NATIONAL ACADEMY OF mJUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management, 2017, Vol 9, No II, pp 1I2 118 This paper is available online at http //jem naem edu vn MOT SO BIEN PHAP GOP PHAN NANG CAO CHA[.]
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF mJUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management, 2017, Vol 9, No II, pp 1I2-118 This paper is available online at http://jem.naem.edu.vn MOT SO BIEN PHAP GOP PHAN NANG CAO CHAT LUONG DAY HOC MON XAC SUAT T H N G KE QUA VlfeC KIEM TRA DANH GIA KET QUA HOC T A P CUA SINH VIEN TRUING CAO DANG KINH T^ - KY T H U A T Nguyen Thi Loan\ Tran Th; Hue^*, Phiing Thi Hai Yln^ Tom tat Bai bao dua mdt s6 cd sd ly ludn vl day hoc nham phat huy ti'nh tfch eye hpc t$p ciia sinh vien, lam cd sd dl xudt lua chon nhflng bidn phap gdp phdn nang cao chat lUpng day hoc mon Xac sudt Thong kd cho sinh vidn Tmdng Cao dang Kinh tl - Ky thu|t Ddng thdi dUa m§t s6 gdi y ve phiTdng phdp danh gia kit qua hoc t^p cua sinh vien, dl lya chon phu hdp vide ddnh gid ttong qud trinh dgy hpc Qua do, tiln hanh kilm tra danh gia kit qua hpc t^p mon Xdc suat Thdng kd cua sinh vidn Trudng Cao dang Kinh tl - Ky thu$t Kit qud thi hifn sy cdn thilt,tinhhidu qud va thiet thyc ctia viec lya chon cdc bien phdp da dl xuat I& khda: Kiim tra, ddnh gid, ddnh gid kit qud hpc tdp, ddnh gid ndng luc tif hgc Dat van de Tfch cUc boa nhan tbflc cua ngfldi hpc dfldc thUc hidn bang nhilu eon dUdng, ttong dd day hpc gidi quylt vdn dl Id mpt giai phdp ratti'cheye Day cho ngUdi hpc phat hidn van dl, sau dd ttinh bay va giai quylt vdn dl se cho phep phat buy cao dd tfnh tfch cue va tU sdng tgo Vdi dgy hoc khdm pha, ngudi hpc se ty kham phd cau ttd Idi ciia van dl qua quan sat, lam th/ nghidm, qua dd nhdn thflc van ^ mdt each ddc lap Day cung la mdt pbUdng phap hpc t|ip mang Igi tmh tich eye cua ngudi hpc Cdn nhilu phUdng phdp day hpc khdc nfla phdt huy dupc tinh tfch cUc ttong dgy hpc Dilm chung ciia cac phUdng phap dgy bpc la ngfldi hpc tu tim tdi kham pha theo sy djnh hydng cua ngUdi dgy dl tu chilm ITnh kiln thflc mdi Thay vi ttuyin dat cho ngUdi hpc cac y tUdng, cac hpc thuylt, cac sfl viec, cac sy kien cua thi gidi Ngudi day, chinh la giao vidn trfl thdnh ngudi dan dat cdc em di tim cac y tuflng, cac hpc thuylt de giao vidn sfl dyng phUdng phdp day hoc hudng ddn, Vl giao vidn sfl dung he thdng cdc cdu hdi, cac llnh hudng cd vdn dl dl djnh hfldng nghien cflu Qua ttd ldi tittig cdu hdi ngfldi hpc se tilp e ^ ddn ddn vdi vdn (^, cflng vdi sfl ttao ddi, ttanh ludn hoan hd thdng cau hdi giao vidn dUa [3] Dl ngudi hpc tfch eye hpc tdp, tilp nhan, ITnh hdi kilnttiflcmdt each tfl nhidn, thodi mdi, phdn khfli vd hao hflng ttong mdt mdi trfldng cdi md, chflng tdi cd mdt sd djnh hudng, sau dd tiln hdnh kilm tta danh gia cua vide vdn dyng Ngay nhan bSi: 07/09/2017 Ng^y nh^n dSng: 05/11/2017 ^Khoa Khoa hoc Co bdn, Truflng Cao dng Kinh t^ - Ky thuat, D?i hpc Thdi NguySn; 'e-mail: huecdktkt.tn@gniail.com THUC nhi JEM., Vol (2017), No II Thue trang cdng tac kiem tra danh gia kit qua hoc tap hoe ph^n Xac suat Thdng ke Hoc phdn Xac sudt Thdng kd la hpc phan bat budc chfldng ttinh dao tao ddi vdi tdt ca cac hd cao dang chinh qui cua IVUdng Cao dang Kinh tl - Ky thuat ChUdng ttinh dUdc thilt kl vdi thdi lUdng 03 tin chi, hoc d ky thfl hai vdi dilu kidn tidn quylt Id sau hpc xong hpc phdn Toan cao cap, bao gdm hai ndi dung cd ban la Xac sudt vd Thdng kd Muc tidu cu the cua hpc phdn la: * Trang bf cho sinh vien cdc kiin thdc ca bdn - Xac sudt, cac cdngtiiflcti'nhxac sudt, Cac logi biln ngdu nhidn, Ham mat dp, ham phan phdi, mdt sd dactiirngbang sd cua dai tupng ngau nhidn, mdt sd phdn phdi xdc sudtfliUdnggap - Mdu, cdc dac tiling mau, Udc lupng tham sd cua dgi lupng ngdu nhidn, kilm djnh gia tiiuylt thong kd * Ren luyin cho sinh viin cdc ky ndng - Van dung cac cdngtiiflcvdo cac bai toan tfnh xac sudt, ti'nh dflpc ham mat dd, hdm phdn phdi, ky vpng vd phUdng sai cua dgi lupng ngdu nhidn - Tinh ttung binh mdu, phUdng sai mau, Udc lupng dupc tiiam sd cua dgi lUdng nglu nhidn, kilm dinh gia thuylt thdng kd, Trongttidigian qua, viec kilm tta, danh gia chu ylu dUpc thyc hien tiieo djnh hudng danh gia mflc dp hilu vl khai nidm, ky nang giai bai tap va bao gdm dilm kilm tta gifla hpc phdn (tj ttpng 0,4) vd dilm tiii kit thflc hpc phdn (tytixmg0,6) Hinh thiic kiim tra chu yiu theo hinh thdc viit vdi cdc yiu cdu cu thi: Ly thuylt: Nhac lai cac khdi nidm, cac djnh ly, cac cdngtiiflc,cac phfldng phap tfnh todn ma khdng cdn chdng minh; Bai tdp: Giai mdt sii dang bai tap cd ban, ddn gidn Vf du ve cac bai tdp cy till ttong cac dl kilm tta da dflpc sfl dung troag thdi gian qua: Trong ddt bpc tdp mdn Giao dye Qudc phdng tgi Trung tam Giao due Qudc phdng cd Idp khda 10tiiamgia Ldp KIO Ke toan (KT) cd 51 sinh vidn, ldp KIO Quan if ddt (QLD) cd 66 sinh vien, ldp KIO Thu y (TY) cd 69 sinh vien va ldp KIO Dja chfnh MditiTldng(DCMT) cd 35 sinh vien So sinh vien ban ttung dich cua tflng ldp tfldng flng theo tiifl ty trdn la: 36; 45; 48 vd 28 Chpn ngau nhien mdt sinh vidn vd sinh vidn ban ! vidn dan thdy trung Hay xac djnh xem sinh vien ed khd nang ttong ldp nao nhdt Ctlu hdi 1: Gieo mdt eon xuc xac cdn ddi vd ddng chdt, gpi At la biln cd xuat hi^n mat cd sd cham la i, (i = 1,2,3,4,5) Thi A cd I|p thdnh mdt he ddy du cac biln cd khdng, tai sao? Cdu hdi 2: Giai bai toan ttdn + Khdng tta Idi dfldc cau hoi hoge tii Idi sai: Dilm F + Trd ldi dflng cdu hoi 1: Dilm D 4- Ap dyng cdngtiiflcXac sudt todn phdn va tfnh dung kit qua (cdu hdi 2): Dilm C + Ap dung cdngttiflcBayes va tinh dung kit qua (cdu hdi 2): Dilm B + Trd ldi dflng sinh vien cd kha nang fl ldp nhdt (cau hdi 2): Dilm A Qua kit qua cua Bdng 1, tattiaysd lUdng sinh vidn chUa dgt cdn chilm ti Id kha nhieu, sd sinh vidn dgt dilm kha gidi cdn chua cao Tfl dd chung tdi mgnh dan dl xudt mdt sd bidn phdp di gop phdn nang cao chat Iflpng day hpc mdn xac sudttiidngkd 113 Nguyln Thi Loan, Trdn Thi Hue, Phiing Thi Hai Ven JEM., Vol 9(20I7),No 11- Bdng Kit qud trd ldi cdc cdu hdi cda ede ldp Ldp Diem A (%) DiImB DilmC DilmD DilmF (%) (%) (%) (%) KIOKT 3.92 11,57 25,29 39,41 19,81 KIO QLD 6.06 23.33 32,43 25,15 13,03 KIOTY 2.89 18.99 29.13 31,74 17,25 KIO DCMT 5,71 18,57 32,86 24,29 18,57 Mdt so bi€n phap gdp phan nang cao cli4t Itfdng day hoc mon Xac su^t Thdng ke 3.1 Gido van khdng chi ndi lai nhiing diiu dd trinh bay gido trinh, khdng ldm thay sinh viin NgUdi gidng vidn, vdi vai trd cua ngUdi tiiilt ke, td chfle cdc hogt ddng nbdn tbflc cho sinh vidn, cdn xac dinb: khdng Idm thay cho sinh vidn phai tao dilu kidn dl sinh vidn dupc bpc va phdi hpc mdt each tich eye Neu ngudi giang vien lam cho vide hpc ttd ndn dl dang thi sinh vidn se mat di sy cd gang, ti'ch eye Nhung nlutiidycfl dl cbo ttd tu xoay sd, ydu cdu qud cao, du sinh vidn ed thflc sU tfch eye suy ngbl, lam vide cung khdng dat dupe ydu cdu tiii se cung chan nan V$y cdn phai tao finh hudng hpc tap cho hdp din, vfla sflc de sinh vien thdy rd nhiem vu nhdn thflc ciia hp chi cdn hp ti'ch eye hpc tap la dat dupc kit qua [4] 3.2 Tdng cudng hudng dan cho sinh viin tU hgc Trong nhflng bai day ly thuylt ma nhflng kiln thflc vd phfldng phdp giai quylt vdn dl khd cd thi lam kbac giao ttinh, nlu ngudi giang vidn chi dgy nhfl dd ttinh bdy ttong giao ttinh thi se bj nhdn xet la "dgy nhu ttong sach" Thay vao dd, hUdng ddn cho sinh vidn dpc giao ttinh ddng thdi dgt ydu cdu: Dpc dl tta ldi dUpc cdc cdu hdi ngUdi giang vidn dat nham kilm tta danh gid kit qud dpc hilu ciia sinh vidn Cac em ed thi ttao ddi, tbao luan vdi cdc ban xung quanh qua ttinh dpc Lam nhu tbi sinh vidn se tich cue, chu ddng hdn ttong gid hpc [5] 3.3 Tgo mdi trudng cdi md Dl sinh vidn tfch cue, tu gidc, chfl ddng,tiitdcbet ngUdi gidng vidn phdi tao mdt mdi trfldng vui ve, thoai mai, phai lam cho sinh vidn cd hflng thu, phdn khflitironghpc tdp Nhflng each thflc dl cd dupc dilu dd, cd thi la: Gdi dpng cd, ndu myc dfch, ndu tdm quan ttpng cua vdn di NgUdi giang vidn cd thi tao khdng khf giao tilp thudn ldi gifla thay vdtt-d.bang each td chflc va dilu khiln hpp ly cac hoat ddng cua tflng sinh vi€n va ca ldp Cd till td chflc nhflng tinh hudng cd van dl, ddi hdi du doan, ndu gia thuylt, ttanh luan gifla nhflng y kiln khdc Nhflng tinh hudng dd can phai phu hpp vdi ttinh dp cfla sinh vidn Mdt ndi dung qua dl hoac qua khd diu khdng gay dfldc hflng thu hpc t$p cho cac em Can tgo cd hdi va dan dat cho sinh vidnfimtdi, phat hidn nhflng tti thflc mdi, tao nilm vui cua sfl kham pha [4] 114 THUC TI€N JEM., Vol (2017),No II 3.4 Giup sinh viin thdy dugc cdi hay, cdi dep cda Todn hgc Nhflng ket qud, nhflng each suy nghi, giai quylt vdn dlttiDugcdc mdn hpc ndi chung, cac mdn Xac sudt Thdng I^ ndi ridng diu ed sflc hdp din nhdt djnh, diu kfch thfch dflpc sy ham mudn hilu biet fl sinh vidn Nd cdn cd sU hdp din ridng vi sUtiidngtiiaian chfla mdn hpc NgUdi giang vidn cdn Idm cho sinh vidn tiidy dupe cai hay, cai dep, cai f nghia cfla mdi ndi dung ma cac em dUdc hpc Nlu khdng lam cho sinh vidn cdm tiiu dupc nhflng dilu dd, thi cac em setiidyrat khd vd khd khan, mdt hit cai y nghia cfla vide hpc toan [4] 3.5 Thudng xuyin khuyin khich, ddng viin ngUdi hgc Thudng xuydn kilmti-a,danh gia kit qud hpc tdp cfla hoc sinh, qua dd ddng vien, kben ngdi, hay phe binh, nhac nhd cac em cung la mpt bien phap di hpc sinh tich eye, tu giac, chfl ddng tiding hpc tap Ngudi giang vidn khdng phai ehi hd hao, nhac nhfl sinh vidn: Hay tich eye, ty giac, hay chii ddng, sang tao, ma phai tgo cac tinh hudng hpc t|p dl qua sinh vidn y thflc dupc nhflng dilu [4] 3.6 Kiim tia ddnh gid kit qud hgc ^p mdn Xdc sudt Thdng ki cda sinh viin Thidng Cao ddng Kinh ti -1^ thudt Sau tiln hanhtiiUchidn mdt sd bidn phap nham ndng cao chdt Ifldng dgy hpc mdn Xac sudt Thong kd, chung tdi tiln hanh vide kilm tra danh giati-dnmdt sd ndi dung nhfl sau: 3.6.1 Ddnh gid chan dodn Dupc tiln hdnh trfldc day mdt chfldng ttinb hay mdt vdn dl quan ttpng ndo dd nham giup cho ngfldi gidng vien nam dupc tinh binh nhflng kiln tiiflc lidn quan da cd sinh vidn, nhflng dilm da nam vflng, nhflng Id hdng can bd khuylt di quylt dinh each day thich hpp [2] Vidu 1: Tf Ii ngudi ddn nghien thuSc Id Id 30%, biit rdng tf Ii ngudi bi viim hgng s6 ngudi nghiin thudc Id Id 60%, cdn ty le ngudi bi viim hgng sd ngUdi khdng nghien thudc Id Id 40% a Chgn ngdu nhiin mot ngudi biit rdng ngudi viim hgng Tim xdc sudt di ngudi nghiin thudc Id b Niu ngudi dd khdng viim hgng, tim xdc sudt di ngudi dd nghiin thudc Id + Trfldc gidi bdi toan, giang vidn tiln hartti Idem tra kiln thflc lidn quan tdi bai toan: - Cdu bdi 1: Dfla vao bai toan ttdn hay xay dyng mdt hd ddy du cac biln ed - Cau hdi 2: Bai toan trdn v§,n dung cac cdng thflc ndo dl gidi, ndu cdc cdng thflc do? + Danh gia: - Khdng ti^ ldi dupc cau nao: Khdng dgt - Tra ldi dupc cdu 1: Dat - Trd ldi dupc cdu 2: Tdt 3.6.2 Ddnh gid tUng phdn DUdc tiln hanh nhilu idn ttong gidng dgy nham cung cdp nhflng thdng tin ngUdc, dl ngUdi giang viln va sinh vidn kjp ttidi dilu chinh each dgy va each hpc, ghi nhdn kit qua tflng phdn dl Nguyln Thi Loan, TVdn Thi Hud, Phiing Thj Hai Yen JH^., Vol (2017), No 11 tilp tyc thyc hidn chUdng trinh mdt each vflng chac [2] Vidu 2: Dgi lugng ngdu nhiin lien tuc x cd hdm mdt dd xdc sudt nhu sau [2]: { acosx vdi X £ [—|; | ] Ov^ix^[-f;f] a, Tim hi sd a b, Tim hdm phdn phdi xdc sudt F{x) Chflng ta se tiln hanh danh gid sau sinh vien gidi xong y a) - Khdng giai dUdc: Khdng dgt - Tfnh dupe a, ddng ttidi dp dyng Itnh chat: f(x) > 0, Va;: Dgt +Vdix^[-|;|]thi/(x) = + Vdix e [-^;^! thi f{x) = acosx.vkcosx >0 -• Giai dupc din dp dyng tfnh chdt cua ham mzlt dd: / f{x)df = I acosxdx = hay o = - Tfl dd a > So sdnh vdi a tim dupc va kit ludn a = - , thda man: idt 3.6.3 Ddnh gid tong kit Tiln hanh l^t thuc mdt bdi hpc, mdn hpc, nam hpc, khda hpc bang nhihig ky thi nhdm ddnh gid tdng qudt kit qud hpc tdp, ddi chilu vdi nhflng muc tilu da dl [2] Vi du 3: Cd hai hop sdn phim hdp dung 10 sdn phSn tdt vd5sdn phSn xdu hdp difng sdn phim tdt vai sdn phim xdu Lay ngdu nhiin mdt sdn pham hgp bd sang hdp 2, sau dd ldy ngdu nhiin sdn phSn d hop a) Tim xdc sudt disdn phSn ldy sau ciing Id sdn phSn tdt b) Biit sdn phSn ldy sau cung Id tdt.timxdc sudt disdn phim Idyraddld cda h^p chuyin sang Dapd„:a,P(^) = |.A + l,i = H b) Cach 1: 116 JEM.,Vol.9(2017),No 11 9_ P{B2) = ^ ; P(A/B2) = I nen P{B,/A) = ^ P = ^ 15 P(BlM) = l-P(B2/A) = ± P(ftM).m^Qp), P(Bi) = i ; F W B i ) = Z P(A,).P(A/A.Bi) •••^J i=i = H.l + 1.0 = ? 3 n4nP(BiM) = i + Danh gia: - Khdng gidi dupc: Dilm F - Dgt dflng biln cd, bilt each giai nhung kit qud sai: Dilm D - Gidi dupc y a: Dilm C - Giai dupc y b; Dilm B - Dua dUdc each khac: Dilm A 3.6.4 Ra quyit dinh Ddy la khau cudi cung cua qua ttinh danh gia Dya vao nhflng dinb hudng da neu kbSu danh gia, ngfldi gidng vidn quylt djnh nhflng bidn phap cy tbi dl giflp dfl sinh vidn, bode giup dd chimg cho ca ldp vl nhflng thieu sdt phd biln hoge cd nhiing sai sdt ddc bidt Danh gia sinh vidn la m(>t qua ttinb phflc tap va cdng phu Myc tiluttUctilp cfla vide danh gia kit qua hpc tap Id kiln thflc, kT nang, thai dp cua sinh vidn, tfnh ddy dfl, tinh dung dan, tinh chfnh xac, tfnh vflng chac cua chung, mdi lien he cua chung vdi ddi sdng, kha nang vdn dung chung vao thuc tien, mflc dp thdng hilu, kha nang diln dgt chung bang ldi ndi, bang van vilt, cac hinh minh hpa, bai thflc hdnh Dilu quan ttpng ttong danh gia cac mat dd la quan ttidt nguydn tac vfla sflc, bam sat ydu cdu cua chfldng ttinh Thanh tfch cfla mdi sinh vidn phai dupc danh gid diing, cdng bang Viec ddnh gia dflng logi trit dflpc vidctuy tidn hg thdp hoac nang cao ydu cdu Vide danh gia sai se khdng ddng vidn dflpc sinh vidn NgUdi giang vidn phai to thai dp thidn chf va tl nhj, ddng vidn tflng bfldc tiln bp nhd, tin tfldng fl nhflng tich sdp tfli cua mdi sinh vidn [2] Trd lai vf du 3, Sau cd kit qud danh gid ciia bai kilm tta, giang vidn dfla nhgn xet: + Ddi tupng (sinh vidn cd dilm F): ChUa nam dUpc kiln thflc cd ban nhdt cfla cdngtiiflcXdc sudt toan phdn - Bidn phap: Vdi kiln thflc ddn gian va dl tilp thu nhU vdy, giao cho nhdm sinh vidn cd hpc lyc ttung binh kha ttong ldp kem vd sau dd kilm tta danh gia Igi, f Doi tupng (sinh vidn cd dilm D): Kiln thflc cd ban vl ham mdt dp cdn chUa chac chan 117 Nguyen Thi Loan, Trdn Thi Hud, Phung Thi Hai Yin JEM., Vol (2017), No 11- - Bien phap: Kiln tbflc vdn nhfl fl ddi tupng I, va nam cbUa chac nen vln giao cbo nhdm sinh vien cd bpc luc kha ldp giang lai va sau dd kilm tra danh gia + Doi tupng (sinh vien cd diem C): Nam dupc cdng thflc cd ban vl cong thflc Xac sudt toan phdn, xong chua nam chac cdng thflc - Bidn pbdp: Giao cho sinh vidn cd tipc lye kha giang lai phdn cac tinb chdt cua ham mat dp va lam bai kilm tra, danh gia lai + Ddi tfldng (sinh vidn cd dilm B): Nam dfldc cong thflc cd bdn Xong chua ed sfl linh boat, sang tao - Bidn phap: Giao cho sinh vien cd hpc luc tdt giup dfl bgn, nham phat huy va sang tao Lam bai kilm tta, danh gia lai + Doi tupng (sinh vi€n cd diem A): Nam kiln thflc mot each chac chin va vdn dyng linh hoat, cd sang tao - Bidn phap: Giao thdm mdt sd bai tap nang cao Ket luan Bdi bao da dua dfldc mdt sd cd sd ly ludn vl day hpc ti'ch eye, tfl dd djnh hfldng mdt sd phUdng phap ndng cao chat Ifldng hpc t^p mdn Xdc suat Thong kl ddi vdi sinh vidn tnfdng Cao dang Kinh tl - Ky tiiuat Tiln hdnh kilm tra ddnh gia kit qua thdng qua cdc bai tap dUpc giao, ddng thdi dfla cac bidn phdp hpc tap cy thi Dilu dd thdy dUdc tfnh hidu qua cua vide di xudt cac bidn phdp thdng qua vide kilm tta danh gia TAI LIEU THAM K H A O [1] Nguyen \ ^ Hd (2006), Xdc sudt - Thdng ki Nxb Giao due [2] Trdn Bd Hoanh (1997), Ddnh gid gido due NXB Giao due Ha Ndi [3] Trdn Ba Hoanh (2002), Nhiing dgc trung ciia phuang phdp dgy hgc tich cue Tap ehi Giao dye, sd [4] Biii Van Nghi (2008), Gido trinh phuang phdp day hgc nhiing ndi dung cif dii mdn todn, Nxb Dgi hpc Sy pham ABSTRACT Some measures contributing to improve the teaching quali^ of Probability and Statistics Subject by cheeking and assessing students' results at College of Economics and Technique This article provides sometiieoreticalfoundations as a basis for the selection of measures that contribute to improving the teaching quality of Probability and Statistics for students of College of Economies and Techniques At the same time, Uie article also provides some suggestions about the evaluation methods of students' results, relevant to the evaluation work during the teaching and learning process Thereby conducting the check and the assessment about students' results of Probability and Statistics at College of Economies and Techniques The restdts show the necessity, feasibili^ and practicality of selecting the proposed measures Keywords: Check, Assessment, teaching and learning assessment; assessing self-study capability 118 ... vidn tnfdng Cao dang Kinh tl - Ky tiiuat Tiln hdnh kilm tra ddnh gia kit qua thdng qua cdc bai tap dUpc giao, ddng thdi dfla cac bidn phdp hpc tap cy thi Dilu dd thdy dUdc tfnh hidu qua cua vide... Thdng ki cda sinh viin Thidng Cao ddng Kinh ti -1^ thudt Sau tiln hanhtiiUchidn mdt sd bidn phap nham ndng cao chdt Ifldng dgy hpc mdn Xac sudt Thong kd, chung tdi tiln hanh vide kilm tra danh giati-dnmdt... tfnh dung kit qua (cdu hdi 2): Dilm C + Ap dung cdngttiflcBayes va tinh dung kit qua (cdu hdi 2): Dilm B + Trd ldi dflng sinh vien cd kha nang fl ldp nhdt (cau hdi 2): Dilm A Qua kit qua cua Bdng