i.y'lir9 agniail.euiii Dans Thj Le Tam Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE loc boi tinh qiiy uac chut che nghiem ngdt cua no NTLN c6 the hieu Id nhuitg hdnh vi dimg tieng noi de phuc vu nghi thiic I'mg \ir NTLN voi tu each hanh vi giao ti^p xa hoi, "thifc hien cac hdnh vi noi ndng duvi cac hinh thirc doi thoai doc thoai voi nhwig ihain so vd ngon ngCr hoc tam ly Quan he \d hoi ton li ve chirc nghiep vd liiol tdc cua cac vien iham gia hoi canh ngir canh cii the" [9.50], No cung dugc coi la 'iihmig quy dinh bat huoc ve hdnh vi noi ndng" [11.143]; la "nhimg quy iivv \d hoi ve le nghi loi an tieng noi" [6,7] Han a dau hk NTLN "tinh xa hoi" cua ngon ngfr v6 ciing dam net boi nguoi giao tiep khong hanh dgng cho rieng minh, ma cho quan he ciia ho voi nguoi xung quanh Co the nhin thay anh huong cua cac nhan to xa hoi doi voi viec san sinh NTLN qua so quy trinh giao tiep sau: \'6n sonu Nyuoi noi i^ » Niihi tliuc loi noi •N'nioi n"he : t \ o n iiiion nyu ' ^^ • ' NTLN gan chat vol ly thuyet hanh vi ngon ngfr, ggi la ly thuyet hoat dgng loi noi, ma nguoi ma dau la J.L.Austin va sau la J.Searle Theo Austin thuc hien mot hanh dgng ngon ngfr nguoi ta thirc hien hanh vi dong thoi: Hanh vi tao loi (acte locutoire) Hanh vi mugn loi (acte perlocutoire) Hanh vi a lai (acte illocutoire) Theo chimg toi, cai dang chii y xet tren binh dien dung hgc la hanh vi a loi va hanh vi nnrgn lai Boi le hai Ioai hinh deu nhat thiet phai c6 hoat dgng tao lai, la cai ngoai bien cho noi dung a lai va mugn loi Cac noi dung nhieu tac dgng tro lai quy dinh cho kieu ket hgp ngfr am, cii phap ciia phat ngon fhinh vi tao loi la hanh vi sir dung cac yen to cua ngon ngfr nhir ngfr am tir virng cac ki^u ket hgp tir cau eta tao mot phat ngon ve hinh thirc va noi dung Mot bg phan 73(1i; cua hanh \ i tao loi da la doi tugng nghien cu'u cua ngon ngfr hgc tien dung hgc Hdnh vi iniron loi la nhung hanh vi "mirgn" phirong tien ngon ngfr noi cho dimg hon la mugn cac phat ngon de gay mot hieu qua ngoai ngon ngfr nao ciia nguoi nghe, nguoi nhan hoac a chinh nguoi noi Hdnh vi a h'ri la nhung hanh vi ngiroi noi thirc hien noi nang Hieu qua ciia chimg la nhung hieu qua thugc ngon ngu: c6 nghla la chiing gay mot phan irng ngon ngfr tuong irng voi chimg d ngiroi nhan Vi du ve hanh vi d Idi: hoi yen can lenh m&i, hiki hen khiiyen bao cam on xin loi Khac vdi hanh vi mugn Idi, hanh vi d Idi cd y dinh (hay cd dich- intentionnel), cd quy irdc (conventionnel) va cd the che (institutionnel) dii rang quy udc va the che ciia chimg khong hien ngon ma quy tac van hanh chiing dugc ingi nguiii mot cdng dong ngon ngir tuan theo mot each khong tir giac Chinh d cho nay, chiing ta cang de dang phan biet dugc nhfrng hanh vi nao da trd NTLN, cdn hanh vi nao van cdn nam d dang nguyen, ma moi ca nhan cd the thuc hien theo each rieng ciia minh Hay ndi each khac, NTLN nam d khu vuc d Idi Khi cac hanh vi d Idi dirge lap di lap lai d nhieu ngudi d^n miic trd tap quan ngon til' theo mot quy irdc sir dung chung ciia mot cdng dong ngon ngfr thi cac hanh vi trd NTLN Nhfrng NTLN phuc vu cho viec iWik lap, tri va phat triSn doi thoai Xa hon nfra, no lam cho moi quan he giiTa ngudi vdi ngudi mang tinh ngirdi hon, phii hgp vdi xa hoi van minh, th^ hien nhfrng net te nhj tam ly cua ngirdi hien dai REN LUYEN NGHI THUC LOl NOI CHO HOC SINH TIEU I IOC NTLN chii yeu ton tai khau ngfr tir nhien, khau ngfr sinh hoat thirdng Tuy nhien, phong each khau ngfr tir nhien ciia chimg ta cung can phai phat tri^n theo hirdng van hoa, ngliTa la viec su dung nd va ban than nd phai gan vdi nhfrng hanh vi van minh xa hgi, phai Ioai bo nhfrng ki^u ndi nang thd tuc, kem van hoa Ngon ngfr la mot mat ciia van hoa, la noi tang trfr van hoa va bieu hien van Danii Thi Le Tam Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE hoa ciia ca nhan, gia dinh va ciia loan xa hgi Ngon ngfr va van hoa khong the tach rdi Do do, can phai nhan thuc dugc tam quan trgng ciia viec sir dung NTLN khau ngfr, giao tiep Y thuc ve nhiem vu khong ngiing trau ddi NTLN van minh, hien dai, hgp vdi ban sac dan tdc la gdp phan true tiep den viec gifr gin sir sang cua tieng Viet, la mot pham chat khong the thieu dugc ddi vdi ngudi mdi d thai dai ciia chiing ta Dung nhu Thii tudng Pham Van Ddng da ndi; Tieng Viet la gidu vd dep No si^ gidu vd dep hov null neu chimg ta biet giu no dimg no vd phdl trien n6 Girr gin no vd phat trien nd nhir the ndo? Day Id van de cdn suy iighT" [4, 93] Thuc vay, cdng viec khong don thuaii la nhiem vu ciia nganh ngon ngfr hgc ma la cdng viec ciia toan dan Lam tot viec ke thira va each tan NTLN ciia dan tdc phai dat tren pham vi toan xa hgi, nhung quan trgng va ndng cot nhat la nha trudng phd thong, dac biet la nha trudng tieu hgc - noi dat nhfrng "vien gach" nen mdng cho he thong giao due phd thong va quan trgng hon la sir hinh th;inh va phat trien nhan each ngirdi sau "'The he Ire phai noi vd viet tot hon chung ta" va nhiem vu ciia nha trudng la "phai lam cho hoc sinh ddn dan c6 y ihiic cd trinh roi di den cd thoi quen viet vd ndi dung tieng Viet" [4 931 Mudn thuc hien dugc Idi day trucTiig tieu hgc can phai cd each thirc to chirc phirong phap day hgc hgp ly \a tich cue nham nang cao chat lirgng day hgc mdn tieng Viet giiip hgc sinh sir diing thao tieng Viet Day hgc NTLN la mot ndi dung mcii ciia chuong trinh tieng Viet tieu hgc Liin ctau tien chuong trinh mdn Tieng Viet nam 2001 va nam 2006 dira NTLN mot ndi dung hgc lap Cac NTLN chuong trinh haii hcl la cac nghi ihirc dirge sir dung giao tiep hang gan gfii phii hgp vdi nhu can ndi nang ciia hgc sinh Viec dira them ndi dung day hgc vao se giiip hgc sinh biet each giao tiep irng xir nhieu tinh huong ciia cugc song \a giiip cac em phat trien dugc lai ca cac dang Idi ndi ma cugc song dang ddi hoi o' cac em hirdng cac em tro' nhfrng ngudi nang dgng sang lao hoiin thien xa hgi mdi 73(ii; Qua khao sat chiing toi thay khong nhieu tai lieu nghien ciru ve viec ren luyen NTLN cho hgc sinh tieu hgc Phan Phirong Dung bai \'iet "Ve van de day loi ndi van hod giao tiep ngon ngfr cho hoc sinh qua mdn Tieng Viet" [2] da ban ve mot so mau bai tap day Idi ndi \an hoa cho hgc sinh tieu hgc va hgc sinh trung hgc co' sd Cfing tac gia nay, bai viet "Cac phuxrng tien tir ngu hieu dat tinh le phep giao tiep vd kha ndng irng dung day hoc tieng Viet o tieu hoc"\y\ da de cap mot each cii the cac phuong tien tir ngfr bieu dat tinh le phep giao tiep va viec irng dung tir ngfr bieu dat tinh le phep day hgc tieng Viet d tieu hgc Nguyen Thj Thu Huong "Day hoc NTLN cho hoc sinh lop qua phdn mdn Tap lam v«/?"[5] mtSi chi de cap den ndi dung va phirong phap day hgc NTLN cho hgc sinh Idp va mot phan mdn Tap lam van; Nguyen Tri vdi ''Mot sd van de ve day hoi ihoqi cho hoc sinh lieu hoc " [10] da gidi thieu cac kieu bai tap day hgc NTLN bg sach giao khoa Tieng Viet tieu hgc, Tran Thj Hien Luong cdng trinh "Mot sd hien phcip ndng cao hieu qua ren ki ndng ndi cho hoc sinh lieu hoc