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'''' GIAO DUC DAN TOC MOT SO DIEN PHAP SIT PHAM GOP PHAN NANG CAO CHAT LlTONG DAY HOC TOAN CHO HOC SINH DAN TOC THIEU SO QI TIEU HOC 1 Oat van de 6 t i lu hpe, nhan thUe eua hpe sinh thudng mang tinh tru[.]
' - - GIAO DUC DAN TOC MOT SO DIEN PHAP SIT PHAM GOP PHAN NANG CAO CHAT LlTONG DAY HOC TOAN CHO HOC SINH DAN TOC THIEU SO QI TIEU HOC ThS TRAN THUY NGA Trung tam Nghien ciHu Giao due Dan tgc Oat van de tilu hpe, nhan thUe eua hpe sinh thudng mang tinh true quan, g i n liln vdi nhdng hinh anh, hidn tupng eu the Ydu ciu ddi mdi phuong phap day hpc (PPDH) ddi hdi giao vidn (GV) td chUe eae hoat ddng hpc tap eiia hpe sinh (HS) mdt each hpp li d l ed t h i huy ddng kha nang eua tUng em vide tim tdi, kham pha, phat hidn nhim dat dupc kit qui eao hon hpc tap mdn Toan, dd cae phuong tien true quan ddng vai trd edng cii quan trpng Khd khan Idn nhit la ddi vdi HS dan tdc thilu sd d t i l u bpc la rao can ngdn nguf nha, eae em diing tilng dan tpc d l giao t i l p bang ngay, nhung kbi d i n trudng, cac em pbai hpc bing ngdn ngU phd thdng la t i l n g Viet Do dd eae em gap nhieu khd khan tU vide nghe bilu Idi giang eua thay,cd d i n dpc, vilt, dien dat bing tilng Viet, trao ddi, ehia s l vdi mpi ngudi Khd khan ve ngdn ngU lam tu toan hpc cua HS bj han ehl, bpc mpt kiln thUe mdi, hoe sinh thudng khdng k i t ndi dupe vdi nhdng kiln thUe da hpc trUde dd ndn khd nhd, de qudn Trong thtic tien, b i n g kinh nghidm day bpc eua minh GV thudng sU dung PPDH trtie quan vdi nhdng phupng tidn trtie quan thich hop d l giup HS b i l u b i n chat eua nhdng khai nidm toan hpc c i n hpc Phupng tien trtie quan giup HS dan tdc t h i l u sd ed d i l m tua d l t u va suy nghi, lam giam bdt khd khan v l mat ngdn ngCf cua cae em Mot sd bien phap sU pham gop phan nang cao chat lUcfng day hoc toan cho HS dan toc thieu sd dr tieu hoc 2.1 Khai thdc kinh nghiem cdm tinh, huy dpng toi da cdc gidc quan cua HS tham gia vdo qud tr'inh tri gide d tilu hpe, kinh nghiem cim tinh eua HS thudng bit ngudn tif nhdng boat ddng thtic tien cude sdng Ching ban, cae em bilt d i m • KHOA HOC GlAO DUC nhdng vat gan gui xung quanh, d i m dung sd lan nhay day choi vdi ban; bilt d i m each: "nam, mudi, mudi lam, hai muoi, " choi trd choi "Trdn tim"; bilt banh xe hinh trdn, vien gach hinh vudng Kinh nghidm cam tinh eua HS cung ed the bit ngudn tU nhdng hoat dpng tri giae trtie tilp tren cae phuong tien trtie quan (PTTQ) qua trinh hoc tap Du kinh nghidm va nhdng hilu bilt dugc HS sd dung bing tieng me de eua cac em hay bing tilng Viet thi vide day hpe dUa trdn nhdng hilu bilt i y eung giup HS trd ndn tieh eiic ban, tilp thu bai hpe de dang hon Vdn kinh nghiem cua mdi ca nhan HS v l mdt ehii d l hoe tap thudng khdng gidng nhau, rit phong phu va da dang Cd HS bilt rat nhieu nhung cd HS khdng nhd gi lidn quan den chu de da hpe Vide chia sd kinh nghidm cua eae hpc sinh Idp tao mpt sti tUong tac tich cue HS ed co hdi de hpc hdi lan nhau, van dung kinh nghidm eua ban, kit hpp vdi hilu bilt cua minh phat triln ldn Qua trinh eung la cP hpi de GV ehinh xae boa nhdng hieu biet eua HS, lip nhdng Id hdng kiln thUe va nang eao bieu bidt ciia nhCfng HS ylu ban, eho mpi HS deu cd du kiln thUe nen tang trudc tilp nhan mdt kien thUe mdi Kinh nghidm cam tinh cua HS cd the dupe khai thae, huy ddng thdng qua vide td chUe eae boat ddng day hpe trtie quan nhU: quan sat tranh, anh hinb ve, thao tae triic tiep trin cae dd dung trtie quan, choi trd choi bpc tap, cac boat ddng ed sti van ddng cotbe Vi du 1: Khai thdc, huy dpng kinh nghiim dd co ciia HS dgy hgc vi "Hinh vuPng Hinh trdn" [Todn l;tr.7] Trudc kbi vao Idp 1, HS da tich luy duoc mdt sd hilu bilt d i u tien v l quan he "sd lupng" va quan hd khdng gian, tU ddi sdng hang va qua eae Idp miu giao Do vay nhilu em da cd t b i phan bilt va gpi tdn mdt sd binh binh hpe gan vdi eae dd vat thudng dung Ching ban: vidn gach hinh vudng GIAO DUC DAN TOC banh xe hinh trdn, cai dTa hinh trdn O l khai thac, huy ddng kinh nghidm cam tinh eua HS lidn quan din hinh vuong, hinh trdn GV ed t h i td chUe eae hoat ddng nhu sau: + Nhim mit lai, nghi v l nhdng vat hinh vudng, hinh trdn ma em da nhin thay d nha, d Idp, trdn dudng di Thao luan nhdm va ndu tdn cac vat hinh vudng, cae vat hinh trdn (d Idp, d nha, ) -I- Trd choi: "Tim hinh vudng", "Tim hinh trdn" mdt tranh ve sin, cac hinh ma GV dat Idn ban, cae dd vat that d ldp hpe, •I- Vd, td mau cac hinb vudng, binh trdn hoac tao binh vudng hinh trdn bing cac each khac nhau, ehing han nhu cit, dan hoac xlp que tinh hinh vudng Khi thtic hidn nhdng boat ddng nhu vay, nhdng hinh anh v l hinb vudng, binh trdn tri dc cac em dupc huy ddng, duac gpi lai mpt each tich etie, HS dupe tao co hpi de ehia se va dien ta suy nghi ciia minh, tao co hdi de phit trien tri tudng tupng khdng gian 2.2 To chde ede hoat dpng thdc hdnh, trdi nghiem nhdm md rpng cung cap them kinh nghiem edm tinh eho HS Qua trinh hpe tap eua HS cin di tU eu t h i din trUu tupng, tU don gian den phUe tap, phat triln tU nhdng kiln thUe HS da biet d i n nhUng kiln thUe HS cbua bilt Vi vay, ndu cbi khai thae, huy ddng kinh nghidm cam tinh cua HS lien quan din ehu d l cin hpe tbi ehua du, ein td ehUc eae hoat ddng eung cip thdm, md rdng va phat trien kinh nghidm cam tinh eua HS, tao nin tang eo ban vOfng chic cho HS tu xay dung ndn kiln thUe bing chinh boat ddng eiia b i n than cac em Thdng qua cae boat ddng tbiic hanh trai nghidm, HS dan tde hilu dupe ban chit ciia khai nidm toan hpc, giam bdt khd khan v l ngdn ngif GV ed the td chUe md rdng kinh nghidm c i m tinh eua HS thdng qua eae hoat ddng tae ddng vao toan bd cae giae quan eiia HS, ehing ban: Td ehUe cac trd choi tae ddng tdng hpp vao cac giac quan eua HS, ddi hdi HS phii sir dung thj giac, thinh giac, van ddng co the de suy nghi, tim tdi va Itia chon each giai quylt nhiem vu lien quan d i n ndi dung bai hpe Vi du 2: Md rpng kinh nghiim cdm tinh ciia HS dgy hgc ve "Mpt phdn ta" [ Todn 2; tr 119] Idp 2, HS nhan b i l t v l "Mpt phan tu" qua hinh anh trtie quan: hinb vudng dupe ehia phin bing nhau, dd cd phan dupc td miu GV ed the md rpng kinh nghilm cam tinh cua HS bing each td chUe cac boat dpng thao tac vdi cac vat lieu cu t b i nbu gap, vd, td m i u nhUsau: -I- Gap td giiy cho td giay dupe ehia phin bing nhau; Quan sat hinh anh, md binh, so dd, bilu bang, hoac nhu'ng binh anh md phdng khai nidm toan hoc - Thao tac trtie t i l p trin cac dd dung day hpc tnic quan nbU: d i m , do, td mau, cit dan, phan loai, lip, ghdp, xoay, lat, di chuyin, sip xlp HS thtic hanh quan sat, phan tieh, so sanh, dif doan de bude diu rut dupe nhdng nhan xet ve npi dung kiln thUe ein bpc 2.3 To chde ede hoat dpng day hpe nhdm ho tra qud tr'inh taduy tdcu thi din trdu taang Trong day hpc mdn toan d t i l u hpc, GV cd t h i giup HS di tU nhan thUe eu t h i d i n tu trUu tupng thdng qua vide td ebUe cac boat ddng sau: - Oiu tien, GV md ta va md hinh hda cac khai nidm, kiln thUe, ki nang toan bpc hoac cae tinh budng toan bpc cin hpe bing cac dd vat eg the Tilp theo, HS thUe hanh thao tae vdi cac dd -I- GV khuyen khich HS tim nhilu each gap khac nhau, hoac ke eae dudng thing de ehia td giiy pbin bing rdi td mau vao mdt phin Hinhl S677-THANG2/2012«61 t^ GIAO DUC DAN TOC vat eu t h i dd theo mdt t i l n trinh tUong thieh vdi cac boat d d n g tri tue n h i m san sinh k i l n thUe, kT nang toan h t x c i n tao dung hoac tuong thich vdi t i l n trinh giai q u y l t eae van de xoin hpc Lue HS nhan b i l t tri thUe toan hpc d mUe dd tri giac ctj t b i - Khi HS da n i m vdng cac thao tac thtic hanh, GV hudng d i n HS m d ta lai nhdng thao tac ndi trdn b i n g each sif diing hinb b i l u dien hoac sd d i i n g tranh, anh, md hinb, so dd doan thing , k h u y i n khich HS t u ve eae hinh b i l u dien hoac sd diing Idi ndi d l dien ta hanh ddng - T i l p d i n , HS t u rut cdc each thUe giai q u y l t v i n d l va sd d u n g hinh i n h , tranh vd, md hinh d l md ta each thUe dd K h u y i n khich HS sUdung ngdn n g d d l dien ta each thtic hidn, dien ta nhdng suy nghT d i u g i i i q u y l t van de - GV hudng d i n HS dien t i each g i i i q u y l t v i n de b i n g cac chd sd va eae ki hidu toan bpc ( t h i hidn cap dp nhan thUe trUu t u p n g d HS) - GV c i n d i m bao tri t h u d n g xuydn viec eung ed va luydn tap thtic hanh eho HS sudt qua trinh hpc tap Vidu 3: To chOc cdc hogt dpng ho trgHS taduy tO "cu the" de'n "trOu tagng" dgy hgc bdi "Phep nhdn" [Todn 2, trang 92J.C6 the td ehUe mdt sd hoat ddng chii y l u nhUsau: Hoat dpng : HS thao tdc tren cdc ddi taang cu the HS thtic hidn thao tae trdn eae dd vat cu t h i , HS x l p cae dd vat nhU que t i n h , vien sdi, x l p hinh, eae n h d m ed sd lUpng b i n g HS trao ddi d l b i l t da x l p dupe m i y n h d m , mdi nhdm cd may dd vat C h i n g ban: J^n 3-I-3-t-3-H = 12 HS md ta b i n g Idi: "Mdi nhdm cd d d vat, nhdm ed t i t ca 12 d d vat" Hoax dpng3:HShogtdpng vdi cdc chOsd, kihiiu GV hudng d i n nhan xet: + - l - - l - i a tdng eua sd hang b i n g nhau, moi sd hang deu b i n g Sau gidi thidu each e h u y i n t U t d n g cac sd hang b i n g 3-1-3-1-3-1-3 t h a n h phep nhan x = Hoat dong 4: HS tt/bieu dien phep nhdn thdng qua cdc vidu cu the - Mdi HS ndu mot tinh hudng va dd mpt ban khae neu phep nhan t u o n g Ung GV hudng d i n m i u , c h i n g ban: "Mdi eon meo ed cai ehan, meo cd cai chan" "4 dupe lay l i n ta ed phep nhan x = 8" Td chUe cbo HS tU ve "binh b i l u dien" phep nhan, b i n g each t d m i u vao eae d vudng, v i l t phdp nhan va m d ta phep nhan eiia minh Ket l u a n Khi sif d i i n g phuong phap day hpc trtie quan, GV can nhd r i n g trtie quan ehi la p h u o n g tien, ehU khdng pbai la muc dich; sif d i i n g PPTQ la n h i m phat t r i l n t u eho HS, eho ndn HS ed t h i nhan thUe dupe van d l khdng can d u n g d d dung trife quan t h i luc d d true quan cd the la thifa SU dung PTTQ e i n d u n g mUc, khdng dUng qua lau d giai doan nay, ma pbai kjp t h d i di tdi t u trUu t u p n g , e h i n g ban: Kbi hinh bang edng d Idp 1, ldp 2, GV ed the h u d n g d i n HS sUdung eae PTTQ n h u que t i n h , ngdn tay, d l t t i t i m k i t qua tdng phep edng Nhung dan dan HS pbai hpc thudc bang cpng, tap ndi ngay, v i l t k i t qua phep tinb, chi nao qudn edng thUc t i n h mdi sU dung que tinh, n g d n tay de hd tro eho tri nhd N l u lue nao GVeung h u d n g d i n H S s U d i i n g ngdn tay, que tinh de t i m k i t qua phep t i n h thi se han e h l sU phat t r i l n t u eua HS Khi HS dan toe hpc mdt khai niem toan bpc mdi hay m d t thuat n g d mdi, dieu quan trpng la phai td chUe eae boat d p n g hpe tap de lam HS k i t ndi dupc khai nidm mdi, thuat n g d mdi ay vao he t h d n g khai niem va k i l n thUe hidn ed Hmh Hoat dong 2: HS hogt dpng vdi cdc md hinh bieu dien HS vd binh b i l u dien eae nhdm d d vat da x l p dupe V i l t phdp tinh t i m sd d d vat • KHOA HOC GlAO DUC SUMMARY Theauthor presents somepedagogical measures supporting teachers in visual teaching in teaching mathematics for ethnic primary school children ... ehing ban: Td ehUe cac trd choi tae ddng tdng hpp vao cac giac quan eua HS, ddi hdi HS phii sir dung thj giac, thinh giac, van ddng co the de suy nghi, tim tdi va Itia chon each giai quylt nhiem... eung cip thdm, md rdng va phat trien kinh nghidm cam tinh eua HS, tao nin tang eo ban vOfng chic cho HS tu xay dung ndn kiln thUe bing chinh boat ddng eiia b i n than cac em Thdng qua cae boat... dudng di Thao luan nhdm va ndu tdn cac vat hinh vudng, cae vat hinh trdn (d Idp, d nha, ) -I- Trd choi: "Tim hinh vudng", "Tim hinh trdn" mdt tranh ve sin, cac hinh ma GV dat Idn ban, cae dd vat