DdttjmHQC s6 9 2011 2I liiup hoc sinh, giao vien pho thong phan biet tir dofn, tir ghep, cum tir trong t i^g Viet PGS TS NGUYEN THI LlJCfNG Phan biet tO ddn vdi tO ghep, tO ghep vdi cum tO trong t i l[.]
DdttjmHQC s6 9-2011 _2I liiup hoc sinh, giao vien thong phan biet tir dofn, tir ghep, cum tir ti^g Viet PGS TS NGUYEN THI LlJCfNG Phan biet tO ddn vdi tO ghep, tO ghep vdi cum tO tilng Viet, lau dd'i vdi hpc sinh, sinh vien va giao vien eac trUdng ph6 thdng van la mpt van de edn nhilu vUdng mae Bang each nao d l thao gd dan nhOng khd khan vUdng mle viec phan biet eac ddn vj tren, dd la mue dieh ma bai v i l t dat Ve vl#c phan b i f t tU ddn vdi iii ghep Trong tieng Viet, van de khdng kho khan l l m , cb the can cO vao cac dinh nghTa v l tO ddn, tO ghep de nhan diSn chiing NhOng hien Viet ngO hpc lai tbn tai hai quan diem ve tO ddn - tO ghep Day chinh la ed sd tao ebe each phan loai khae v l v l n de tO ddn - tO ghep a) Quan diem lay don vi "tieng" lim tieu ehf phan loai Quan d i l m dya vao dae trUng phan tilt tinh eua tilng Viet ma cho r i n g t i l n g Vibt, hinh vj hoan toan trung vdi tilng, nen moi tieng la mdt hinh vj Dai dibn cho quan d i l m lay tieng iam tieu chi phan loai la GS Nguyen Tai Can Trbn cd sd eua quan diem nay, cae tac gia SGK NgO van Idp dUa djnh nghTa: "Tieng \k ddn vj eau tao nen to TU chlgom mot tieng li tU ddn TU gom hai hoic nhieu tieng la tU phUe NhOng tO phOe dUde tao bing each ghep eac tilng cd quan he v l nghTa vdi dUde gpi la to ghep Cdn nhOng tO phOc ed quan he lay am giOa ede tilng dUde gpi la tO lay." (NgO van Idp 6, tap NXBGD 2003-Trang 14) b) Quan diem lay ddn vi "hlnh vi" li tieu ehl phan loai Dai dibn cho quan d i l m l l y hlnh vj iam tieu chi phan loai la GS Db HOu Chau Cac tae gia thee quan dilm theo quan dilm da can cO vao sb lUdng hinh vi d l phan chia tU tieng Viet tO ddn (tO mdt hinh vj) va tO phOe (to hai hlnh vj trd Idn tao thanh) Trong "Cae binh dien eua tO va tO tilng Viet", GS Do HOu Chau xac djnh "Cac to se dUde phan chia theo sb lUdng cae hinh vj tao nen chiing K i t qua d bUdc se cho cac tU ddn va tU phUc TU ddn \k nhOng tO dUde e l u tao theo phUdng thOe to hda, la nhOng tO chi cd mot hinh vi TO phOe la nhOng to hdn mbt hlnh vj tao nen theo cac phUdng thOc phOe hda hi$n hanh t i l n g Viet TU phUe l^i dUdc ehia to lay va to gh6p." (trang 169) Cung theo quan diem nay, tilng Viet la tilng ddn am tilt nen da sb hlnh vj trung vdi tieng - nhUng chi la da sb ma khdng phai toan bd NhU vay edn mpt sb hinh vj khong trung vdi tilng Do la nhOng trUdng hdp am thuan Viet nhU: bii nhin, bo ket, Snh UOng, cheo beo, ie li, mac cot, mo hdi, bo hong, mi ca va mbt sb tO vay mOdn tO ngdn ngO an Au nhU: a-xit, ci-phe, lac-le, md-td, d-td, a-pa-tit, pd-pd-lin cae tae gia theo quan d i l m lay hlnh vi iam tieu ehf phan loai to, xep cac phOc t h i tren vao loai tO ddn da am d l phan biet tO ddn ddn am {gao, nhi, dUdng, nUde, trUng ) Cac tac gia l l y tieng lam tieu ehf phan loai xep chung vao tO ghep Bdi hp cho ring: nghTa eua mbi tilng cac phOc t h i nhU: bu nhin, bd ket, enh Udng khdng giai thfch dUde, nhUng xet v l ngubn gbc thi cung cd the trUde day nd van ed nghTa Vay khae ve quan dilm nhUng sU khdng thbng nhlt xac djnh ranh gidi tO ddn - tO ghep tren thUe t l chi thu hep d mbt sb it cae tU (neu tren) ma thdi, viee x i p chiing vao lai tO ddn hay tO ghep la d i u ed If Hieu nhU vay giao vien se giai toa nbi ban khoan, hoai nghi v l tfnh diing - sai eiia van d l Ve v i f c phSn biet tO ghep vdi cum tO Viee phan biet tO ghep vdi cym tO khd khan va nan giai hdn nhieu hdn so vdi viec phan biet tO ddn - tO ghep Bdi vay, to trOde tdi nay, gidi Viet ngO hpc da phai de xult kha nhilu tieu chuan dung iam ehb dUa de phan biet to ghep vdi cym tO Cu the: 2.1 Di/a vao d$c diem nghTa va mdi quan h$ glOa cac yeu to a Ve moi quan he giOa eic ySu to - Mpt tb hdp hinh vj dOde coi la tO thi sy k i t hdp giOa eac hlnh vj dd phai rat chat ehe Viec tach eac hinh vj se anh hodng den ngO nghTa eua tO Vf dy: hpc sinh, cdng nhan, ndng dan, dUa chudt, dUa gang, an mic \k cae tO ghep, khdng t h i "tach" hoac "Chen" them y l u tb nao vao giOa eac tU dd Trong cym tU: quan he eac tO la quan he "long" nen ed t h i "tach", "chen" hay "md rbng" cym tO Vf du: hpc gioi a hpc rat gidi e l m but a e l m cai but b Ve mit ngO nghTa - Dbi vdi to gh6p: nghTa cua tO gh6p la nghTa tbng t h i 22 tOe la toan bb cac hinh vj tO hdp lai mdi b i l u thj mpt sy vat, hanh dpng hay tinh chit va nghTa eua tOng hinh vj tO ghep ve cd ban khbng giO nguyen nghTa gbc eua nd Vf du: "an ndi" la tO ghep (dbng tO) de chi mbt hoat dpng nbi nang ehung, ehO khbng phai mbt to hdp tO gbm hai tO gbp lai : "an" + "nbi" "dau rubi" la tO ghep (danh tO) d l chi dau n g l m - mbt bb phan eua khau sung, ehO khdng phai la "dau cua rubi" - Dbi vdi cum tO: nghTa cua cum tO tU la nghTa tbng cdng, tUe la nghTa cua toan cum tO bang nghTa eua tOng tu cdng lai va nghTa cua tOng tO v l cd ban van giO nguyen nghTa gbc cua chiing Vf dy: Hpc gioi = hpc (hoat ddng) + gidi (tfnh chat) Cam but = cam (hoat dbng) + but (sy vat) 2.2 Di/a vao kha nang cai bien cua to hgp Be phan biet tO ghdp vdi cym tO, cae nha nghien eOu cbn dUa cae thu phap eai biln, tOc dem tb hip dang xet cai bien di de xem cae tb tb hdp hoat dpng vdi tU each la tb eua mdt chinh t h i hay vdi tU each la nhOng ddn vj rieng le, iam thdi hdp lai Cac thu phap cai b i l n thudng hay dUde nhic tdi la: md rang chen, thay the, rut gpn a Thu phap "md rang" N l u cho A, B la hai ddn vj dang xet thi them mbt y l u tb X vao tb hdp AB: - N l u X ed quan he vdi ca tb hdp (A+B) thi tb hdp db la tu ghep Vf du: hpc sinh nhOng hpc sinh hpc sinh gioi nhOng vk gioi ed quan he vcfi toan tb hdp hpc sinh, vay hpc sinh la tO ghep N l u X quan he vdi tOng y l u tb A, B mpt each rieng le thi A, B la tb hdp tU Vf dy: cam dua, dang cam dua, dang cam dua ngi dang chi ed quan he trUe tiep vdi cam, ngi chi quan he true t i l p vdi "dua" vay " d m dua" la to hdp tO tu b Thu phap "chen" Neu X chen vao giOa tb hdp thep sd db AxB thi AB la to hdp ty Neu khdng chen dUdc thi AB la tO ghep So sanh: (1) Trong cau "Cho tbi dbi ehilc ao ngan lay chile ao dai kia" thi "ao dai" cum tO vi cb the chen tO "hdi" hay "rit" vao giOa "ao hdi dai" hay "ao rat dai" (2) Trong cau "Cb thieu nO Viet Nam duyen dang bp ao dai truyen thd'ng" thi ao dai la tO ghep vl khdng the Chen ra'if hay hoi vao giOa "ao rat dai" hoac "ao hdi dai" c Thu phap thay the Dung eac yeu tb tUdng tu thay the cho AB Neu ed t h i thay t h i d l dang AB A'B, AB', A'B', thi AB la cum to, n l u trai lai thi AB la tO ghep (1) Trong cau "Meo tha chan vjt" thi "chan vjf la cum to tu do, vi ed the thay t h i to hdp dd chan gi, dau gi, dau vjt (2) Trong cau "May khau bj hong chan vjt" thi "chan 309-2011 Di^vaHpc vjt" la to ghep khbng the thay the bang mbt tb hdp khae tUdng dUdng d ThQ phap rut gon Mpt hai yeu tb A hoac B neu rut gpn dUdc thi AB la cum tO; neu khbng rut gpn thi AB la tO ghep So sanh: (1) an cdm a an gl ? Cd t h i tra Idi rut gpn : cdm I ( +) a an cdm : cym tO ty (2) nha may a nha gl ? Khdng t h i tra Idi rut gpn : may ! (-) a nha may: tO ghep Tuy nhien, eac nha nghien cOu lai nhan thay rang eac thu phap tren chi giup phan biet dUdc tO ghep vdi cum tir mpt sb hoan canh nhat djnh va chi phan biet dUdc tu nd da chat che, rb rang: ehiing la cac tO ghep dien hlnh va cac cym tO d i l n hinh Tren thye t l , cac thu phap tren da tb bat lyc kha nhilu trydng hdp Vf dy : nhi tre \k tO ghep nhyng lai ed t h i chen mot yeu tb "nhagiOtre" Ngydclai nhU trUdng hdp "bung cdc", "mat bb eau" du khdng xen ke dUdc nhUng mIy da manh dan cho chiing la tO ghep Can phai khoanh vung cac iii ghep de phan bif t cac trUdng hcfp dien hinh vdi cac trUdng hdp dang ngd de l i n vdi cum Xii 3.1 Trudng hdp tCfghep dien hinh, bao gom: TO ghep cd it nhat mpt hlnh vi khdng dpe lap, nhU: xanh le, xanh ngat, rUc, dd di, trdn xoe, thang tudt, thing tap, cUng dd TO ghep biet lap: tai hong, chin vit (tau thuy), dau ruoi (sung), (quat) tai voi, (gliy) mom nhai, (eo) li sen TO ghep hdp nghTa phi ca t h i : chp bOa, dudng sa, thuyen be, bep nuc, an ndi, com nude, viet lich TO ghep phan nghTa hai chieu d i l n hlnh: dang vien, doan vien, ddi vien, dang uy, dang bd, dang tieh TO ghep phan nghTa mbt chieu cac hlnh vj eo nghTa ty tao nen nhUng chat ehe ve hlnh thOc nhii: miy bay, nhi may, xe dap, xe hoi, xe hoa, may tien, may bdm, miy no Cac trudng hdp tren khd ed t h i nham Ian vdi cum tii nen cb t h i gat ngoai vung diem r l c rbi 3.2 Trudng hgp tCfghep "dang ngd" de Ian vdi cym tU bao gom: a Trudng hpp 1: cii nha, cay tre, ga, quyen sach, ngudi thp, vj chu tieh, dUa em Day la trudng hdp cd c l u tao : loai tU + danh tO biet loai Loai cb khudn ngO phap cb dinh (nhU tO gh6p), nhung lai ed bb phan bien dbi dUde ve tU vung (nhU cum tO): cai nhi, cii chci, cai ao, cii qu^t, gi, vit, chd, meo NhUng ve mat y nghTa thi ca phOc the bao gbm: loai tO + danh tO mdi b i l u thj mpt sU vat (nhU tO) TrUdng hdp vOa mang dac diem eua cum tU lai vi/a mang dac d i l m cua tO ghep nSn cd tac gia cho la cum tii (hay ngO), cd tac gia xep vao tO ghep b TrUdng hop 2: niem vui, noi buSn, sU hi sinh, vi$c nghien cUu, ve dep, niem tin Day la trudng hdp cd c l u t^o: lo^i tO + vj tO TrUdng hpip cd dac diem gibng trUdng hdp 1, nen cd tac gia xep vao loai cym tO, cd tac gia x I p vao loai to ghep c TrUdng hdp 3: hoa hdng, Id cao, chim non, sS vang.- n DlMvaHpCsd 9-2011 ^ \ ( > M -^.^'l cac phOc t h i trSn cd c l u tao: danh tO + tfnh tO NhOng phOc t h i loai thodng gbm hai hlnh vj tU do, cd k i t c l u khbng that chat che, cb t h i tach, chen hay md rbng, thubc vao ngO canh cu t h i Vi vay, x I p trUdng hdp vao loai tO gh^p hay cum 10 cung p h i i can cO vao ngO canh ma chung xult hi§n VI du 1: Cb hai cho chau cai hoa hbng vang l y Trong ngO c l n h tren, hoa hongdMc dOng vdi y nghTa chi ten mbt loai hoa, nhU hoa cue, hoa Ian nen nd la tO ghap Vi dy : Cb hai cho chau eai bdng hoa to l y Cd hai cho chau cai hoa tim tim l y Cb hai cho chau eai hoa hbng ay TrUdng hdp cd t h i tim t h l y sU tUdng dUdng cua hong vdi to vk tim tlm Do dd, hoa hong d day la cum JO d TrUdng hdp 4: nha dao d i l n , nha bien kich, nha dao dien dien anh, nha soan kjch c6 dien, nha nghien eOu van hpc dan gian, tfnh tfch cUc, tfnh hien thUc, ehu nghTa xa hbi, chu nghTa hien thue, khoa hpc tu nkiien N l u so sanh cac phOc the nhilu am tilt d tren vdi cac phOc t h i song t i l t k i l u nhU: nha vin, nhi bio, nhi budn, nha sU thi thly chung dUdc xay dung theo eung mpt mau, nhUng khae v l sb lUdng am tiet cae hinh thOc hai am t i l t cd tinh chat ehe hdn, cd gia trj tU ghep rb hdn Vdi cae hlnh thOc ba, bbn am tilt, nhieu ngUdi nghien cOu cho rang chung gan vdi cym tO nhilu hdn va cd t h i xem chung la nhOng ngO cb djnh NhUng mdt sb nha nghien cOu khae khang djnh rang mac d i u cd nhOng dac dilm eua cum tU (sb lUdng am t i l t dai, k i t c l u gibng cum tO), nhung d i l u quan trpng la tO ngO nghTa cua chung la tO ngO nghTa cua to ghep nhU cae tO ghdp khae cung k i l u (kilu phan nghTa mbt chieu nhU : nhi vin, nhi bio, nhi budn ) cho nen tu each tO ghep cua chiing la ro rang .nttt' ã/.ôt -ằ.- / e TrUdng hpp 5: mit lUdn, mit phupng, mit dc nhdi, mui sU tCf, mui Id, mui dieu hiu, cUdi ruoi, cUdi khay, cUdi nhat, mit tay, vui tfnh Day la trudng hdp phOe t h i gbm hai ddn vj, k i t eau kha chat ehe, rat gibng tO ghep phan nghTa Nhung cac ddn vj trung tam : mit, mui, cUdi, mit, vui ve cd ban van giO nguy§n y nghTa khai quat cua nb (gibng cum tO) Do db ed the coi loai la nhOng ddn vj trung gian giOa tO ghep vdi ngO cb djnh Ngoai trudng hdp "dang ngd" trdn, tilng Viet cdn nhieu trudng hdp khae r i t khd xac djnh tU each tO gh^p hay cum tO Theo GS Do HOu Chau thi "d vung ed sU "tham thIu" nhOng dae tinh cym tO sang tO va ngUde lai Ban chat cua nhOng hien tUdng "dang ngd", trung gian la nhU t h i ' (Dd HOu Chau, Cac binh dien eua tO va to tilng Viet, NXB KHXH, 1986, trang 226) Giao vien can phan biet cac tO ghep dien hlnh vdi cae trudng hdp trung gian Khi giang day, nen chpn cac trUdng hdp dien hinh Vdi cac trudng hdp trung gian, can hilu dUde hudng phan loai va ban chat cua chiing d l khdng cam thly lung tung, dac biet khdng danh dbng trUdng hdp trung gian vdi trudng hdp cum tO dieh thUe nhu : hpc gioi, cam ijut, nhi tren, nhi ngang, nde bep Tai lieu tliam tt\io: Do HOu Chau, cae binh di§n eua tO va tO tilng Viet, Nha xuat ban KHXH, 1986 Nguyen Tai Can, NgO phap tilng Viet, Nha xuat ban Dai hpc Qub'c gia Ha Npi, 1999 NgU vin Idp 6, tap 1, Nha xult ban Giao dye, 2003 TU dien tieng Viet (Hoang Phe ehu bien), Trung tam to dien ngdn ngO, Ha Npi, 1992 ... ghep So sanh: (1) Trong cau "Cho tbi dbi ehilc ao ngan lay chile ao dai kia" thi "ao dai" cum tO vi cb the chen tO "hdi" hay "rit" vao giOa "ao hdi dai" hay "ao rat dai" (2) Trong cau "Cb thieu... l u trai lai thi AB la tO ghep (1) Trong cau "Meo tha chan vjt" thi "chan vjf la cum to tu do, vi ed the thay t h i to hdp dd chan gi, dau gi, dau vjt (2) Trong cau "May khau bj hong chan vjt"... ghep Vf du: hpc sinh nhOng hpc sinh hpc sinh gioi nhOng vk gioi ed quan he vcfi toan tb hdp hpc sinh, vay hpc sinh la tO ghep N l u X quan he vdi tOng y l u tb A, B mpt each rieng le thi A, B