NGHItNCtuQ GIAO DUC HOC NGUdi L0N CHUYEN NGANH • • KHOA HOC GIAO DUC NlOl ThS THAI X U A N D A O ThS NGUYEN THj MAI HA Trung Mm Nghiin ciHu Olio dye KhOng chfnh quy HpccCia ngudi Idn v l g i io due ng[.]
NGHItNCtuQ GIAO DUC HOC NGUdi L0N - CHUYEN NGANH • • KHOA HOC GIAO DUC NlOl ThS THAI X U A N D A O - ThS NGUYEN THj MAI H A Trung Mm Nghiin ciHu Olio dye KhOng chfnh quy H pccCia ngudi Idn v l g i i o due ngddi Idn I I mpt h i l n tdpng x l hdi d i e bilt, d l cd t d r l t sdm cung vdi sU xuat h i l n eiia xa hdi loai ngddi Hpc cOa ngddi Idn I I de l l m I n k i l m sdng, hpc de tdn tai Tuy nhiln, nhilu nguyin nhin, d e nghiln cdu v l vi?c hpc ciia ngddi Idn cdn it hon v l chim hon so vdi cic nghiln eiiu v l vile hpc eCia t r i em va vl v|y khoa hpc v l giio dye ngddi Idn cung c h i m ddpc p h i t triln hdn Bli v i l t n i y trinh b I y Ijch sd ddi eiia Gilo dye hpc ngudi Idn (Andragogy) vdi t d d e h I I mdt khoa hpc, mdt chuyin n g l n h cua khoa hpc giao dye, m l ddi tddng n g h i l n edu la viec g i i o dye v l hpc tap cua ngudi Idn t i t c l cle hlnh thdc b i l u h i l n Nhdng d j n h kien c i n t r d sd phat trien ciia chuyen nganh Giao due hpc ngddi Idn Mdt nhdng n g u y i n n h i n chu yeu d n trd nghiln cdu v i l e hpc tap cua ngddi Idn la nhdng dinh k i l n , quan n i l m sai l i m v l k h i n i n g hpc tap cua ngddi Idn Trdde nhdng n i m 20 cua t h i ki XX, mpi ngddi d i u ed quan n i l m r i n g v i l e hpc chi d i n h cho t r i em, r i n g ngddi Idn khdng cdn k h i n i n g hpc tap nda VIo thdi kl dd cdn n h i l u quan n i l m sai l i m v l k h i n i n g hpc tap eiia ngddi Idn nhd"Bgn khdng the thay ddi ddpc b i n chat ngddi"; "Ban khdng t h i day chd g i i l l m trd mdi ddpc"; quan n i l m v l "Lo hdng dau" v l v i l e hpc tap; v l quan n i l m "Tudi tri t u l cCia ngddi blnh thddng I112 tudi" v.v quan n i l m "Ban khdng t h i day chd g i i l l m trd mdi ddpc" cho r i n g ngddi Idn khdng the hpc ddpc cung gidng nhd ta khdng t h i day mdt chd g i i l l m trd mdi ddpc Quan n i l m v l " L d hdng d i u " hpc tap cho r i n g d i u dc t r i em cdn nhilu Id hdng chda bj nhdi nhet tgp chat qua n i m t h i n g nhd ngddi Idn va vl v l y cdn ed sdc chda mdt d i gl dd nda, cdn ngddi Idn thi khdng t h i hpc t h i m dupe vl de cOa hp d l chda q u i n h i l u thd Khdng it ngddi E.L Thorndike Ngddi lam thay doi nhan thdc v l k h i nang hpc tap cCia ngddi Idn Chi td cudi nhdng nim 20 ciia t h i ki XX, sd ddi cudn sleh "Viic hgc cda ngudi Idn" nim 1928 cCia E.L Thorndike d l llm xoay chuyin nhin thdc v l ning hpc t i p ciia ngddi Idn Thorndike d l tdng quan tinh hlnh nghiln edu trdde v l d l kit luin ring "Chua bao gid cd mdt cdng trinh nghiin cCfu cd hi thdng vd sdu rdng nhdm tim hiiu xem tri em cd khd ndng hoc tap hon ngudi Idn tU20 din 40 tuoi hay khdng? vd cd uu thi hon vi mat ndo Vdn di ndy hdu nhudd bjidng quin hoac ngUdi ta chi chap nhdn cdch dgy bdo thu truyin thdng Id dgy tri em theo hudng dp ddt" DUa trin kit qui nghiln edu nghilm tiic v l cd he thdng ciia mlnh,Thorndike d l kit luan "Ndichung, khdng cd dudi 45 tuoi Igi tU cdn trd mlnh hoc mdt cdi gl vl sp mlnh dd qud gid khdng hoc dupc Ho cung khdng vl cdi sp hdi dd nhu Id mdt cdi cddi khdng hoc cdi md bdt budc phdi hgc Niu ho khdng hoc dupc thi cung khdng phdi Id vl tuoi gid Viic gido due ngudi Idn khdng bi cdn trd ndo tuoi tdc cua ngUdi hoc" Thorndike d l ehi ring, tudi tic khdng phli II mdt ylu td cd y nghTa lam ddi vdi vile hpc tap eiia ngUdi Idn, ring t i t c l mpi ngddi dddi 45 tudi van holn toin cd ning hpc tap Oly II nhan djnh diu tiln trIi ngdpc vdi nhan djnh v l ning hpc tap ciia ngddi Idn vio nhdng nim hai mdoi cOa t h i ki XX Cho den bay gid khdng chi tudi 45, m l c l tudi 75 van dupe khing djnh II ed ning hpc tdt Cle cdng trinh nghiln cdu sau nly d l khIng djnh ring ning hpc t i p cua ngUdi khdng holn toan phu thudc vio tudi tic, m l phy thudc chCi ylu vio tinh tich cdc cOa bin thin moi ngddi, vao nghl nghilp, vio trinh dp vin hoi ciia hp Kl td dd, nghiln edu v l vile hpc eiia ngudi Idn ciia d c nhl t i m li hpc, giao dye hpc ngly d n g nhieu v l d n g cd h i thdng d l dat nIn mdng cho phit trien mdt chuyin nglnh giao dye mdi Od la chuyin Igi dinh g i i t h i p ning tri t u l ciia ngddi Idn, nglnh "Gilo dye hpc ngudi Idn" hay "Sd phgm ngudi ring tri t u l chi phit triln d thdi kl t r i em, ring "Tudi Idn" (Andragogy) Cic nhl t i m li hpc trj lieu (Abraham tri t u l eOa ngddi Idn blnh thddng ehi blng dda t r i Maslow v l Carl Roger) d i di xuat I p dyng phuong 12 tudi" v.v Vi vay d e nghiln edu trdde diy chii ylu phip tri lieu t i m li cho ngUdi Idn vao giio dye ngddi tap trung vao giio dye t r i em v l giao dye chinh qui, Idn Cle nhl giio dye hpc nhd Jerome J Bruner (1959), J.R Kidd (1959), Kempfer (1955), Verner & giio dye nhl trddng KHOA HQC GlAO DUG • NGHllN COU Booth (1964) d l cd nhilu nd ldc vin dyng li thuylt hpc t i p ciia t r i em vio giio dye ngddi Idn, d mdc dp khic Cdng trinh nghiln edu ciia d c nhl t i m li hpc nhu Howard Me Clusky d l b i t d i u hudng phit triln "Tim If hpc khic bi|t eiia ngudi Idn" M^t sd nhl giio dye ngddi Idn nhd Cyril Houle (1950), Allen Tough d l nghiln cdu rilng v l q u i trinh hpc t|p cua ngddi Idn, ddng co hpc t i p v l deh hpc ciia ngddi Idn Cic nghiln cdu ngly d n g di d i n sU nhit trI cao ring "Hgc tdp cua ngudI Idn phdi Id cdi gl dd kio ddi sudt 20,30,40 ndm; Id cdi gl dd col ho Id ngudI Idn chd khdng phdi Id tri em; Id mdt cdi gl dd md hg Idm nguyin; Id cdi gl dd phu hpp vdi ngudi Idn tudi " Cdn Howard Mc.Clusky cho ring "NhCfng sd Hiu tU nhiiu ngudn khde Id nhCfng ca sd ngdy cdng Idm ndi bdt mdt hi tdm If khde biit cua ngudi Idn" ^ -^ ghip "Adult Pedagogy", m l d n phli cd mdt thuat ngd rilng, dd II "Angdragogy" (theo tilng Hy Lap cd nghTa II khoa hpc v l nghl thiult dgy hpc ngddi Idn) Ngay sau dd, thuit ngd "Andragogy" d l ddpc gin vdi t i n tudi ciia M Knowles v l d l nhan ddpc sdthCra nh|n d khip Bic My v l d c nudc ndi tilng Anh khic Nim 1970, t i t c l cd sd li luin v l giio dye ngudi Idn ciia M.Knowles d l ddpc trinh bIy cudn sleh "Thpc tiin cua gido due ngUdi Idn - Gido due hoc ngudi Idn ddi ldp vdi Gido due hpc" (The Modern Practice of Adult Education: Andragogy versus Pedagogy) Tuy nhiln, 10 n i m sau (tdc n i m 1980) cudn sleh d l dupc t l i bin vdi tilu d l d l ddpc chinh sda Igi II ThUc tien gido due ngudi Idn - tCf Gido due hpc tdi Gido due hgc ngudI Idn" (The Modern Practice of Adult Education: from Pedagogy to Andragogy) Oiy II q u i trinh nhin thdc ngiy d n g siu sic hon ciia M.Knowles v l moi Malcolm Knowles (1913 1997) NgUdi c6 quan h | gida giio dye hpc v i giio dye hpc ngddi Idn cong khdi xddng, phat t r i l n chuyin nginh Giio Theo M.Knowles, giio due hpc ngddi Idn bao gdm he due hpc ngddi Idn -"Andragogy" thdng d e khii nilm, cd liln quan chit che vdi giio MIc du ngly d n g nhilu cic nhl t i m If hpc, giio ^Mc hpc hdn II ddi lap vdl giao due hpc O l ed t h i xiy ddng v i holn thiln ddpc cd sd If due hpc khIng djnh ngddi Idn khic t r i em v l d n phli phit triln mdt khoa hpc dgy hpc khie vdi giio 'uin cCia giio dye hpc ngddi Idn, M.Knowles dda tren dye hpc (Pedagogy) truyin thdng ndi chung Song kit q u i hing logt d c cdng trinh nghiln cdu luc chda cd co sd li luin dly dii v l sd khic bilt nly thip ki 1960 v i 1980 Cac cdng trinh nghiln cdU nly in HiraAn h»ttn «a4 >i< V l a i i t U**i M | i r M « ( »if|(lt«n nt^ alllli W df I* kna 5«l*i