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a \ O ThS PHAM VAN KHANH* Phd cdp gido dye (PCGD) Id biSn phdp quan Trong thye t l , d cd''''p THCS mudn thye hien dugc trgng nhdm thye hien myc tiSu ddn tri Ddn cdng tdc PLHS Idnh mgnh, dung hudng thi p[.]
a O hd cdp gido dye (PCGD) Id biSn phdp quan P trgng nhdm thye hien myc tiSu ddn tri Ddn tri Id tiln d l d l tdng trudng kinh t l , phdt huy ddn chu vd tien bd xd hdi Vi vdy, ddn trf ludn duge coi Id mdt nhung myc tieu chiln luge cOa cdc qudc gio dong phdt triln Trong thye te, qud h-inh ndng coo ddn trf cdn thye hi§n ddng bd vdi vi§c phdt triln GD-DT thi ddn trf mdi thye sy trd thdnh nhdn td cho phdt triln kinh te - xd hdi Dd cung Id kinh nghiem cuo nhilu nude thye hien myc tieu ddn trf cuo minh Suy cho cung, myc tieu ddn trf khdng ehi vi ddn trf md phdi dugc chuyin hod thdnh nhung ndng lye cuo dd't nude, Ddng thdi vdi ddn trf vd sou ddn trf Id phdt trien kinh te, ddn chu vd tien bd xd hdi Vi vdy, viec gdn kit giua PCGD vdi gido dye hudng nghiep (GDHN) phdn ludng hge sinh (PLHS) sou trung hge eo sd (THCS) Id vdn d l cdy nghTo thye te hien Trong dd, hudng nghiep PLHS sou THCS Id bien phdp, ddng lye thuc ddy edng tdc PCGD ndi chung vd PCGD THCS ndi rieng, PCGD Id tiln 6e, dilu kien eho hudng nghiep vd PLHS sau THCS Hudng nghiep vd phdn ludng GD Theo Tu dien Tieng Viet, huong nghiep Id «Thi hdnh nhung bien phdp nhdm bdo ddm sy phdn bd tdi uu (cd chu y tdi ndng khieu, ndng lye, t h i lye) nhdn ddn theo ngdnh vd logi loo ddng" (1) PLHS sou THCS Id vige lyo chgn, sdp x I p mong tfnh xd hdi 6e HS sou tdt nghiep tilp hjc dugc GD vd DT theo nhung khuynh hudng vd ngdnh hge khdc phu hgp vdi nguyen vgng, ndng lye HS vd nhu cdu xd hdi hodc tham gio lao ddng sdn xudt (LDSX) HS sou tdt nghiep THCS dugc phdn chia theo bdn ludng khdc nhou: GD phd thdng (ludng ehfnh); GD thudng xuyen; gido dye nghi nghiep (GDNN) vd tham gio LDSX (cdc ludng phy) Xu the hien cdn gidm HS vdo ludng chfnh den mdt ti le phu hgp, tdng ti le HS cdc ludng- phy d mue cdn thiet, dd, ludng LDSX gidm thilu cdng nhilu edng tdt # , \ ThS PHAM VAN KHANH* Trong thye t l , d cd'p THCS mudn thye hien dugc cdng tdc PLHS Idnh mgnh, dung hudng thi phdi thye hien tdt GD hudng nghiep eho HS GD hudng nghiep vd PLHS song hdnh vdi Vl vdy, phgm vi bdi ndy, cd t h i xem xet hudng nghiep vd phdn ludng Id mdt ve cua vdn d l (ggi tdt Id PLHS sou THCS) Vi ban chat: PLHS Id sy phdn hod theo nhdm Idn ddi vdi HS sou THCS Dd Id nhung nhdm HS cd cung djnh hudng, cung nguyen vgng sou THCS Ve muc tieu: PLHS sau THCS nhdm phdt huy ndng lye cuo ngudi hge tdt nhdt theo khd ndng, hodn ednh, dilu kien md hg ed duge Viy nghTa: PLHS sou THCS Id bien phdp thye hien hgp If hod xu hudng phdn hod cua HS sou THCS tren co sd ndng lye hge tdp, nguyen vgng cua HS vd nhu cdu xd hdi Tgi phdi thuc hien PLHS sau THCS: Phdn hod GD Id xu huang fat yeu viec phdt trien ndng lye, hinh thdnh nhdn cdch cua HS sou mot qud h-inh GD, ren luyen Trong GD phd thdng, sou mdi Idp hge, cdp hge, sy phdn hod se chia HS thdnh nhung nhdm khdc nhou ve hge lye, ve sd thfeh, nguyen vgng, xu hudng nghe nghiep Nhiem vy cua GD Id Idm ddp ung tdt nhdt cdc yeu cdu khdeh quan dd Dgy hoc phdn hda, thye hl§n phdn ban vd PLHS Id nhung cdch thuc de gidi quyet vdn de Tuy nhien, phdn ludng khdc vdi phdn hda Ddi vdi HS sou THCS, pbdn hdo giup eho phdn ludng dugc da dgng vd cy t h i hon Phdn ludng vd phdn ban Id cdc g'di phdp thye hien dgy hge phdn hda Trong f"di ludng cd sy phdn hda theo ludng, vi dy: ^rong ludng hiing hge phd thdng (THPT) cd trudng THPT chuyen, h-udng «khdng chuyen", cdc frudng " ^ " khieu khde hodc phdn hda nhd hon (*^60 nhdm mdn hodc theo mdn hge ty chgn) '^^^ cdc ban khoa hoc h/ nhien, khoa hge co ^^> ^^°° ^9^ xd hgi nhdn vdn h-udng * Sd Giao due va Bao tao fien Giang Tap chi Giao due so (ki 6/2011) THPT «phdn ban" Trong GDNN cd trudng trung Thye trgng PLHS sou THCS d Tiln Giang cdp chuyen nghiep (TCCN), trudng trung cdp hien nghe, so cd'p nghi vdi nhilu ngdnh, vd hdng Nhin chung, viee PLHS sou THCS ngdnh trdm nghi DT khdc nhou Trong gido dye thudng GD ed ehuyin biln tfch eye nhung vdn cdn xuyen (GDTX) cd hinh thuc hge tdp trung, vua nhilu hgn che nhu: phdt triln GD-DT khdng cdn hge vua Idm, ty hge cd ddng kf, hge theo Idp ddi giua ede ludng, hieu qud xd hdi cuo phdn phd cdp ludng chua coo, cdc ludng phy chuo thdng thodng Cudi cd'p tilu hge, sy phdn hod chuo ddn d i n Nguyen nhdn co bdn Id: nhdn thue xd hdi v l phdi phdn ludng Cudi cdp THCS, HS chudn bj phdn ludng chuo dung hudng, nhdt Id tdm If cuo bude vdo tudi vj thdnh nien, tudi lao ddng, nen phu huynh vd HS Cdng tdc hudng nghiep sy phdn hod hong HS cung dgng vd du Idn trudng phd thdng cdn nhung y l u kem keo ddi, 6e phdi tiln hdnh phdn ludng sou THCS Dd Id b l tdc Cdc eo sd GDNN, GDTX chuo du mgnh nguyen vgng cua mot bd phdn ddng ddo HS, Id di cd sue thu hut vd thue hien tdt chuc ndng nhiem vy PLHS sou THCS yeu cdu cua xd hdi Nhu vdy, PLHS sou THCS cung Id yeu cdu khdeh Bllu hien tdp trung nhd't v l cdng tdc PLHS sou quan Yeu to khach quan PLHS sau THCS la THCS Id cdc ti le, so lugng HS theo hge ede ludng tinh tdt yeu cua xu huong phan hod GD nhu bdng dudi ddy: quy dinh Bdng sd lieu HS khdi todn tinh PLHS PLHS sau THCS co Idm xoi mon Met tieu sau THCS qua ndm hge: cdc ca hgi hoc tdp cua HS sau THCS? —^ yamhoc 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 PLHS sou THCS Id phdn ludng sdm, tfch cue "^ Cdc chi s6 nhdm gidi quylt nhu cdu nguyen vgng cuo ngudi Sdldp9 601 566 574 hge vd xd hdi Khdc vdi PLHS sou THPT Id chi cd 86 HS ldp 23.299 21.668 21.739 22.924 20.841 21302 ludng GDNN vd tham gio LDSX, PLHS sou THCS S6 HS TN THPT 15.982 13.926 13.895 ngodi GDNN vd tham gio LDSX, ngudi hge cdn Tile 69.7% 66,8% 65.2% PLHS cd ludng tiep hjc hge vdn phd thdng vdi muc GDTX 1.387 2.585 sau 2.950 phu hgp vdi trinh do, dilu kien cua ngudi hge Tile 12,4% THCS 6% 13.8% theo chuong trinh GDTX O nude to, nlu thye GDNN 520 1.060 1.605 hien khdng tdt viec PLHS sou THCS cung cd nghTo banam Tile 4,6% 7,5% 2,3% Id chung to vd tinh ddy mdt bd phdn ddng ddo hoc Bo hoc 5.035 3.270 2.852 HS sou THCS yeu v l hge lye vd cd hodn ednh, Tile 22% 16.2% 13,5% d i l u kien gio dinh khd khdn, khdng dugc tilp Nguon: Phong KHTC, So GD-DT Tien Giang tyc hge md phdi nghi hge, tham gio LDSX, khdng cd n g h i qua DT PLHS sou THCS Id tgo Nhdn xet: Bdng tren cho thdy, trdng ndm phuong thuc hge phu hgp vd co hdi hge tdp ed qua, ti le HS sou THCS vdo hge THPT dd cd sy hieu qud, ft rul ro, ddp ung dugc nhu edu, gidm thilu ddn tu d9,7%xudng cdn d5,2%; Ti \'e nguyen vgng dugc hge, cd nghi nghiep cuo HS vdo GDTX tdng ddn len tu 6% len 13,8% HS Thye hien PLHS sou THCS Idnh mgnh, dung Ludng HS vdo hge GDNN tdng nhonh h> 2,3% hudng, thdng thodng thye ehd't Id ndng coo hieu len 7,5% tdng hon Idn Dgc biet, ndm hge qijd GD vd hl§u qud xd hdi (mdt bdng ehd't 2008-2009 vd 2009-2010 ed nhieu eo sd GDNN lugng GD phd thdng dugc ndng len, eo cd'u di vdo hogt ddng Ti le HS sau THCS khdng tilp nhdn lye dugc cdi thlen, trdnh dugc Idng phf hjc hge cung cd sy gidm thilu tuong ung h> 22% xd hdi GD, ) xudng cdn 13,5% Nhu vdy, PLHS sau THCS chdng nhCrng too co Nhin chung, viee PLHS sou THCS dd phdt Win hdi hge lgn md cdn dgng hod phuong'thuc dung hudng ed nhung ddu hieu tfch cye song hge, ludng hge cho ngudi hge, tgo dilu kien thfeh chua bin vung (vi vdn cdn dn chua nhilu yeu td hgp cho nhilu ngudl hge N l u HS cd nhu edu, doo ddng, nhung ddu hieu cd tinh hinh thuc nhu nguyen vgng vd ndng lye thi viec hge len cd nhilu tl l§ cdc ludng khdc THPT cd tdng len nhung ti eo hdi, nhu; hge lien thdng, lien kit, tu xa, vua trgng giuo cdc ludng cdn qud chenh lech, ti le HS hge vua Idm bd hge sou THCS cdn qud Idn) Tap ehi Giao due so (ki 6/2011) Mdt sd de xud't Ti le hgp li cho djnh hudng PLHS sau THCS a Tiin Giang: Xem xet cdc ti le PLHS sau THCS tgi Tiln Giang ndm quo vd cdc ti lg tdt nghiep THPT, trung tuyin DH, CD, thdy rdng: ti lg binh qudn HS sou THCS vdo hoc THPT Id d8%, ti If tdt nghiep THPT binh qudn Id 82%, ti le HS trung tuyin vdo DH, CD binh qudn hdng ndm Id 35% Nhu vdy, ti le thye te HS sou THCS tdt nghidp duoc vdo THPT sou ndm hge Id 55,7% (d8% x 82%), ti le HS sou THCS, sou ndm hoc THPT vd trung tuyin vdo DH, CD Id 19,5% (55,7% x 35%) Nhin vdo cdc ti le tren, mdi thdy rdng mong mudn cuo phy huynh vd HS sou THCS vdi ti le hon 80% HS duge hge len DH, CD Id phi thye t l N l u ddp ung mong mudn tren cuo phy huynh vd HS thi hdng ndm tinh Tiln Glong phdi tuyin vdo DH vd CD vdi sd lugng Id 10.000 sinh vien, ehu ki hge binh qudn Id ndm, luu lugng sinh vign Id 40.000, tuong duong vdi 10 trudng DH vd CD vdi quy md 4000 sinh vien/trudng Dilu ndy cung phi thye t l Tdm loi, v l If thuyet, hien chi cd khodng 55,7% HS sou THCS vdo tHPT Id hieu qud V l mat tri lye, khdng phdi JHS sou THCS ndo cung hge theo hudng vdo DH, CD dugc Vdy, theo thdng ke ndy, nen chdng d i n ndm 2015 ti le PLHS nen theo dinh hudng: ludng THPT: dO%; ludng GDNN: 30%; ludng GDTX: 8%; ludng LDSX: 2% Vi gidl phdp PLHS sau THCS: Trong bdn nhdm gidi phdp quon trgng thudng duge neu thye hien PLHS sou THCS nhdm gidi phdp tuyen truyln ndng eao nhdn thuc; nhdm gidi phdp ddu tu; nhdm gidi phdp chfnh sdch vd xd hdi; nhdm gidi phdp qudn If nhd nude), chung to nen chgn lyo cdc bien phdp (trong cdc nhdm gidi phdp tren nhdt Id gidl phdp ddu \u) phu hgp vdi mdi djo phuong vd thye hien triet d l theo hudng phdn ludng tfch eye, Idnh mgnh, dung hudng vd on djnh Do se Id ddp sd, Id ldi gidi cuo bdi todn PLHS sou THCS dong ddt Tdm Igi, viec PLHS sou THCS dugc thye hien vdi nhung bign phdp tfch cye, myc tigu Idnh mgnh, ti le, sd lugng dn djnh, phdt triln dung hudng Id bien phdp quon trgng ndng cao hieu aud xd hdi cOa edng tdc phd cdp GD finh hinh hien • Dao dire nghe nghiep ygu edu coo hon, dong dot ro hien D^ vdi nhOng ngudi Idm bdo, ldm theo nhung en? ddn aja Bde v l DDNN cung nhu nhung viec Idm cu thi sinh ddng eua Ngudi Idm bdo Id mdt vinh dy vd nllm h/ hdo Bdi Bde Hd cua chung ta Id mdt nhd tu hidng, mdt nhd vdn hod ldn, dong thdi Ngudi cung Id mdt nhd bdo vT dgi md chung to phdi noi theo, bdng nhOng hdnh dgng thiet thuc cua minh • (Tiep theo trang 3j he vdi ddng nghiep, vdi cdc bd phdn chuc ndng tod sogn, vdi Idnh dgo tod sogn vd vdi cdc don vj huu quon Ddc biet, phdi thi hien rd edi tdm cuo minh ddi vdi tde gid bdi vllt, vdi sdn phdm khoa hge duge edng bd, v.v Thye tien Idm bdo chf khoa hge eho thdy, ndi dung vd hinh thuc dn phdm bdo chf cuo logi hinh ndyIchdng thi thodt li khdi tinh ehfnh h-j, tfnh khoa hoc - thuc tien vd tfnh vdn hod Dd Id nguygn tdc md ngudi ldm bdo chf khoa hge cdn nhdn thik thudng tryc bgn minh; d l khdng bao gid phgm phdi nhung sai sdt, sal Idm ddng tiee Dd cung ehfnh Id DD cuo ngudi Idm bdo Hien nay, cudc vdn dgng «Hgc tdp vd Idm theo tdm girong DD Hd Chf Minh" dang dugc tiep hjc triln khoi sdu hon todn xd hdi, theo Chl thj cua Bd Chfnh trj (khod XI) vua mdi ban hdnh (14/ 5/2011) Khdng chi hge tdp, Idm theo Bde Id mdt (I) HoJing Ptie TOr di^n Ti^ng Vif t NXB Khoa hge xa h^i - Trung tdm Tit dien hge, H 1994 T^i lieu tham khio Nguygn van Lfi - Ha Th^ Truyen - Bui VSn Quan Mdt s^ vS'n d^ vS giio due huvng nghiep cho hpe sinh phd thdng NXB Dai hpe supham, H 2004 NguySn Van HO (chu biftn) - NguySn Thi Thanh HuySn Hoat ddng giao due hmmg nghiep \k giing day Id thuSt truong phd thdng NXB Gidoduc H 2006 Dang Danh Anti "Quan dilm mdi vS hudng nghiep uiidng ph6 thdng" Tgp chi Gido due, sd' 38/2002 (1) Trung tam lir diln hpe Tur dien tieng Vi« NXB Dd Ndng, 2007 (2) HOru Thp Milt sang, long trong, biit siic NXB Gido due, H 2007 (3) Bo Thdng tin Va TruySn thdng Mdt stf vSn ban chi d^o v^ quin li cda Dang, Nha nuvc vi hoat ddng bao ehi NXB Thdng tin va Truyin thdng, H 2010 (4) H6 Chi Minh Toan tSp, tap NXB Chinh trri qu6e gia, H 2000 Tai Hgu tham khao Chl thi sd' 37/2006/CT-TTg cua Thu tudng Chinti phu vi viic thuc hiin liit ludn cua Bd Chinh tri vi mdt s6biin phdp tdng cu&ng lanh dgo vd qudn li bdo chi Cac Website: nhabaovietnam.com; nghebao.com; vja.org.vn Tap chi Giao due so (ki 6/2011) ... xd hdi Nhu vdy, PLHS sou THCS cung Id yeu cdu khdeh Bllu hien tdp trung nhd''t v l cdng tdc PLHS sou quan Yeu to khach quan PLHS sau THCS la THCS Id cdc ti le, so lugng HS theo hge ede ludng tinh... ddy: quy dinh Bdng sd lieu HS khdi todn tinh PLHS PLHS sau THCS co Idm xoi mon Met tieu sau THCS qua ndm hge: cdc ca hgi hoc tdp cua HS sau THCS? —^ yamhoc 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 PLHS... de xud''t Ti le hgp li cho djnh hudng PLHS sau THCS a Tiin Giang: Xem xet cdc ti le PLHS sau THCS tgi Tiln Giang ndm quo vd cdc ti lg tdt nghiep THPT, trung tuyin DH, CD, thdy rdng: ti lg binh