GUD DVC NirtiC NGOAl 9 PHAN LUONG TRONG HE THONG GIAO DUG CUA MfiT SO NU0C VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM TS Dd THI DfCH LOAN Vl(n Khoa bpc Gllo dvc Vl$l Nam Phin ludng v l l i ln thdng trong h§[.]
GUD DVC NirtiC NGOAl PHAN LUONG TRONG HE THONG GIAO DUG CUA MfiT SO NU0C VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM TS.Dd THI DfCH LOAN Vl(n Khoa bpc Gllo dvc Vl$l Nam Phin ludng v l l i l n thdng h§ thdng giio dye ddng vai trd ngiy cing quan trpng q u i trinh phit triln cOa mdi qudc gia, cd i n h hUdng trUe t i l p din chiln tape p h i t t r i l n n h l n lye v i co hdi hpe t i p sudt ddi cho moi ngudi D i y l i v l n d l d i v i dang duoc nhilu qudc gia quan t i m Mdi qudc gia d i u ed md hinh phin ludng hpc sinh rilng, theo d i l u kiln kinh t l xa hdi v l truyin thdng van hda Trong khudn khd b i i bio n i y tie g i l ehl t i p trung nghiin cdu kinh nghiim cOa mdt sd nude vile p h i n ludng hpc sinh sau gilo dye phd elp (trung hpc co s ^ Mot sd khai niem l i l n quan I.I.Mtdn ludng hoc sinh Dudi gdc dd g i i o dye hpe v i t i l p c i n t r i n co sd hogt ddng, p h i n ludng ddpc h i l u l i q u i trinh t i c ddng c6 muc dfch, cd td chdc cd k l hogcli, cd ndi dung v i bing phucmg p h i p khoa hpe cOa cic luc lupng su pham tdi ddi tupng g i i o dye n h i m n i n g cao nhln thdc phit ti-iln tri t u ^ hinh t h i n h kl nang v i t h i i dd phCi hc^ vdi tilm nang cda mdi e l n h l n v i d i l u kiln phit triln kinh t l - xa hdi mdi giai doan nhit dinh Do dd, p h i n ludng l i su p h i n h o i theo ntidm Idn ed eCing nguyen vpng, n i n g lyc Phin ludng hpc sinh (HS) l i biln p h i p thyc h i l n hpp tl xu hudng p h i n h o i HS tiln cosd n i n g tyc hpe tap, nguyin vpng cOa HS v i nhu elu xa hdi U Phdn luong hgc sinh sau gido due ph6 cdp/ tmng hgc ctf sd (J giai doan gilo dye trung hpc co sd (THCS), nhdng die diim sinh If - tam II - x l hdi cOa HS da bdc 16 dd i l mdt nhdng cd sd de p h i n hda, p h i n ludng HS sau THCS Su khie cOa mdi HS v i die diem sinh If - t h i c h i t t i m If - x i hdi ddi hdi chUdng trinh, ndi dung, phuong phap, d c h td chdc gilo dye phii thay ddi d l phu hpp vdi sd p h i t t r i l n cda tdng d nhln Ngoai ra, d elp THCS, HS d l bdc Id k h i rd ning lyc hpc t i p v i thdng qua cic hoat ddng ndi khda, ngogi khda, d c em d i t h i hien nhdng n i n g khilu, sd trUdng Diy chfnh I I l i co sd d l HS, cha m? HS v i gllo viln suy nghT n&i t i l p tue phat t r i l n theo hUdng n i o thi thuin hon v i phu hpp hem Mat k h i c sy p h i t t r i l n cOa d c nganh cdng nghiep cd ham lupng khoa hpc cao ddi ti6i ngudi lao p h i i ed trinh dd van hda d n t h i l t dd HS v i o hpc d trddng nghe phii cd trinh dd v l n hda tdi tiiilu l i THCS, vdi nhOng n g h i phdc tap, die b i l t l i nghi thupc cic linh vyc cdng n g h i cao phii cd trinh dd van hda phd thdng trung hpc Vi v l y p h i n ludng HS sau giio due phd elp (9 nim) l i xu hUdng cOa phin Idn cic nude t r i n t h i gidi Mo hinh p h i n ludng hpc sinh sau g l l o due phd e l p (9 nim)/THCS d mot sd nUdc Trong nhdng t h i p kl qua, nhilu nUde trin t h i gidi da v i dang d i td giio dye vdi xu t h i phin ludng sau d p hpe phd e l p Vdi xu the n i y sau gllo dye phd c|p/ bit budc h i ttidng gilo due dupc phin thinh ludng: ludng gilo dye phd thdng v l ludng gilo due ki thult nghi nghilp Ludng giio dye phd thdng dupe chia thinh nhinh: nhlnh h i n l i m v l nhlnh phd thdng cd dgy nghi (d trinh dd thip) Ludng giio due ki thuit nghe nghilp dupe chia thinh d e nhinh trung hpc nghi vOi dgy v i n hda vda dgy nghi, va nhlnh day nghi Cic ludng n i y duoc t i l p ndi d trinh dd dgi hpc theo nhlnh: nhlnh dai hpc dinh hUdng nghiin cdu (hin Ilm) v l nhanh dai hoc djnh hUdng kl thult dng dyng (cdng nghe) Nhd sy phin ludng nhd viy n l n cd t h i d i o tao dupc nhdng cdng nhln kT thuit cd kT nang nghe trinh dp cao, nhdng ki t h u l t viln v i ki sU cd kT ning thue hinh gidi d l cd t h i ehl dao cdng nhin v i d i l u hinh sin xuat Md hinh phan ludng h i thdng gilo due cOa ele nudc cd sy khac nhau, tOy thudc v i o trinh dd phit triln kinh t l - xa hdi, eo d u lao ddng v i truyin thdng van hda d i n tdc cOa mdi qudc gia Tuy nhiln, t i t d d c nude deu r i t quan tam v l coi phin tudng HS sau THCS l i d i l m xuat phat eua chien Idpc phat trien ngudn nhln lye Di thyc hien phan ludng he thdng gilo dye d c nude d l xay dyng mdt he thdng g i i o dye md, mem d i o v i tinh hogt thda man nhu d u giio dye cho mpi ngudi vdi quan ^ I m giio due lien tye hoc t i p sudt ddi v i thda man nhu cau nhln lUe vdi co d u nginh nghi, trtnh dd dao tao da dgng Ddng thdi tgo sU phin tudng v i tiln thdng sau THCS v i sau THPT d l d i p dng y l u cau t y chpn n g h i eCa giao dye hudng nghilp Kinh nghiim cOa eic nddc cho t h i y tiln thdng v i phin tudng trUde tiln d n t i p trung v i o HS sau gilo dye phd elp/THCS VI v l y chUdng trinh dUpc t h i l t k i lien thdng dpc tdTHCS qua trung hpc phd thdng (THPT) t i n dgi hpc v l tiln thdng ngang sau d p THCS, to THPT blnti thadng sang THPT kT thult tdng hpp, sang trung hpc n g h i v l ngupe tgi Cin nhln mgnh ring sy tiln thdng gida giio due phd thdng v l gllo due kT t h u l t n g h i nghilp t i xu t h i t i t y l u dupc thyc hiln d hau h i t d e nUdc p h i t t r i l n hien SU phin ludng v i tien thdng nhu t h i s i l i m cho h i thdng giio due qudc Slf82-THANG7/2012*63 ® GlAODVCNUtfCNGOAl d i n m I m d i o , tinh hogt d i p dng nhu elu hpe sudt ddl HS ed t h i tilp tye hpe t i p tai trddng thdng sau cOa mdi d nhln v i nhu elu eo elu nhln lyc cda qudc hoin t h i n h giio due ptid c i p ; t r i n h cho HS d e tn/dng gia TTnh hinh p h i n ludng HS sau THCS cOa mdt sd n g h i khdng cd cd hdi v i o dgi hpc hole khd khan vi|e tim dupe mdt cdng vi^c tdt; tao hudng chuyin nudc dupe minh hpa b i n g sau: Tinh hinh phdn luSng hgc sinh sau THCS d mdt tilp td gilo dye n g h i nghilp sang g i i o dye dai hoc v i khuyin khich HS theo hudng dd; s6 nt/dc - Liln thdng v i p h i n tudng trade t i l n d n t i p ãni^HS T] lô HS tôt NSm TT NUiSc trung v i o HS sau g i i o dye phd dp/THCS VI v|y nghiep THCS tdt nghiep ehuong trinh d n dupc t h i l t k l l i l n tfidng dpc tUTHCS vio trung h9c THCSvio llnTHPTIln dgi h p c v i tiln thdng ngang sau dpTHCS, THPT nghi td THPT binh thudng sang THPT kf tfiult tdng hop, 26% 74% 2003 CHLBBCfc sang trung hpc n g h i v l ngupc Igi; 70% 30% 2003 TliyySI - Ddl mdt eo d u , chucmg trinh v l phuong phip g l l o dye dgy n g h i ble trung hpc d i p dng y l u d u cCia 76% 24% My 2000 n l n kinh t i tri thdc n h i m t i n g sdc cudn hdt cua giio 30% 70% 2000 Nh«t dye dgy n g h i tgi b i c trung hpe; 50% 1982 50% HinQu& - Thilt l i p hi thdng tU v l n v l djnh hudng nghi 36% 64% 2003 nghilp ele trudng t i l u hpc v i tnjng hpc nhim cung elp cho HS thdng tin tdt hem v l d e cd hdi hpc 56.7% Tnjng Qudc 43.3% 1996 t | p v i n g h i nghilp, v i d c trudng phd thdng Ngudn: Ddng Danh Anh n h i m t r i n h hi|n tupng HS bd hpc Kinh nghiim cda Phin Lan cho t h i y sd di HS cd K i t l u i n sy chain bj kl ludng tn/dc dua quylt dinh v l vile Mdi HS d i u ed nhdng d i e d i l m sinh hpc t i m li tya chpn mdt d e khda hpc b i t budc dTHPT l i x l hdi v l d i l u k i l n kinh t l khic nhau, Do dd vile nhd cd su t u v l n v l dinh hudng n g h i rdng rii d d e " p h i n hda" hpc t i p , ' p h i n ludng", "phin nginh trudng THCS Trong sudt nam hpc THCS, HS d i u ed gid hpc mdi t u i n d l dupc t u v l n v i hudng d i n vi$e nghi", cic d p , b i c hpc phO hpp vdi d i e diem mdi hpc t i p D i l u dd giOp d c em khic phuc sy t h i l u h i l u c l n h l n I I cd tfnh ktioa h o c n h l n v l n , mang lgi 1^ b i l t vile Ida etipn nginh hpc sau niy, ddng thdi fch cho e l n h i n v i x l hdi, v i I I xu hudmg chung cOa cd t h i m ddng lye d l hpe mdt d i i u vd cOng d n t h i l t t i t c l d c nudc Phin tudng v i tiln thdng h i thdng g i i o dye dUpc coi I I mdt c h i l n lupe quan trpng budc v i o b i c hpc ptid th&ig v i nhu e l u e i n t h i i t dang d i l n d e l e qudc gia trin Di chuin bj cho n g h i nghilp, cOng nhu mong t h i gidi mudn cd dupc mdt cudc sdng tdt dep, hem 90% gidi t r i p h i n Lan quyit dinh t i l p tye hpc tin THPT T A I Lieu THAM K H A O Mdt nda sd dd q u y l t ^ n h theo hpc d c chuong D i n g Danh Anh (2006), Thyt trgng vd gidi trinh dgy nghi Da pt^ln HS t i l p tyc v i o dgi hpe sau phdp phdn ludng vd liin fhdng hS tfidng gido due d l tdt nghiep THPT Dd t i nhdng die tiung v l d u trOc ndi dung v i td chdc cOa n l n gllo due tgi cic nude qudc ddn Nguyin Minh Dudng (2009), LUn thdrjg giita OECD Cdn d h i u h i t d e qudc gia k h i e g i l o dycTHPT v l n cdn tiln h i n h theo md hinh ed diln, chd khdng gidodgci^6thdngvdgidoducr)ghingfuip-mdt)aj^c0a (hdrd;?(,Tgp chf Khoa hpc a i o dye sd 50," 11/2009, Ha Ndi phii l i d l d i p dng ddi hdl cOa x l hdl tri thdc hi^n VQ Ngpc Hii, Mdt s6 vdn diphdt triin gido due M^t s6 b&i hpc kinh nght^m cho V l ft Nam Trin CO s6 nghiin cdu md hinh p h i n tudng hpe d cdc nudc khu vUc vd trin thi gidi, Tap d i l Khoa sinh sau g l l o dye phd c i p mdt sd nUdc cd t h i rut hpc Gilo dye sd 5, t h i n g n i m 2006 European Training Foundation, Secondary mdt sd b i i hpc kinh nghiem sau: education In OECD countries- Common challenges, - Cin td chdc tuyln tmyin, v l n ddng n h i m n i n g differing solutions, 2007 cao nhln thde cOa t o i n x l hdi v l phin tudng HS, t i l n tdi UNESCQ Global Education Digest 2011, x o l d i n t i m It day theo b i n g d p Huy ddng sdc mgnh tdng hpp cda t o i n x i hdi v i o cdng t i e hudng nghilp, Comparing Education Statisticn Acmss the Worid 2011 die b i l t l i d e phucmg t i i n thdng tin dgi chung, l i m cho xhi h i ti-l v i t o i n t h i nhin d i n nhln thdc duOc ring, nghi n i o cQng d i n g qui, d i n g trpng, v l dgi hpc khdng phii i i dudng n h i t d l v i o ddi; - Cd d u tgi h i thdng g i i o dye qudc d i n theo hudng md, linh hoat n h i m d i m b i o eo hdi cho t i t d 64*KHDAH9CfilA0DVC SUMMARY The oufhor has explored the experiences of several countries as regards tracking students post universalized education, i.e lower secondary level and experience lessons drawn thereof for Vietnam ... l u k i l n kinh t l khic nhau, Do dd vile nhd cd su t u v l n v l dinh hudng n g h i rdng rii d d e " p h i n hda" hpc t i p , '' p h i n ludng", "phin nginh trudng THCS Trong sudt nam hpc THCS,... cOa x l hdl tri thdc hi^n VQ Ngpc Hii, Mdt s6 vdn diphdt triin gido due M^t s6 b&i hpc kinh nght^m cho V l ft Nam Trin CO s6 nghiin cdu md hinh p h i n tudng hpe d cdc nudc khu vUc vd trin thi gidi,... elp cho HS thdng tin tdt hem v l d e cd hdi hpc 56.7% Tnjng Qudc 43.3% 1996 t | p v i n g h i nghilp, v i d c trudng phd thdng Ngudn: Ddng Danh Anh n h i m t r i n h hi|n tupng HS bd hpc Kinh