GIAO DUC oudc tf'''' LUC LUONG GIANG VIEN NGOAI BIEN CHE TRONG H i THONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC HOA KY ThS Hd Thj Nga TrUdng Dgi hgc Hd Tinh 1 Mot vdi nit vc dgi ngU mgt giao sU lien lgc vdi sinh vien trj Thfl[.]
GIAO DUC oudc tf' LUC LUONG GIANG VIEN NGOAI BIEN CHE TRONG H i THONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC HOA KY ThS Hd Thj Nga TrUdng Dgi hgc Hd Tinh Mot vdi nit vc dgi ngU ngodi bien chi' liin quan din cdng vifc gidng dgy d bgc dqi hgc dHoaKy NgUdi hudng ddn (instructors/ lecturers) dupc xem li diem bat dau cho mpt ci nhin cd md Udc trd giing vifn V| tri niy thfldng dxigc dinh cho nhflng ngfldi cdn chfla cd kinh nghifm hoge chUa tflng giing dgy d bat ky cd sd giio dye dgi hpc nio Hp thfldng bat dau vdi hdp ddng lim vifc mpt nam, sau dd ed the gia hgn them 2,3 hpge nim Hp dUdc hudng mfle lUdng thap nhat vi cd dja vj thap Gidng viin thdi vu (visiting faculty) li nhflng giing vien dflpc hgfp ddng de lip chd trdng cho eie giao sfl hp di nghi djnh ky hoic nghi che dp (thai sin, nghi dm) Nhflng tifn si chfla kiem dfldc vifc lim ludn dflde chio ddn cho cic vj tri niy nhflng thfldng hp khdng bao gid dflde yeu cau d lgi sau di thflc hifn xong hpp ddng Trong thdi gian hpp ddng vi chi thdi gian dd, hp dflde nhin bid hi^m y tf vi cic phue ldi khic Trpng cic trUdng dgi hpc vi cao ding cd dio tgo chfldng trinh thgc si vi tien sl, nhflng sinh vifn theo hpc dUde sfl dyng (vi tuyen dyng) de dim trich vj tri Trg ^dng (Teaching Assistants) Ve cd bin, hp li ngUdi td chflc cic hogt dpng thio lugn d nhflng ldp hpc cd ddng sinh vien, thay mgt giao sU lien lgc vdi sinh vien Hifp hpi cic giao sU cic trfldng dgi hpc Hoa Ky (AAUP) di khao sal 280 trUdng dgi hpc nghien cflu (research university) va thay rang ngUdi ta di hpp ddng 181.481 trd giing, nhieu nhat li d TrUdng Berkeley vdi 5.376 trd giing vi thip nhat li 202 tgi dgi hpc Chicago (University of Chicago), Ngfldi ta cung khd cd the tinh dflpc li nhflng trd giing niy dfldc tri bao nhieu Tuy nhien, d Dgi hpc Yale, mdi trp giang dUde tri $20,000 tiong thing lim vifc, cpng vdi $3,500 cho nhflng thing nghi he C( Hoa Ky, diy li khoin thu nhgp ehi dim bio cupc sdng binh thfldng eho bin thin hp Gidng viin ngodi bicn chc (nonc-tenure on track) li nhflng giing vien dgy toin thdi gian hoge ban thdi gian d trfldng Thfl nhat, hp chfla phii li cdng chflc d bat cfl cd quan, td chflc nio Thfl hai, hp phii cd it nhat trinh dp thgc si theo diing chuyfn nginh dgy mpt sd trfldng, dgc bift li cic trfldng dgi hpc nghien cflu, vj tri niy ddi hdi phii cd trinh dp tien si Thfl ba, hp eung phii tham gia qui trinh tuyen chpn Tgi trfldng Harold Washington Chicago, vj tri niy phii dUde tuyen dyng nhfl li tuyen dyng ngfldi tpin thdi gian: npp hd sa, xet duyft hd sd, kiem tia nang lfle giing dgy, phdng van cua Phd Hifu trfldng, df truih len Hifu trUdng, Chu tjch Hpi ddng quin 46 • TAP CHi THlftBIGlA0DyC-s6 78-2/2012 trj Thfl tU, hp lfla chpn cdng vifc niy trfldc het li nhu cau vi dieu kifn rieng: nhu cau cua vifc tim dUpc cdng in vifc lam vi bio dam cupc sdng, nhu cau dUpe lim diing nginh nghe dflpc dio tgo; dieu kifn gia dinh, sfle khoe (dgc bift li ddi vdi nfl gidi hp cd gia dinh vi phii chim sde eon cii) Theo xu hUdng hifn nay, sd Iflgfng nfl tham gia vio lfle Ifldng niy ehiem ti If ldn hdn nam gidi Ngoii ra, hp cung ed the cd uy tin xi hpi d mpt linh vflc chuyfn mdn nio dd, co the li nhUng lugt sU gidi, nhflng nghf si, nhge si, nhflng dgo dien, nhflng phdng vien Nhiing diem khdc hiitcua nhiing gidng viin bien che vd cdc ^dng vien ngodi hien che 2.1 Nhflng giing vien hf thdng cdng chflc li nhflng ngfldi cd hpc van vi trinh dp chuyfn mdn cao, ning lfle sfl phgm gidi Ddi vdi hp cdng vifc giang dgy vi nghifn cflu khoa hpc cd tam quan trpng ngang Ddi vdi nhflng trfldng thudc hf thdng cic trUdng danh tieng (Ivy League) vi cic trUdng dgi hpc nghifn cflu khic, vifc nghifn cflu vi cdng bd cic ket qui nghien cflu, flng dung vio giing dgy dfldc xem li yeu td hang dau Trong dd, cic giang vien ngoii bifn chf khdng yfu cau ve nghien cflu khoa hpc, ma chi hoin thinh cdng vifc giing dgy theo dflng hgfp ddng GlAODUC^UOCtr 2.2 Giing vien bien che li nhflng ngfldi rat dfldc kinh trpng tiong trUdng Hp cd the tfl choi giing dgy nhflng khoi hpc khdng sit vdi chuyen mdn vi nang lfle cua minh, dupc quyen tham gia ddng gdp kien vio cac chinh sich phat trien cua nha trudng Hp ed phdng lam vifc, trp giing va trp li nghien cflu rieng Nhflng giing vien bin thdi gian khdng cd phdng lim vifc rieng, cd the cd hogc khdng cd trp giing theo dieu kifn cua mdi trudng Hp chi den ldp cd gid dgy vi khdng dUdc tham dfl vio cic cdng vifc npi bp cua trfldng Vl khdng ed phdng lim vifc rifng, nhflng budi hgn ggp sinh vien cua hp thudng la d giing dfldng, vUdn trUdng hogc thgm chi li quin ci phe eua nhi trfldng Thfm vio dd li cae thU kf ciia khoa, bdi vi hp eung d vj tri thap nhflng bgn cdn thap hdn hp" 2.3 Nhflng giing vifn da dxigc tuyen dung, hp dUde tri Ifldng cao, dfldc ddng bio hiem xi hdi, bio hiem y te, dfldc hfldng cic die quyen khic chinh sich npi bd cua mdi trUdng cho den cudi ddi neu hp khdng vi phgm phip luit; dupe chi tri de tham dfl cic khoi hpc, hdi thio vi ngoii nfldc, dupe nghi nghien cflu theo thdi hgn (sabatticals) Trong dd nhflng giang vifn ngoii bien ehe, neu giang dgy toin thdi gian thi ed the dflpc ddng bio hiem y te vi xi hoi thdi gian lim vifc cdn nhflng giing vien bin thdi gian khdng dfldc nhi trfldng ddng cac logi phi bio hiem, khdng cd che dp nghi, phai tfl chi tri cho nhflng khoi hpc ning cao nang lfle chuyen mdn hay hdi thio Dgc bift, sfl chfnh Ifch ve mfle Ifldng da vi dang dupc xem la mpt van de giy tranh cai Anh hudng ciia lUc lUdng gidng vien ngodi bien che ddi vdi hogt dgng gidng dgy cdc trUdng dgi hgc Hoa Ky Theo thdng ke cua Uy ban Giio dye Hoa Ky, vao nam 1975, Hoa Ky cd 43% giang vien cac trudng dgi hpc la life lUpng ngoii bien che Nam 2010 li 70% Cd rat nhieu li de dieu niy xay ra: Thu nhd't, cac khoa cua cac tiTldng cho ring, vifc thue cic giing vien ngoai bien che re hdn vi chinh cac khoa dUde hudng ldi, dgc bift li dupc trUdng giao tfl chu ve tii chinh ThU hai, vifc cac trudng ngiy cing phy thupc vao cic giing vien ngoii bien che xuat hifn tfl sfl phit trien cua chinh cic giing vifn bien ehe hp dflpc dim bao quyen tfl hpc thugt vi quyen ndi "Khdng" vdi cac chuong trinh ma hp eho la khdng phu hop vdi chuyfn mdn cung nhu nang lfle cua minh Ben cgnh dd, hau het eie khoin ngin sich cua khoa dupe dinh cho nhflng ngfldi cd vi tri eao khoa viy cic khoa, trfldng thudng khdng cd hoac rat it eac chi tieu tuyen dung them vi vifc thue eie giing vien ngoii bien che cung li mpt lfla ehpn hdp li ThU ba, vifc cic trfldng dgi hpc, thgm ehi li cic trUdng eao ding nhd hdn mudn cic giing vifn phii cdng bd vi trinh biy eie nghien cflu cua minh eung li mdt nguyen nhin lim gia ting lfle Ifldng bin thdi gian Rat it giio sfl nam he tiidng bien ehe, dfldi ap lfle cua nghien cflu khoa hpe, ed tiidi gian, thim ehi li ed nguyfn vpng dflng ldp giing II day, mpt vifc ma dang le dd la cdng vifc thudng cua hp Vi nhflng giing vien ngoai bien che lgi cd ca hpi thuc hifn nhifm vu nay, thim chi nay, hp cdn giing dgy ci nhflng mdn dUpc cho la quan trpng ma trUdc day chi giing vien bien che mdi dupc dim nhan ThU tu, nhflng nam cudi cua the ky 20 vi dau the ky 21 dupe cho li thdi gian vang cua giio due Hoa Ky Nhieu khoa dupc md dem lai nhieu hfla hgn cho hau het nhflng ngUdi co bang tien si va cung la nguyen nhan de sd lUpng hpc vien sau dgi hpc, die bift la trinh dp tien si gia tang Gifla nhflng nam 20052007 cic trUdng dai hpc Hoa Ky di cap bang Tien si eho 101^99 hpe vien nhUng sd lUpng nhflng ngUdi lim cdng tic trp giing cho cic giing vien nhflng nam dd dflpc tiiyen ehi li 15.820 Mpt sd trfldng dgi hpc, vi du nhU Dgi hpc Georgia Southern trUde diy di tflng tuyen cac hpc vien tien si cua hp lim giing vien d cic khoa vung, nhUng bay gid cung chl tuyen giing vien bin thdi gian Vdi tinh trgng dU thfla tien si nhfl hifn thi trUdng lao ddng thi khdng cd li gi de cic trudng dgi hpe khdng hudng ldi tfl dd ci * Ket lugn Dflng trfldc xu the bj sup cua hf thdng giing vien bien che, sfl ldn mgnh cua lfle Iflpng ngoai bien ehf phu hdp vdi dieu kifn kinh te vi xi hdi cua Hoa Ky 10 nim trd lgi diy, cic nhi quin U giio dye dgi hpe Hoa Ky di ed nhieu nghien cflu, nhieu chinh sich nham dim bio cho sfl phit trien cua nhi trUdng, tgo difu kifn de sinh vifn ludn dUde (Xem tiep trang 45) TAP CHi THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 78-2/2012 • 41 DIEN DAN II nhfl bin dung cho miy hpc sinh lim trung t i m eua cflc hda hogt dpng nhin thflc chieu qua dau, vat that, phim, mye dieh giio dye GV toin eua HS bang dia giao khoa, phan mem can sfl dyng nhflng phfldng dgy hpc ehb bii hpe sinh dpng phap dgy hpe truyen thdng Tii lifu tham khao vi hap dan lam eho HS dUdc lam vifc GS Tran Van Hao GV nhac lgi kien thfle ed nhieu hdn, ket hdp sfl dyng (Tdng ehu bien), Vu Tuan (Chu bin eho HS, chdt lgi nhflng TBDH tflng bii giing bien), Lf Thj Thifn Hfldng, kien thflc can nhd, gdi y cic tgo hflng thu hpe tgp eho HS Nguyen Tien Tai, Can Van em tfl neu ehinh kien eua Khai thie vi sfl dyng hifu Tuat, Giii Tich 12 NXB Giao minh, dfldc trao ddi v i thao q u i eie logi hinh tranh inh, dye 2007 Ma so: CH 201 M8 luin GV hfldng dan HS nam dyng cy, md hinh dfldc trang GS Tran Van Hgo vflng vi lim Igi eie vi dy cy bj va tfl lim giup HS hieu bai (Tdng chu bien), Nguyen Mpng the sich de hieu cich thfle chat, ed tic dung ning Hy (Chu bien), Khu Qude Anh, giii mau GV bam sit chfldng cao chat Ifldng giing dgy v i Tran Dflc Huyen, Hinh hpc 12 trinh vi sich giio khoa, qua hpe tgp GV tpin 12 can tieh NXB Giio dye 2007 Ma so: cic bii tgp, tdng ket dgng dien luy cic bp sflu tgp ve tranh CH 202 M8 hinh eho HS ed cich nhin tdng inh, md hinh, mau vgt Danh mye TBDH tdi hdp vi hf thdng ve npi dyng chfldng trinh lim tfl lifu thieu mdn toan 12, ban hanh toin di hpc tfl dd cic em yfu Hy vpng, tfl nam hpe 2011- kem thep QD sd 15, ngiy 10 thieh mdn toin hdn 2012, vifc sfl dyng eie flng thing nam 2008 eua Bd Ket luan: Ddi mdi dyng eua Cdng nghf thdng trfldng Bd Giao dye vi Dio tgo phfldng phip dgy hpe can phii tin nhfl phan mem dgy hpe Hfldng dan sfl dung bd cd TBDH chat Ifldng tdt, phit toin se cd hifu qui, phong phfl dyng cy tgo hinh trdn xoay huy nang lfle tfl dde lip va hdn, gdp phan ddi mdi phfldng Toin 12 cua Cty CP TBGD I sing tgo, lay vifc hpe tap cua phip dgy hpe theo hfldng tieh MiiiiiiiiinHiiiiiiniinuiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiMiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiii^ LUC LUONG GIANG VIEN NGOAI BIEN CHE a,,p,; „,„„,^7) hfldng mpt mdi trfldng dio tgo tot nhflng lgi phu hgfp vdi dieu kifn kinh te Chuyen ddi hf thdng giing vien bien ehe, tao dieu kifn de cic giing vien khdng bien che trd tiiinh giing vien bien che, ,.- , V » * ^ X cil tiiifn che dp dii ngd ve tien Ifldng, bio hiem, ve dieu kien ning cao trinh dp chuyen mdn cho cic giing vifn ngoii bien che di hp giing dgy tdt hdn li mpt sd cii cich m i mdt sd trfldng dgi hpc d Hoa Ky da vi dang tien hinh, Uiy nhifn, sd Ifldng nhflng tiildng niy van cdn rat it Cd nhflng vin de can phii giii quyft df tiSg chit Ifldng dpi ngu cic giing vien ngoii bien che, nhUng mpt dieu quan trpng mi bin thin eae giing vien bin thdi gian d Hoa Ky mang lgi eho sinh vien dd li tinh tiiflc tien cdng vifc, dieu ma cic chUdng trinh dio , V ^ - IT'* XT - tgo thieu va sinh vien Vigt Nam trudng yfu Thift nghi, tang dpi ngu giing vien thinh giing chat lUdng cao (tiidng qua qui trmh tuyen chpn) li mpt nhiing cich tiep can nham thflc hifn phUdng chim "dio tgo gan vdi thflc tien vi dip flng nhu cau xa hdi" cua giio dye dgi hpc Vift Nam Tai lifu tham khao Andrew Hacker and Claudia Dreifus, Higher Education?, Time Books, New York, 2010 ^ ^: J°^^.^ ^^„^""' 7'Vi,''-^ American Higher Education, ]ohn ^ ^ j^^^g 2004 ^3 '^^^^^ p^j^^j ^^ ^^^^ -^^jg^^ p^^^ ^^^ -^ ^^^^^ Education: A selected annotated Bibliography, 2011 Tom Suhrbur, Adjunct Faculty Assosiation of Chicago (www.argosyedu), 2010 Cic tiidng tin tren Website f \ " ' ^ P ^ Vw^^^Tm"'^"^^"^ ^ ^ hpc Hoa Ky (AAUP) TAP CHi THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO - / 2 • 45 ... minh Ben cgnh dd, hau het eie khoin ngin sich cua khoa dupe dinh cho nhflng ngfldi cd vi tri eao khoa viy cic khoa, trfldng thudng khdng cd hoac rat it eac chi tieu tuyen dung them vi vifc thue... vien ngodi bien che ddi vdi hogt dgng gidng dgy cdc trUdng dgi hgc Hoa Ky Theo thdng ke cua Uy ban Giio dye Hoa Ky, vao nam 1975, Hoa Ky cd 43% giang vien cac trudng dgi hpc la life lUpng ngoii... Cd rat nhieu li de dieu niy xay ra: Thu nhd''t, cac khoa cua cac tiTldng cho ring, vifc thue cic giing vien ngoai bien che re hdn vi chinh cac khoa dUde hudng ldi, dgc bift li dupc trUdng giao tfl