NGHIEN ClJfU Q KHUNG NANG LUC CHU CHOT CUA CHI/0NG TRINH DANH GIA QUOC TE PISA Giao due cua mdi qudc gia cang ngay cang cd xu t h i bj anh bUdng bdi eae yeu td mang tinh qudc te Cd nhieu nghidn cUu v[.]
NGHIEN ClJfU Q KHUNG NANG LUC CHU CHOT CUA CHI/0NG TRINH DANH GIA QUOC TE PISA PGS TS NGUYEN THUY HGNG Trung tam Nghien cOfu Giao iluc Pho Uiong Giao due cua mdi qudc gia cang cang cd dang k l tdi chinh sach giao due eua eae nude OECD xu t h i bj anh bUdng bdi eae yeu td mang tinh qudc va eae nudc tham gia, giup ehinh pbu va ngudi dan te Cd nhieu nghidn cUu v l giao due cung di den hilu rd "nhdng gi" dang dien giao due, va" mdt nhan dinh eho ring "khac bidt qudc gia, ddng SUtiln bp giao due" cua nude minh ^ dang toan ciu" la mpt van de phd bien cua giao due Theo Bd trudng Giao diie OECD "Phat trien ben the gidi bdi vi giao due dupc thuc hidn rit khac vdng va gin kit xa hpi phu thude rat nhieu vao cac d mdi qudc gia nhung vin ed nhdng van de, nang lue eua tat ea dan sd eua ehung ta vdi eae nang nhdng gia trj chung tdn tai cac chuong trinh, lue hieu la bao gdm kiln thUe, ki nang, thai dp va cac cac boat ddng giao due d mpi qudc gia, mpi nen van gia tri." ^Vi thi, mdt nhu'ng cd gang cua OECD hda Chinh vi thi, ed rat nhilu nghidn cdu so sanh la xay dung nin ting li thuylt cua vide danh gia cac giao due dupe thuc hidn trdn quy md nhilu qudc nang luc - co sd de phat trien mpt loat eae edng eu gia theo cae tidu ehuan ehung ed tinh qudc te nhim danh gia cua PISA Trong khudn khd nhdng nghidn danh gia, xep hang v l chit lupng giao due eua cac cUu eua minh, OECD da xae dinh va ehpn Itia eae qudc gia va dUa nhCfng kiln giai cbo cae ehinh nang liic then chdt can thilt giup ca tre em va ngudi phu v l ehinh sach giao diic hoc dudng Chuong Idn sdng mpt cupc sdng cd trach nhidm va trinh danh gia qudc t l cho hpe sinh Ida tudi 15 cua cdng mot xa hdi dan chu hien dai, da dang, OECD - PISA - la mdt ehuong trinh danh gia nhu vay phan hda, cd xu the toan ciu hda, cd nin khoa hpc Chuong trinh PISA la mpt danh gia tieu chuan cdng nghe thay ddi nhanh chdng va lien tuc Nhdng qudc t l dupe thue hidn bdi cac miu ngiu nhien d Ida nang ltic eung giup hp ddi mat dupc vdi thach tudi 15 cae nha trudng (chinh quy va phi ehinh thUc eua hidn tai, tUPng lai va xac djnh dupc muc quy) Nd duoc trien khai nam lin, bit dau tU nam tidu tdng the eho hpe tap va lam viec sudt ddi VI thi, 2003 vdi Sli tham gia cua cac nude vidn OECD theo eae nghidn eUu eua OECO"nbUng nang luc chu Oilm lam eho PISA ndi tilng nhat la nghidn cdu so chdt ma mdt ca nhan can cd la nhilu hon chU khdng •sanh qudc t l -'nghidn cdu diia tren bing chUng"- chi la kiln thUe va ki nang", "nang lue chinh la nhdng idupe thtic hiln thudng xuyen d quy md toan eau va gia tri cu thi, d nhilu linh vifc, hOfu ich va cin thiet cd tinh ebu kl Sd lupng cac vien tham gia vao cho t i t ei mpi ngUdi, lidn quan den kha nang dap danh gia PISA eang tang vi ed sU cd mat cua Ung cac nhu ciu phUe tap bang each tao lap va huy fie nude ngoai OECD Opt danh gia nam 2000 cd 43 ddng ea nhdng ngudn life tam li xa hdi (bao gdm ea jtude tham gia, nam 2003 ed 41 nUde, nam 2006 cd ki nang va thai dp) mdt bdi eanh cu thl"^ Mdi >7 nude va nam 2009 cd 67 nudc' Dan sd cac qudc nang lire quan trpng khdng chitao ndn gia tri cho ca jia va vung lanh thd tham gia PISA chilm khoang nhan va xa hdi ma cdn giup ca nhan dap Ung cae vin 10% dan sd toan the gidi d l eua ddi sdng thuc nhilu bdi canh, va la ' Cbo tdi nay, PISA la cupc khao sat giao due nhdng gi quan trpng vdi t i t ca eae ea nhan Cd cau hdi dupc OECD dat d l xae djnh va ifihit nhim danh gia nang life etJa hpc sinh dp tudi I t thue giao due bit bupc d biu bet eae qudc gia lua ehpn cac nang life la: )ECD va mdt sd qudc gia ngoai OECD Muc tieu cua (1) Lua ehpn eae nang life: lido de Itia chpn eae ISA la danh gia mCfc dp dat daac nbCmg nang life nang life, su van ddng eua cae nang lUe d cac nude ^ia hpc sinh dagc chudn bi di'ddp ting nhCing thdch hoac eae nhdm chinh trj; (2) xac djnh va khai niem hda cac nang life: cae jikcua cudc sdng sau ndy Ndi dung danh gia eua ySA duoe xae dinh diia tren cdc nang ltic ebu chdt bdi canh khoa hoe vaii thuylt eung cac gia dinh anh 'in thilt cbo cudc sdng tuong lai, khdng dUa vao ' The Definition and Selection of Key Competencies, www.oecd '^31 dung cae chuong trinh giao diic eu t h i d tUng org/edu/stanstics/deseco •"jdc gia PISA goi day la'trinb dp hieu biet/nang ltic" ' OECD Definition and selection competences Revised "teracy) Ket qua eua danh gia ed mot tae ddng December, 2001 tay PISA NXB Giio due Viet Nam, 2010 * OECD, Definition December, 2001 and selection competences Revised sti 7 - T H A N S 2/2012 • 15 £ Q NGHIEN Ciiu ngd, ki hieu d l thu thap xd li va taiyen dat thdng tii SUdiing cdng eij tuong tac ddi hdi khdng chi la diin cdng cu hay cd cac ki nang ki thuat c i n t h i l t nhudc van ban, sif dung phan mem ma cdn la s u t i l p c a vdi thdng tin de phat trien nhan thUc, t h i chat, kin t l , van hda, xa hdi Nhdm nang luc bao gdm nang ltic chu chdt la sddung ngdn ngCt, kihiiu, bi4 tagng vd cdc vdn bdn mpt cdch tich cac kiem sodtkie thUc vd thdng tin; su' dung cdng nghe mdi mpt cdc phit hgp Nang luc sd dung ngdn ngd, ki hiiu, bie tagng vd cdc vdn bdn mpt cdch tich cac lien quan de hidu qua sd dung cac ki nang ngdn ngd ndi va vie' tinh toan va eae ki nang toan hpc khae nhi^ tinh hudng giao tiep eiia ca nhan xa hdi Nani lue kiem sodt kien thUc vd thdng tin giup cac ca nhSi phat t r i l n t u phd phan, phan hdi trude nhOfnt thdng tin thu nhan dupc, tao co sd cho su lua ehoi k i l n thUe, hinh cae y k i l n , dua thdng tii va cac q u y l t dinh, hanh d d n g ea nhan Nang lifcs dyng cdng nghe m d / m o f ccic^ p/iii/ipp n h i m giupci nhan ddi mat vdi nhufng eo hdi mdi d l dap Ung Net qua hon cac t i l n bd cija cdng nghd hidn dai tronj cudc sdng hang Day la mpt nhCfng nanj luc chu chdt quan trpng bdi edng ngh« thdng tin va truyen t h d n g cd kha nang thay ddicaci ngudi lam vide eung ( b i n g each giimtSit quan trpng cua vi trO, each t m y cap thdng tin (bing each tao mdt lupng Idn cae ngudn thdng tin nga) lap tUc cd sin) va t u o n g tae vdi nhdng ngudi khit (bang each tao dilu kien thuan Ipi cbo mdi quan Khung nang life can dat ctia hoc sinh thong cac nUcrc khoi OECD he qua mang thdng tin SCrdung cong cu tutrng tac ed tinh toan cau mol Co kha nang sir dung ngon ngCr, ki hieu, bleu tt/ong va eae van ban each t b u d n g xuydn) Oe ft £ mot each tieh ei/e phat t r i l n cac nang It* Co kha nang kiem soat kien thOrc va thong tin ^ n h u vay, cae ca nhan Co kha nang sir diing cong nghe moi mpt each phii hpp 4Q sd can vupt xa hon cat Hanh dong mot each tiTchu, sang tao » « ki nang co b i n nhi f Co kha nang bao ve va khing dinh quyen, loi ieh, trach nhiem, nhu Ol sU dung internet gi cau ca nhan va nhufng gioi han cho phep c Co kha nang xay dimg va thuc hien ke hoach ca nhan va cac dir an e-mail va quan trpng Co kha nang hanh dpng hieu qua dieu kien, hoan canh thay doi ban la b i l t sd dung car Ti/tmg tac hoa dong vdri nhieu nhom xa hoi a cdng CIJ cdng nghe phi Co kha nang thiet lap quan he vdi ngudi khac 1hop vdi hoan eanh « Co kha nang hop tac mue tieu ca nhan Co kha nang dieu chinh va hoa giai cae mau thuan hudng t h i nao d i n cae nang ltic da dupe khai nidm hda; t3) Xem xet cac thue nghiem: lUdng va s i p xep eae nang lUc va xay dung khung nang life t d cac k i t qua thtic nghidm K i t qua nghien ctiu v l mdt khung nang liic chung e i n dat cua hpc sinh phd thdng eae nude OECD dupe bat d i u nghien cUu bdi d u an PISA tCr nam 2000 va cdng tid vao thang 10 nam 2002 Khung dupc van dtjng va d i l u chinh thupc vao d i l u kidn kinh te-xa hdi va van hoa cua mdi qudc gia thupc khdi OECD Dua tren quan d i l m tich hop, lidn mdn hpc va phan tich d i l u kidn kinh te-xa hpieuaeae nutie thanhvidn,OECDda dua cae tieu chi xae djnh khung nang lUe la; (1) ca nhan hoa tdi da vide hpe tap (2) Ngudi hpe cd t h i giai quyet va dap Ung su b i l n ddi nhanh chdng ciia xa hpi hidn dai (3) Nha trudng ed co hpi phat huy y l u td dan ebu (4) Cd hidu lUe va kha thi ddi vdi n h i l u bdi canh kinh te-xa hdi Theo dd, khung nang life eua hpc sinh phd thdng ciia OECD g d m nhdm nang life: Sd diing edng cu mdt each thdng minh; Hanh dpng mpt cachttichu, sang tao;Tuong tae boa ddng vdi n h i l u nhdm xa hdi Trong mdi n h d m lai cd mdt sd nang lUe chu chdt dupc nhin nhan theo each tiep can tdng t b i va tich hpp va cii the hda theo so dd sau ^ Nhdm nang Kn hanh d d n g mdt eachti Nhdm nang lire Sti dung cong cu taang tdc daac ehu, sang tao bao g d m nang luc chu chdt: Wi xac djnh dua tren cac yeu e i u la mdi ea nhan ve vd khdng dinh quyin, lai ich, trdch nhiem, nhi xa hdi hidn dai c i n lam chu cae edng cii vat c h i t n h u cdu cd nhdn vd nhCtng gidi hgn cho phip; xay diM may vi tinh va cae cdng eu phi vat c h i t nhu ngdn vd thac hiin ke hogch cd nhdn vd cdc da dn; hdti dpng hieu qud diiu kiin, hodn cdnh thay d^ ' Definit:on and Selection of Competencies: Theoretical and Nhdm nang (tie duoe d l xuat trdn eo sd xi Conceptual foundatmn (OECD 2001) djnh nhCrng gi ca nhan e i n d l tham gia va hoi 16 • KHOA HOC G U O DUC NGHIEN Cl)U d ddng tdt cac linh vUe khac eua cude bin vCfng, bilt dam phan; dua quyet dinh trudc sdng g i n vdi sti phat triln eua xa hpi Vi thi, ca su da dang eua y kien Nang lUc chu chdt thU ba nhan cin phAi hanh dpng tu chu sang tao d l nhan nhdm la qudn li va gidi quyet xung dot ban sic ridng, dat muc tidu phat triln trdn co sd sinh tU cac khia canh eua cude sdng xuit phat tU hilu b i l t v l quyen va trach nhidm d l tdn tai phu sti khae ve nhu cau, Ipi ich, mijc tieu hoac gia hop vdi mdi trudng sdng cd nhilu thay ddi Nang trj ca nhan Nang lUc dat van d l la can tilp life bdo vi vd khdng dinh quyen, lai ich, trdch nhiim, can xung ddt theo each ehu ddng quan li va giai nhu cdu cd nhdn vd nhang gidi hgn cho phep Va mgt quyet nd trdn ea sd xem xdt d l dUa giai phap nang lUe quan trpng Nd lidn quan d i n vide tu xae thda thuan dupe Ipi ich va nhu eiu cua ca nhan va dinh cung nhu mdi quan hd gida quyen Ipi va nhu nhdng ngUdi khae ciu ca nhan vdi quyln Ipi va nhu ciu cua tap t h i Nhu vay, nhu'ng nang life ehu chdt khung Thi du, loi ieh rieng eua ea nhan, quyln va nghia nang life chung duoc OECD de xuat la nhdng nang vu eua ea nhan cae td chdc chinh trj, xa hdi lUc cd tinh chat tdng quat, daac hinh thdng Nang life xdy dang vd thac hiin ki hogch cd nhdn vd qua cac chuang trinh cua nhilu mdn hpc/llnh vuc cdc dt/dn \a mdt nhufng nang lue giup cae ea hpc nha trudng va eude sdng hang nhan bilt xae djnh muc tieu, td chdc va thtic hidn Chung liin quan den cdc khia cgnh cua qud trinh hgc cac cdng vide ddi sdng hang Nang life tap cd nhdn vd nguon lac xd hpi, \a kit qua can dat hdnh dpng hiiu qud diiu kiin, hodn cdnh thay cua ca giao diic ehinh thUc (trong nha trudng) va doi giup cac ca nhan nhan each thdc quylt djnh giao diic khdng chinh thUc (ngoai nha trudng) Cac va banh dpng phu hpp vdi bdi cinh ehung cua ddi nang ltic khung nang life chung trdn duoc xae sdng xa hdi, trdn co sd hilu bilt phap luat, eae quy dinh bdi cac nang lUc ca nbSn lien quan den nhCrng tic va chuan mifc xa hdi bat van, cae ma sd kien thUe va ki nang, thai dp va gia tri kinh te, chinh dao ddc, each eU xd va giao tiep trj, xa hdi ed tinh chat toan eau; eae nang life phan Nhdm nang life taang tdc hod dong vdi nhiiu tieh tinh hudng, giai quyet van de cupc sdng nhdm xd hpi bao gdm nang ltic ehu ebdt la.- thiet bang ngay; cae ki nang giao tilp; cac nang life ttichu ldp quan hi vdi ngadi khdc; hap tdc tot; dieu chinh vd va eudi cung la nang lUc nhan thUe va phan tieh cac hod gidi cdc mdu thudn Nhdm nang luc dupc gia trj ngudi xac dinh dUa trdn mdi quan he phu thude giCra Ipi Khung nang lUc trdn la cP sd de cac ehi sd feh cua ea nhan vdi nhCrng ngudi khac va vdi the d cac linh viic dpc hieu (reading literacy), toan hpc gidi xung quanh Nd dupc coi la ehu chdt bdi tam (mathematic literacy), va khoa hpe (science literacy) quan trpng eCia nhdng Ung phd trude mpt mdi cua hpe sinh d cac qudc gia tham du PISA trudng tif nhidn va xa hdi da dang, nhilu biln ddng, bdi t i m quan trpng cua suddng cam, cbia sd TAI Lieu THAM KHAO xa bdi hidn dai Nhdm nang life giup ca nhan / Project on competences in the OECD contex: hpc, sdng va lam vide tdt bpn vdi nhCfng ngudi khae analysis of Theoretical and Conceptual Foundation, va moi trudng, tuong Ung vdi eae thuat ngCf nbu Newchatel, 1999 "nang ltic xa hdi"; "ki nang xa hdi"; "nang ltic liln Definition and Selection of Competencies: kran hda" bay "cac ki nang mlm" Trong dd, nang ltic Theoretical and Conceptual Foundation (OECD, chu chdt diu tien - thii't lap quan hi vdi ngadi khdc Revised December, 2002) cbo phep cac ea nhan b i t dau, tri va quan li Key competencies for a successful life and a mdi quan he ea nhan vdi ngudi khac theo each tdn well-functioning society (OECD, 2003) :rpng, danh gia eao eae gia trj, tin ngUdng, van hda The Definition and Selection of Key /a Ijch sif cua de tao mdt mdi trudng than Compefe/7c;es, www.oecd.org/edu/statistics/deseco :hidn Quan hd tdt kbdng chi la mdt ydu ciu d l gin Definition and Selection of Competencies: ^et xa hdi ma edn lam gia tang cbo su edng executive sumary, www.oeed.org/edu/statisties/ le kinh te va tri tue cam xuc Nang lue hap tdc tdt deseco 'di nhCtng ngadi khdc ddi hdi mdi ca nhan bilt cam Sd tay PISA, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, 2010 hdng, chia sl, quan li, giai thich cam xuc cua minh -a ngudi khae trdn co sd bilt can nhic cam SUMMARY ;lt cic nhu eiu, mue dich va quyln loi eua ea nhan The author describes groups in the framework di nhCfng vidn khae nhdm Cij the la of key competences by PISA: smart use of interaaive d t h i dua y tUdng va ling nghe nhCfng ngudi tools; autonomous and creative actions; interactions hac; bilt xay dUng cac lien minh hoac ehiln thuat with social groups sti 77-THikNG 2/2012* 17 ... dung khung nang life t d cac k i t qua thtic nghidm K i t qua nghien ctiu v l mdt khung nang liic chung e i n dat cua hpc sinh phd thdng eae nude OECD dupe bat d i u nghien cUu bdi d u an PISA. .. tUc cd sin) va t u o n g tae vdi nhdng ngudi khit (bang each tao dilu kien thuan Ipi cbo mdi quan Khung nang life can dat ctia hoc sinh thong cac nUcrc khoi OECD he qua mang thdng tin SCrdung cong... nude OECD dupe bat d i u nghien cUu bdi d u an PISA tCr nam 2000 va cdng tid vao thang 10 nam 2002 Khung dupc van dtjng va d i l u chinh thupc vao d i l u kidn kinh te-xa hdi va van hoa cua mdi qudc