DAV HOC TRE KHIEm THlHH TRONQ LdP HOA HHAP THEO HirdNG TIEP CAN CA NHAN Q ThS, D A N G TH! MY PHUONG* 9 Ohudc ta, dgy hgc (DH) theo hudng flip can hda nhdp Id filp can dua tren dilm mgnh, nhu cd nhdn[.]
DAV HOC TRE KHIEm THlHH TRONQ LdP HOA HHAP THEO HirdNG TIEP CAN CA NHAN Q ThS, D A N G TH! MY PHUONG* O hudc ta, dgy hgc (DH) theo hudng flip can cd nhdn (TCCN) dd dugc chu y ta Idu nhung moi chi dudi gdc Id mdt nguyen tdc dgy hgc (DH sdt vdi dd'i tagng) Od cd rd't nhilu quon dilm khdc frong viee ldm rd khdi niem «DH theo hudng TCCN" Theo tdc gid Tdn Thdn, cdch T C C N DH d ed'p vi md: « D H phdn hda Id mdt quan d i l m DH ddi hdi phdi td chiie, t i l n hdnh ede hogt ddng DH duo tren nhtrng khdc biet cuo ngudi hge v l ndng lyc, sd thieh, nhu cdu, cde d i l u kien hgc tdp nhdm tgo nhtrng k i t qud hge tdp td't nhd't vd sy phdt friln tdt nhd't cho tang ngudi hgc, ddm bdo cdng bdng gido dye tac Id ddm bdo q u y i n binh ddng v l co hdi hgc tdp cho ngudi hge" (1) Tdc gid V u Trgng Ry eho rdng: D H phdn hdo Id viee td chiic qud trinh D H d ed'p vT md vd d cdp vi md tren co sd xem xet sdu sdc d i n su khdc biet ciia tang cd nhdn HS v l sinh li, tdm If, d i l u kien sdng (2) Cdn tdc gid Dgng Thdnh Hung xdc dinh: DH phdn hda dugc h i i u Id cdch khdc phye Idi dgy cdo bdng, hdi hgt, nhd'n mgnh hogt ddng Clio ngudi hgc phdt huy tfnh cue cd nhdn ciio ngudi hgc vd d d p iing tdt nhd't d i n Igi fch ed nhdn ciio hg (3) Khi vdn dyng vdo thyc filn gido dye tre khuylt tdt tri tue, tdc gid N g u y i n Xudn Hdi lai quon niem: D H theo hudng tilp cdn ndng luc cd nhdn Id mdt quon d i l m D H ddi lidi phdi tliilt k l , td chiic, d i l u khiln cdc hoot dgng D H dua tren chfnh khd ndng, nhu cdu, sd thfch cung nhu hirng thu cuo ngudi hoc fren co sd bdo ddm cdc d i l u kien D H nhdm giup cho ngudi hgc dgt kit qud hoc tap tdt nhdt ddi vdi cimg mdt chuong trinh hoy mdt noi dung D H dd duoc thilt k l Due k i t nhirng quan d i l m tren, cd t h i ndi, cdt Idi cuo DH theo hudng TCCN Id DH chu vdo ndng luc vd nhu eau cua ngudi hoe, quon tam d i n ddng eo vd phuong thiic hoc tap md dua hudng tac dong thieh hop nhdm ddp irng tdt nhd't d i n lgi ieh cd nhdn cua ngudi hge Ddi vdi tre khiim thinh (TKT), T C C N DH Tap chi Giao due so (kii -9/aon) hda nhdp Id filp can dua tren dilm mgnh, nhu cdu eua tre thi hien d viec su dyng cdc phuong tien; cdch hgc vd ede ddng eo hgc top d l ta dd td chiic hogt ddng DH phii hgp ben cgnh nhiing hd trg cd nhdn d l tre ed thi phdt huy hit ndng lye hgc tdp chjim lfnh kiln thirc, kT ndng bdi hgc cung vdi tre nghe binh thudng Trong DH TKT theo hudng T C C N , cdn luu y vd'n de dudi ddy: G i o o tiep c u a TKT Cdc nghien ciiu v l vd'n d l giao t i l p (GT) ciio TKT cd t h i dugc chia thdnh bo trudng phdi ehinh sou ddy: I) Nghe - ndi:TKT edn GT bdng Idi ndi nhu mgi tre khdc De ldm duge d i l u ndy, TKT cdn cd mdy trg thinh tdt vd cdn ed «vdn" ngdn ngtr ndi nhdt djnh TKT cdn chudn bj tir trudc, eho khd ndng ngdn ngii phdi gdn taong duong vdi miie phdt triln eua tre nghe binh thudng V d i cdch filp cdn ndy, nhd gido dye TKT se xdy dyng cdc ehuong trinh, phuong phdp dgy ngdn ngir ndi khdc nhou: - Dgy ndi theo kiiu cdu true Chuong trinh dgy ndi dugc bien sogn theo kieu phdn tieh: tr6 hgc tirng dm, ta rdi ghep ede ta thdnh cdu Trong qud trinh dgy ndi, tre khdng duge dung bd't cir hinh thirc GT hd trg ndo khdc; l>3y ndi ^eo tiip can ty nhien: Tiing ndi edn duge lfnh hgi (ndm bdt) thdng quo cdc hogt dgng vd GT thudng nhdt; qud trinh hinh thdnh Idi ndi cua tre nhd thdng qua qud trinh GT giua me vd eon, ggi Id «phuong phdp phdn hdi cuo ngudi me" hay «phuong phdp hgi thogi" ^ 2) Ngon ngu ki hieu Trudng phdi ndy cho rang nhiing ngudi khiem thinh thuge nhdm ngudi f ^ i e u so" xd hgi, cd bdn sdc vdn hdo dgc thii, cd ngon ngu rieng, tiep nhgn thong fin quo M gidc ngon ngii kf hi?u vd ngon ngii viet V i vgy, tre hge hdo nhgp cdn cd ngudi «phien djeh" ^ ngo" ngii ndi sang ngon ngu ki hieu vd ngugc lai- Cdch fiep can ndy phii hgp vdi khd ndng cua TKT, giup fre phdt huy het khd ndng eua bdn thdn, * Tnfcing Dai lipc sir pliam Thanh No Chi Minh kit qud hgc tdp thu dugc khdng thua kem gi so vdo cdc hogt ddng thuc fien, filp nhdn kiln thirc vdi tre nghe binh thudng ^ thdng quo thyc hdnh vd frdi nghiem sdt thyc Trong 3) Trudng phdi GT tdng hgp: dugc hiiu Id mdt ngi dung kiln thiic cy t h i cdn phdi chu y tdi hinh thirc GT sii dyng Idi ndi, chtr viit, chu cdi viec cung ed'p kiln thirc, kT ndng vd hinh thdnh ngdn toy, ngdn ngir kf hieu, dieu bd, net mgt, thdi cho tre d cdc mgt: kiln thiic, kT ndng hgc Bdng cdch sii dyng ngdn ngir kf hieu, bilu hien d dudng de cd t h i filp tac hgc len cdc ed'p hgc coo net mgt kit hgp vdi dgc hinh mieng vd nghe, TKT hon; kiln thirc vd kT ndng gidi quyet cdc vd'n d l de ddng filp nhdn dugc thdngtinvd bilu dgt nhtrng sdt thuc cua cudc sd'ng; cd thdi dung vdi cdc thdng tin, tinh cam cua minh mdt cdch cd hieu qud, vd'n d l hgc tdp, md'i quon he bgn be, gia dinh, frdnh dugc su phdt friln lech Igc v l tdm If so vdi fre cdng ddng vd thdi phu hgp trudc nhirng co chi dugc dgy bdng phuong phdp diing Idi hdi hoy thdch thiic, khd khdn Nhtfrig kien thuc Tdc gid Phgm Thi Coi (1988) frong «Qud trinh ca bdn dugc thi^ ke cho TKT khdng dung d «khung hinh thdnh ngdn ngu ndi d tre diic Viet Nam" dd cd' dinh" md cd t h i thay ddi vd dieu chinh hgp If kit ludn: bdng hd trg cua thj gidc, cdc thilt bj theo tang dd'i tagng Tfnh linh hogt vd dilu chinh chuyen dimg thfnh hgc, fre diic cd t h i filp nhdn ndi dung DHHN cho TKT dugc xdc djnh dyo theo vd sii dyng dugc cdc dm thonh ciia filng ndi Tuy nguyen tdc phii hgp vdi khd ndng, nhu cdu cua nhien, phdi quo mdt qud trinh ddi (5-d ndm), fre tre, ddm bdo ndi dung viia sire vimg phdt mdi cd t h i «cd'u dm" taong ddi dung dugc cdc friln gdn cuo tre , gdm: 1) Ddm bdo yeu cdu dm vj frong dm fiit Qud trinh h'nh hdi ngir nghTo chuong trinh gido dye chung; 2) Binh ddng v l co vd su dyng ta gioo filp cuo fre diic Id mdt hgi dugc thorn gio cdc ndi dung gido dye ciia tre qud frinh di ta true gidc todn bd d i n phdn tfch cy khiem thinh cdc frudng phd thdng; 3) Tfnh thi Tre diec cdn thdi gian ddi (8-10 ndm hgc) den ndng luc vd nhu cdu cuo tre khilm thinh; mdi cd vd'n ta bdng vd'n ta cuo fre em d binh 4) Xdc djnh dilu kien, co hgi hgc tdp, nghi nghigp thudng 5-6 tadi sou ndy cua tre Nghien ciru ciia tdc gid Le Vdn Tgc cho rang Ndng luc cua fre khiem thfnh Tir frudc din «Phuong tien gioo tilp cd hieu qud nhd't Id giao nay, nhd trudng vdn sii dyng mdt chuong frinh tilp tdng hgp vd bdng ngdn ngir kf hieu bd't k l HS chung, ciing mgt thdi khdo bilu cho mgi HS tgi mdt khilm thfnh d miic ndo, cd sii dyng mdy frg ldp hgc Do dd, cdc HS frong Idp dii frinh eao thfnh hoy khdng sii dyng mdy frg thinh" (4) Phdt thdp Wide nhau, nhdn thuc nhanh chdm khdc hien ndy mdt Idn nira cung khdng djnh su nhanh vdn phdi hodn thdnh nhiem vy hgc tdp nhu (ke nhgy cua thj gidc oTKT nhu mgt bdn ndng hi nhien cd fre khuylt tdt) Vi vdy, cd the ndi frong DH, frong Ngdn ngtr ki hieu vd'n dugc coi Id ngdn ngtr «me ddnh gid cdn hien tagng «cdo bdng" ehua thdt sy de" cuo TKT vd kenh thj gidc Id cdng cy tilp nhdn binh ddng, chua t h i hien su quon tam din quyen ngdn ngu vd thyc hien GT chinh Eidng thdi, nghien Igi ngudi hgc Odi vdi fre hgc lyc ylu se de sinh tam cirufrencung nhdn xet: «GV, HS nghe binh thudng If chdn ndn, khdng edm nhdn dugc «mdi ngdy din vd HS khilm thfnh chua du vdn cii chi, chua cd du trudng Id mgt ngdy vui" kiln thirc vd kT ndng sii dyng ngdn ngir d l giao Khdc phye nhung hgn ehi fren, DH theo hudng filp Mgt khdc, GV cung chua cd du hr fin vd thdi TCCN khdng chf quan tdm d i n ndng luc cuo tang quen sir dyng ngdn ngtr cii chf dieu bd"(5) fre, md cdn phdt huy nhimg sd frudng, ndng khilu Vi vgy, dd'i vdi mdi TKT cdn cdn nhde, lyo cuo fre mdt cdch hiru hieu (theo Hgc thuyit da chgn phuong Hen gioo filp phii hgp nhd't vd khd ndng lyc cua Gardner) Hon t h i niia, ddi vdi TKT, ndng ddp irng cuo GV cung nhu mdi trudng gioo ngudi dgy cdn chu frgng d i n viec sii dyng dung filp Clio fre (bgn be, ngudi thdn, ) miic vd hgp If siic nghe cdn Igi cuo cdc em, bdo DH hdo nhdp (DHHN) ve vd phdt friln nhirng^gidc quon cd ônhiĐm vy Ndi dung DHHN cho TKT dugc xdy dung duo bii trir" su khilm khuylt co quan thfnh gidc nhu fren quon diem: mgi tre em diu cd t h i hgc dugc; mdt, toy , bilt sii dyng cdc phuong ti§n, dyng nhimg frdi nghiem qud trinh hgc tdp se giup cy de tdng hogt ddng chirc nang cuo cdc co quan fre cd dugc nhirng hiiu bilt, nhdn djnh sdt thuc khilm khuylt (vf dy: su dyng mdy trg thfnh de tdn v l cudc sd'ng Xdy dung ndi dung DHHN cho TKT dyng siic nghe cdn Igi cuo TKT) khdng chi bd hep d phgm vi sdeh vd md phdi DH TKT Idp hdo nhdp cdn dgc biet chii y gdn lien vdi kiln thiie thuc filn; phdi hudng frg d i n quy ludt «bii fru" cuo cdc eo quon chiic ndng # Tap chi Giao due so (ki i 9/2011) frong qud frinh Hep nhdn vd xii li thdng Hn cua fre N l u nguyin tdc dugc sii dyng frong thilt k l cde hogt ddng DH thi kit qud se Id nin tdng cho hogt dgng hgc tdp, nhgn thirc cua fri, ta dd tang nhanh ndng lyc hdo nhdp cdng dong Vi dy: TKT kit hgp cdc gidc quan thj gidc, vdn ddng, edm gidc rung d l nhgn bilt su vdt vd frao ddi thdng fin Tim hieu phuong phdp hgc tgp cho fre, xem xet fre cd thdi quen hgc thdng qua kenh nhin, nghe, thyc hdnh, ddng voi hay thich hgc nhdm, hgc cd nhdn Tir k^ qud dilufro,quon sdt ldp k l hogch gidng dgy, xdc djnh cdc phuong phdp DH taong ung cho tung ddi tugng, tang mdn hgc cy ihl Theo tdc gid Dgng Thdnh Hung cd kilu hge tdng qudt nhu sou: Hgc bang bat chime, chep, khdng cd hogc it cd tfnh chu djnh: dgc frung cho viec hgc thy ddng, co gidi, duo tren nguy§n tdc chep cdc mdu cd sdn dugc trinh bdy hoy dugc td chirc ta horde, thu nhdn vd ghi nhd cdc thdng bdo, vd kit qud hgc tdp cung chfnh Id nhtrng mdu, nhirng thdng bdo dd, gdn nhu ehua dugc xii If bdi cdc CO c h i tdm If ben frong ngudi hgc nhu gidi thfch minh hog, thuylt trinh, gidng gidi, frinh bdy tdi lieu, dgc - chep, k l chuySn - Hge bdng hdnh dgng (viec ldm) hodc thuc hdnh cd chii djnh: viec hgc tdp thilt thuc bdng cdc hdnh ddng «cdm tfnh" d i n cdc hdnh dgng «li finh" tac Id hdnh ddng fri tae, cd tfnh chd't hogt ddng, fim tdi, thuc nghiSm (nhu ddng vol, ddnh frdn, c h i tgo, siia chua, sii dyng vdt ) - Hgc bang trdi nghiem cdc quon h§ vd finh hudng, bdng edm xuc vdi su rung cam, ddng edm, thdng cam gitro ngudi vdi (voi }huong phdp ddng vien - tham gio hogc khuyin chfch- thom gia; phuong phdp ddm thogi, franh udn, trinh bdy ndu vdn de, thdo ludn Idp, thdo udn frong hot nghj ) - Hgc bang suy nghT li tri (bdng hogt ddng tri tae hoy y thuc If ludn) dua vdo kinh nghiem nhdn thirc vd ta If trf cuo ngudi hgc, bdng hogt ddng frf tae cuo cd nhdn, Hgc bSng cdc phuong thue hon hgp (kilu hgc phd bien nhd't cuo ngudi) vdi nhieu cdch khdc nhau, frong mgi vi§c, d mgi noi, mgi luc nhu: phuong phdp du dn, chiln lugc DH hgp tac, cdng tdc Inuc ndnh theo td, nhdm, cdc chiln lugc ldm sdng td gid fri, cdc phuong phdp dgy vd phdt friln ngdn ngu Tuong iing vdi cdch hgc frdn, cd kilu PPDH md GV cd the vgn dyng linh hogt vdo finh hinh cy Tap ehi Giao due so (ki i - 9/aon> thi cuo Idp hgc hdo nhdp cd TKT; 1) Nhdm PPDH thdng bdo - thu nhdn; 2) Nhdm PPDH ldm mdu tdi tgo; 3) Nhdm PPDH khuyin khich - thom gia; 4) Nhdm PPDH kiln tgo -fimtdi; 5) Nhdm PPDH finh hud'ng - nghien ciiu Tren thyc t l viec xdc djnh phuong phdp hgc tdp ciia fre nghe binh thudng dd khdng oan gidn, viec xdc djnh TKT cdng khd khdn, ddi hdi nhilu thdi gion vd phdi cd cdc cdng ey ddnh gid phii hgp Tim hiiu mdi frudng xung quanh, nhu: mdi frudng gido dye ed thudn Igi d l phdt huy hit ndng lyc bdn thdn cuo fre frong DH hdo nhdp, frang thilt bi cd ddp iing duoc nhu edu cuo TKT? Su quontam;phdi hgp cua gio dinh vdi nhd frudng, su quon tdm cuo cdc cdp Idnh dgo djo phuong Dyo fren kit qud nghien ciiu cdc ylu td liin quon den qud frinh DH TKT frong \ap hdo nhdp di xdy dyng khoo hgc gido dye chuyen ngdnh cy thi fren tang fre vdi ddy du cdc hgng, mye; xdc djnh rd cdc mye tieu gido dye, nhimg phuong phdp d l dgt dugc nhimg mye fieu; cd nhifrig