TllP TUC DOI MOI PHDUNG PHAP DAY HOC UCH SÛ GOP PHfin nflne cno CHAT unriiG DHV HOC eo mOo NRung nim gan diy, vi''''n d l dd''''i mdi phuang phip day bpc Ljch sd (PPDHLS) d tmdng pho ttidng da dupe trid''''n[.]
TllP TUC DOI MOI PHDUNG PHAP DAY HOC UCH SU^ GOP PHfin nflne cno CHAT unriiG DHV HOC eo mOo GS TS N G U Y I N TH! C O l N Rung nim gan diy, vi'n d l dd'i mdi phuang phip day bpc Ljch sd (PPDHLS) d tmdng ttidng da dupe trid'n khai manh md, giup vide day hpc ljch sd (DH LS) cd nhung budetid'ntrie'n dang ke v l nhin ttidc, ndi dung v i phuang phap day hpc (PPDH) Song, thuc tidn DHLS ndi chung, dd'i mdi I^PDH ndiridngvan edn nhieu nan giai, khidn cho quattinhdS mdi PPDH khdng dat hidu qua nhumong mudn Ngoii ra, saeh giio khoa (SGK) dd'i mdi each bidn soan v l kenh chd, kenh hinh, sinh vi'n d l giio vien (GV) ehua du dp siu v l kiln thde de hudng dan hpc sinb (HS) khai thie kiln thde chim SG K, din tdi hidn tupng nhoi nhet vol vang hope cit xen chuang trinh Han nda, G V chi tip tmng vao cac bii hqc ttdn \dp it quan tim din vide td' ehdc cic boat dpng ngoai Idp Vipc kid'm tra, dinh gii DHLS ed chuyen biln nhung vin edn nhung han che; ehua chu y dd'n vide hie'u kiln thde, phit trid'n tu dpc lip v i ren luyen kha ning lap lupn, kTning ttii/c binh bd mdn cho HS; thim ehi ehi mang tinh hinhttidc,khiln HS coi thudng bdmdn, hpe dd'i phd Td nhdng vi'n d l ndu tren eho thay, PPDHLS d tmdng phd'ttidng da dupe ehu trpng dd'i mdi, nhung chua manh me v i ehua dap dng dupe ydu elu dao tao Oilu xuat phat td mdt sd' nguyen nhin sau: Nhung vi'n neu trdn dit ydu cau cap bich phai tie'p tuettiucbidn damdl PPDHLS manh mdhon nOa I.DoimdJ phuong phap tien hanh b i l hoc LS Bil hpc LS la hinh ttidc eo ban cua vide td ehdc qui trinh thd'ng nhait gida day hpc cua GV v i hpc t^p cua HS Nhidm vu cua bai hpe la thuc bidn mdt phln chuong trinh SGK, tdng budc hoan muc tidu mdn hpe, cap hpc v i khda trinh Tid'n hinh bai hpc LS la tat yd'u va bit budc vide DH d tmdng thdng (1) Hidu qua DHLS phu thupc phan Idn vao hidu qua tiing bii hpc, vi viy, mudn nang cao hipu qua bai hpc LS phai dd'i mdi PPDH va cd the thdng qua cac bidn phip: 1) Van dung ca'u true bai hgc mem deo theo kieuDHneu va'nde "DH neu van delimcttu tudng DH ehu tn/ang lim eho HS nam chic kidn thde tren casd tdehdc, hudng din hg tim tdi, nghien edu chd khdng phii bi dgng chd thay giio truyen thu cho"(2) G id hpe neu vi'n d l cd y nghTa die bidt vide hinh thinh kiln ttidc tren eo sd boat ddng tu tich cue, ddc lap Clia HS DH ndu vi'n d l gdm: trinh biy neu vi'n de, tinh hudng ed vi'n cfe v i bii tip neu van de (biitip nhin thde), tddd GV cd ci'u tme bil hpc nhu sau: -Oat mue dieh hpe tip tmdc HS nghien edu bai mdi (din dit HS vao tinh hud'ng covin diva neu - Quan niem chua dung vebd mdn Td ci'p quan li bai tip nhin ttidc); -Td'chdc eho HS glal quylt vi'n d l dd'n GV, cha me HS va HS deu col LS la mdn hqc (neu phuang phaptidpnhin thdng tin, dit ciu bdl gpi phu Vi viy, vide dlu tu v l easdvpt chat, thdi gian cho md, ket hpp trinh bay ndu vi'n de, hudng din HS khai day, hpc bd mdn ehua nhilu; van edn mdt sd' GV thie thdng tin, td'chdc trao dd'i, dim thoai ); - Kilm kiem nhidm DHLS Hon nda, bude vao tmdng tra boat ddng nhan thde cua HS de dinh gia mdc dp tmng hpe phd'ttidng, cha mp HS va HS da xic djnh ITnh hdi tii lieu, kit qua boat ddng tu dpe lip v i khd'i thi vao dpi hpc (da soHS thi khoi A v i D, cdn rit trinh dp nam kien ttidc LS eiia HS; - Ra bai tip v l nha it hudng ttieo khd'i C), nen HS tip tmng vao hpc eac detiep luc hoan ttiien vipc hinh kiln ttidc, ren mdn se thi dai hpc, dd'i phd vdi cac mdn hpc khae luyen kTning va kha nang tu cho HS (frongddedmdn LS); - GVLS dugc dio tao tdnhieu 2) Xac dmh dung kien thuc ca ban, su dung ngudn, chuang trinh v i chat lupng dao tao cd nhilu da dang, kethgp nhuan nhuyin, hgp licac PPDH khic biet, nen chat k/png G V khdng ddng dlu Khdng Trong DHLS, chicd the lam cho HS nim vung nhiing it G V edn non ylu v l ea chuydn mdn LS va ning luc kilnttidcCO ban M uon viy, GV can hieu rd 'Ki&i thde supham; yttidcttaehnhidm nghi nghiep khdng eao ; cabin li kidn thde tdiuu, cin thiet cho viec hie'u biet - Do dieu kien kinh tecua G V edn nhieu khd khin, ndn mpt sd'GV LS chua ehuyen tim tip tmng chui'n bj bii giang; tim tdl de dd'i mdi PPDH 38 Tap chi Gide due so 301 eua HS veLS (The gkii va din tdc) Ndgdm nhieu yeu * Khoa tick sir, Tr«ti{ Dai hoc nr phan Ha Nfi (kil 1/2013) hpe trdn Idp Trong boat ddng nay, HS phai tt/ hoan td sukign LS.cic nien dai, dia danh LS, nhin vitLS, cie bii tip, yeu eau G V dua sau eac liii hpe dcbidu tugng khiin'4m LS, eicquyluit, nguyen li, trdn kip, gdm: - Nim vdng tii lieu dihgc (nghidn cdu phuang phip hgc tip, van dung kien 0jdc'{3) Mudn xic dinh duqic kiln ttiuc co ban, GV cin hiin ttiu lai vdghl va SGK dettidngnhait va hid'u siu kiln ttiuc, nguydn tie m i cic nha giio dgc LS d i dua ra; su tai hidn lai kiln thde, hoin cic ciu hdi v i bai tap dungda dpng, kit hqp nhulnnhuyen,hqp licac PPDH; SGK, tu lim vide vdi ban do, tranh anh ngoii SGK, tudqe eac tai lieu LSvan hda tii Hdu tham can ehu ^tdi dung lupng cua phuong phip 3) To chuc cac hoat dgng hgc tip vi ket hgp khao, sach dpe thdm nhim hie'u rd ban kilnttidcda nhuui nhuyin, hgp likhi tien hinh bai hgc LS Cd hqc, md rdng hid'u bid't); - Tudn tip theo su hudng ba dang td'chdc cie boat ddng hpc tip: toin ldp, nhdm din cua G V; - Chui'n bicho bii hgc mdi (dpc vi tt/ghi v i cinhin Mdi dang dlu ed uu diem v i ban ehl, GV tdm tit ngin gpn nhi/ng van d l co ban eua bii viet cin k^htjf) nhuan nhuyin, hpp li tiln hinh bii hpe, ttong SG K; ghi lai nhung ndi dung khd hieu, die bidt la euttil: -Hoatdgngcinhin&casdnen tang diHS cd eie thuit ngu, khii niem; chui'n bj bai tip G V d i cho ttie ttiam gia cic boat dpng td' nhdm hoic toin iap phgc vg cho bii hqc sip tdi ) (ehinh la boat ddng tu hpc d nha va trdn k^ eua HS); To'chde td't hoat ddng tubqednha cho HSse gdp • K^ hgp hogt dgng nhdm vdieinhankh\ GV hudng phln ning eao hidu qua DH bd mdn d tmdng phd' din HS tim hid'u eae ndi dung khd, phde tap, da duoc ttidng Tuy nhidn, GV can luu y: - Giup HS cdthai ttinh biy tuong ddi dly du SG K (hopt ddng nhdmdung v i y thde dupe mge dieh, nhidm vg cua vide h/ ddiy tiiudng l i phit hien kiln ttidc vdi eie nhidm vu bpc d nha; - Nhldm vu giao ve nhi phai giy bung ttiu khic nhau); • K^ hgp hoat ddng nhdm vdtca'fcpkbi eho HS, dam bao trinh chung eua ca kip; - Tao hudng din HS gialquy^ bai tip nhan thuc vdn ndidung dieu kidn thuin Ipl (sich bao, tai lieu, ttidi gian ) d l khd (giai quylt mpt nhipm vu hpc tip) HS ed t h i t u hpc; - Ren eho HS ttidi quen, phuong Vifc kit hpp eie dang boat ddng DHLS ed phip tu hpc d nhi, thudng xuydn kid'm tta bii tip d tie dyng phat huy tinh tieh cue eua HS, giup HS lao nha de nang eao y thde, trich nhldm eua HS; - Khd'i ddng tieh cue, nghidm tue bing tri dc dudi su hudmg K/png bii hpe, bii lam giao ve nhi phai dam bao vda din eua G V d l chilm ITnh kiln thde Mat khae, cung duvivdasdcvdiHS 2) Ting cudng hoat dgng tham quan hgc tap ed tie dpng giio dgc HS thii dp lao ddng chuydn ein, tinh kidn nhin, tinh than tap the va phit trie'n toan tai thue dja, bao tang, nha truyen ttio'ng dia dipn Song, mud'n thue hipn td't, ein bao dam cic ydu phuang dieu klen eho phep Bii hpc tai ttiuc dia ve LS dan tde hay LS dja phuong cd y nghTa kin clu quy djnh v l ndi dung v i PPDH 4) Td'ehue tdi hoat dgng tuhgc cua HS dtren dd'i vdi vide giao dudng, giio dge v i phittrien HS Khi kip Tu hpc la nhin td'quylt djnh chi't Iuang hpc t|p, tiln hinh, GV can can edvio die tmng eua bil bpc ti/hpc tmdng phd'thdng la tuhpc cd hudng din va tuan thii nhung ydu cau, dieu kidn quy djnh v l bii Vi vpy, boat dqng tg hqc ciia HS ed nhung die did'm hpe tai thuc dja, bao ting, nha tmyln ttidng de dat ridng, thihidn ca dtren Idp va dnha Tuhqe dtrdn kip hidu qua cao Npl dung ehii yd'u eua cac buH ttiam la nhdng boat dpng tunhin thde nghe GV giang, quan hoc tap la cung co kiln thde da hqc hoic chuan la: - Tudliu ehinh nghe giang; - Chpn k?e kiln b j cho vide hpe tip nghien cdu kidn ttidc mdi Oe dat ttiiic dd'ghichep;-Tutra Idi eiu hdi ciiaGV;-Su'dgng kd't qua cao, GV phai td' chde chit chd, ttieo dung SGK GV ydu eau;-Kit hpp cac thao tie nghe, ghi chuong trinh quy djnh, trinh lim videtiiytienkhdng ed klhoaeh, cung nhu nim vdng phuang phip, cich chep, suy nghT Td' chuc tdt boat ddng tu hpc d trdn kirp se kich tid'n hanii divan dgng ttiichtinhtichcgc, bung thueiia HS vipcti/ehilm linh kilnttidc;ren luypn cie kTning hoc tip ndi ehung, h/hpc ndiridngv i giao dgc HS tinh than tugiae, y chi vupt khd lao dpng hpc tpp Oe phit ttie'n boat dpng ti/hpc dtren kip, GV CO the ndu cau hdi, cho HS ttao dd'i thao lupn, hudng din HS sudung SGK Da dfng hoa cac hinh thiic to chuc DHLS^ / ; Phat trie'n hofit dgng tu hgc dnha Tu hpc o nha hpe tip LS l i s u tilp ncS mdt each togc bai (ki 1-1/2013)- 3) Tang cudng cac hoat dgng ngoai khda, ttiuc hinh dehd trg bii hgc tren Idp Bii hpe ndi khda v i boat ddng ngoai khda ed mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau, eung giai quylt nhipm vu ehung cua bai hpc, mdt khda trinh hay chuong trinh ciia kip hpe, cap hpe Ngoai khda DHLS cd y nghTa kin vdi HS v l cac mat, nhien, can cd su giup dd cua xa hdi, gia dinh cic cap quan li Hinh ttiuc ngoai khda DHLS rat phong phu, da dang,songGVLS can Tap ehi Gide due so 301 39 nam vung PPDH bd mdn v l vi'n d l (Iga ehpn ndi -OngdungcdngngheMng«nvaoQHlS\a.h\&\ dung, chu d l , hinh ttiuc va each tiln hinh) phap tich cue gdp phan vao dd'i mdi PPDHLS hidn Sii dung da dang, kit hpp nhuin nhuyin Song, vide ung dgng cdng nghd ttidng tin vio cac PPDH truyen thd'ng vdi phuang phap, DH ndi ehung, mdn/.Sndlridngmud'n dat kit qua tdt phuong tien DH hien dai can ket hop vdi eac phuang phap tmyln thdng va phu 1) Sudung cae PPDH truyen thong theo tinhhop vdi dilu kien cuttied tdng tmdng phd'thdng that d^mdi Hien nay, GVttiudngsddgng eac phuang Tiep tuc thuc hien vlec klem tra, dinh gia phipttuyinttidng:trinh biy midng, dodung tme quan, theo yeu cau doi mdi SGK, cac tii lieu hqc tip v i mdi PPDH tmyln ttidng Kie'm tra, danh g'la cd y nghTa to Idn ve cie mat dlu cd mittich cgc can kettiua va phit huy Vi viy, giaodudng,giao due va phit trid'n HS,ddng thdi, giup doimdiPPDHLS,GVcdttid'ttigchien:kethppphuong GV tu danh gia dupe kit qua day bpc eua ban thin, phipttinhbiy midng (midu ta, tudngttiuat,giai ttiich ) thay dupc nhdng ttianh cdng va van de ein nit kinh vdi ndu eau hdi gpi m d d l HS trao dd'i nit nhin xet, nghidm, de cd cic bidn phip thich hpp nhim ning dinh gii; sddgng dd dung tn/c quan kit hpp vdi trao cao cha't lupng DH bd mdn Thuc t l , vide kid'm tra, da damttioai;hudng din HS sddgng SGK quakhai danh gia DH LS dtrudngjihd'thdng hien da ttiic bii vilt, kdnh hinh, tra Idi eiu hdi ; hudng din sd ed nhilu chuye'n bidn, song vin ehua dap dng dupc dgng eie tai idu LS, vin hpe phu hpp qua cic eiu hoi, ydu cau dit Vi viy, phai tidp tgc dd'i mdi vide kid'm bii tip deHS hieu siu, nhd Iiu, mdrpng kiln thue; gin tra, dinh gia v l cic mat quan nidm, ndi dung, hinh bii giang LS vdittiuctieudc sdng dja phuang qua cic thde va phuang phap biitpp v$n dung kilnttidc,kTning *** 2) Su dung cac phuang phap, phuang tien Od'i mdi PPDH ndi chung, PPDHLS ndi ridng d DH hien dai dieu kien cho phep tmdng phd' thdng hien la vide cin thilt; la bipn • Hge theo hgp ddng: l i mdt ho^t dgng hge tip phap thidt ttiuc d l ning eao chit lupng DH bd mdn, dd mdi HS duge giao mgt hgp ddng trgn gdi, gdp phan thuc hidn mgc tidu dao tao nhdng ngudi gdm cie nhiem vu (bii tip) bit huge vi tuehgn khie phit trie'n toin didn dip dng su nghidp xiy dung v i mdt khoing thdi plan nhi} dinh HS ehu bao vd Td' qudc Tuy nhidn, de tilp tuc thuc hidn dd'i dgng vi dgc lip quy^dinh ve thdigian cho mdi nhiem mdi PPDH datketquaphalcd:quan nipm dung vivj vg (bii tip) vi Old ttf thuc hign cie nhigm vu (bai tip) tri mdn hpe; dpi ngu GV vung vang v l chuydn mdn ddfieo kha ning eua minh"(A) dd, GV la ngudi LS, li luan DH bd mdn; ydu nghi va mpt mdi tmdng ttiilt k l , xay di^g cic nhldm vg hpp ddng, td' chde, hudng din HS nghldn edu, ki kit vathue hidn DH thuin loi a hpp ddng theo ning lue, trinh dp va nhjp hpc tip Clia c i nhin nhim dpt dupe mgc tidu DH Thue hidn (1) Phan Ngoc Lien (chQ bien) - NguySn Thi COi hpc theo hpp ddng cho phep phin hda nhjp dp va Trinh Dinh Tung Phuvng ph^p d^y hpc Lich sur, trinh dp Clia HS; tang cudng tinh ddc Ipp, hpe tap hop tip NXB Difi hpc suphpm, H 2009 tic ; GV ed co hdi hudng din, tao dieu kidn eho HS (2) Thai Duy Tuyen Phmmg phip d?y hpc - Truyin dupc nhin vittigc hidn trich nhidm hpc tip cua minh thdng va d6'i ni