Gi io difc dSn tpc Khoa hQC Giao dgc CAU NGHI VAN TIENG KHMER VA VIEC DAY HOC CAU NGHI VAN TIENG KHMER TRONG CHl/ONG TRINH GIAO DUC SONG NGU ThS CAO VÎ T HA Trung tam Nghien cihi Giao due Dan toe 1 C[.]
G i i o difc dSn tpc - -Khoa hQC Giao dgc CAU NGHI VAN TIENG KHMER VA VIEC DAY HOC CAU NGHI VAN TIENG KHMER TRONG CHl/ONG TRINH GIAO DUC SONG NGU ThS CAO VI^T HA Trung tam Nghien cihi Giao due Dan toe CSu nghi van tieng Khmer Neu quan niem cau nghi van la cau bleu thj sa h6i va ket thijc b^ng dau ch^m hdi (?) thi khong dijng v6l cau nghi van Khmer hien B6I vl, cau nghi van cilia tieng Khmer truyen thong khong ket thiJC bing dau h6l ma ket thijc bang dau khan (dau cham c3u) Ve sau, ngUdI Khmer tiep xuc vdi cac ngon ngijr hien dai mdi bo sung vao sau cau nghi van cija minh dau hdi Cac phuong tien thi hien cau nghi van tieng Khmer cung la ngCf dieu hdi (nhan cao gjpng d tU nghi vanWa cac tCf nghi van: (UTKnoj, ^S\B (pon-manj, H8!(d-vdy kho-las ) c6-ru nee cd-m -vi ph^i biet on thay co giao) Cau nghi van tiep nhan thdng tin ve chu ngU cd cac tU nghi van nhu fUTl {na - nao), H(o-vdy -gi) dUng sau danh tU nhU:nSH(c6n o-vdycon gi); SRH(vdt-t/io o-vdy -vSt gi)'HRam?(ne na -ngU^ nao);ltinJi1?(thngay na- nao),i81un(ftfie na- thang nao); Slfim (chnam na -nam nao) Khi muon bletve vj ngUihoatdpng ciJa ngudi va vat) ngudi Khmer cd each hdi gidng tieng Viet tUc la tUnghi van dat sau ddng tU: ttiiS.tiiJtGH {Tho-ngaynis boong tho-vaay- Hdm anh lam gi).Vdi mau cau cd the hdi dn mon dn gt, hgc 1.1 Q u nghi van tieng Khmer cung dung cac mon gl diddu, nhung can thdng tin cd tfnh chat til nghi van nhu tilng Wet- day \h mot siJ gan gul Iiet ke (hdi ve sd nhilu ma ngUdi tra Idi ph^i Iiet ke cac thdng tin de tr^ Idi), thi cd mpt cap tU nghi thuan loi cho ngudi day va ngudi hpc song ngO van khae nhu IH H8!(fd o-vdy/(Wa;, hoac chi Glong nhu tieng Wet, tieng Khmer co day dCi cac mdt tU Si {kho-las) TU Bi {kho-las) dUng d vi cau nghi van ve ddi tupng, hoat dpng, noi chdn, tri cudi cau:Sil3SH133i'lUnBi (Nha em cd nhOng so lupng, trang thai, sd hull, su hpan thanh, sirton ai) Neu djch sat tUng tU tieng Viet ta cd: Nha tai, vj tri, each thufc Loalcau nghi van chitiep em cd nbCtngl nhan thdng tin ve mpt bd phan cau nen gpi Khi can de hdi nhu the nao (hdi v l dae diem, l4caunghivanbdphan:Si[im (ndna-ai); HRIWI (ne na - ngudi nao) ;SIlun!31i _{nd na nil- tinh chit) thi ngUdI Khmer diJng cijm tU nghi dd);§o-vdy-cai gl);WlEiH tUlRH (.heto-vay, vantitJiHG([fdch-md-(fecW.Ciim tU thudng Wtdy-tai sao);H[im(ay na- dau); i9llim(tau na- dUng'dcudi cau: Hfi[MnnaflHimlHSijltiBiHl! i l aau);tSla(Un(ndu e na-d dau); 9(Un(ndu e-na (We so-roc co-nong phum' hau M6-ni tha doch- cho nao); ttltUOnKpen na- lijc naoAfnraiUll.f md-dich Dan lang gpi IWd-nl vdi cai ten nhuthe can na - nao);tit3XHB [dooch-mdec- nhuthe nao) Trong tieng Khmer, tU nghi van Wdna - nao) cd nJo);tffia[Un (dang-na - sao);UHlS (poan tan sd sU dung Idn, ddng de bieu thj y hdi tuong man - bao nhleu);tLjlEUH (da/o-vdy- bang gij TU nghi van tieng Khmer thudng dUng d cac vi doi rd 1.2 Vdi nghi van gIS dinh khung tra Idl, ngUdi Khmer thudng sil dijng cac tU ddl lap: HlS-ffiS (mien-co-miin - cd- khdngA l i f i m - n s l (hai -as ndu- da- chua) va mdt sd tU nghi van khae Dang md-(J&W;itJiEi!HH!t3a L^iSaBtuiumniH cau nghi van tieng Khmer dupe cau a R Ui (Hit nt6-dich dang to-rdu dang kun /ooc tao bSng nhUng phuong tien rieng, ed cau tao trf kha glong tieng Wet Vdi cau nghi van mudn tiep nhan thdng tin ve nguySn nhan^tU nghi Vein thudng dilng d dau cau nhu:!UIRH ( h i t o-vdy) iWlHH (hetay) rniHasiHS fWt KHGD so 67, th4ng 4-2011 Khoa h9C Giao due - Gido dye ddn t^c ^ ^ g rieng cd phan gidng vdi tilng Viet lai cd phan khdng gidng vdi tilng Viet DUdi diy la mdt sd dangilSfltS (ndurUti-cdnkh6ng);m3^X9(miin ru te- cd hay khdng) 2.1 Nhuda khio satdtren, Idi dat cau nghi van cCia ngudi Khmer kha gidng Idl dat ciu nghi van cOa ngudi Viet Viec day tieng Viet dUa tren nin ting tilng Khmer hoan toin ed thuin Ipi, tde l i Td ru (cd t h i viit bdi mot nguyen i m doe ed su chuyen di tieh cue trUdng hpp day lip, lai cd t h i viet nhU mot td Khmer thdng eiu nghi van NgUdi bien soan v i ngUdi ddng Idp thudng, tde la viet mdt phu i m vdi mdt dau ed the tham khio ndi dung va eieh day ciu nghi nguyen am ed the dinh van), ddng d gida van tilng Viet Tuy nhien, day hpe eiu hai trang trai, hanh dpng trii ngUpe nhau; nghi van Khmer khdng t h i xem nhe vile nghien til3tnutnEUtt^m1tSl(fioong hop bai hai rUndu- cdu tim nhdng dau hieu die thu de tim ndi Anh"in cPm chua);tJi3nJSfnei]1l8ntjimriSi dung v i phuong phap day hpe phu hpp Vdi {Boong riin ph'ia-sa Khmer hai rU ndu-Anh hpc ngdn ngd nhU ngdn ngd Khmer, eiu nghi van tieng Khmer ehUa);mfi{rintTISJ[Unt!?im1tsi dung phuong thdc tdva cum td nghi vin (khic (Qudt so-rd-lanh nd na hai rU ndu-Anh ay yeu vdi loai ngdn ngd dCing phuong thdc dio trit tU ai^hua) Khi duac hdi, ngUdi t r i Idi chi can ndi: eiu khing djnh de biln thinh cau nghi van) thi tUltII{/7p/- rdi) hay tSl (ndu - ehUa) m i van dam viee day sd dung td, cum td nghi van nen dupc bio su lich su khdng can phii tri Idi diy dii eiu coi trpng Mdi td, cum td nghi vin cd mdt vai trd VI cau tao ciu nghi van, nhU da khio sit, eie td rieng, day chinh la npi dung nin day V l cich day, nghi vin ngoai viee ed J (rU) ddng gida hai trang nen cd sU kit hpp day cau true ciu vdi day thUe thai, hoat ddng thi ea bd phin ddng sau hinh ngdn ngd Do die dilm chd viet Khmer ndng cot ehu+vj Dilu lUu y d day la vdi dang khdng cd su phin djnh ranh gidi gida cic td, eiu nghi van nay, ngUdi Khmer edn ed each ndi viit, giio vien nen tim cich viit but hay phan khdng ein sU can xdng cd hay /thdng nhU trIn khie mau giup hpc sinh nhin td, cum td nghi m i cht can ndi tit, tde la ehi can dung mdt ve: van dOn vj ciu Va dpe cac ciu nghi van tiauiUtntmtSl {Boong hop- bai rUndu-^x\h an niy, giio vien nen dpc dung ngd dieu cPmchUa); Ut3fi3UJ1EUt4l1tg(Sooc-5bfl/ch/arUfe2 Vdi ba dang thde ndi tren, dung eiu Anh cd khol khdng) nghi van de giup hpc sinh tim hieu bai, ngUdi 1.3 Vdi eau nghi van toin bp l i nhdng cau biln soan hay giao vien khdng nen sd dung loai nghi van dupe eau tao bang eieh sd dung mdt ciu nghi van cd khung t r i Idi H13-R1S (mien, sd ylu td tinh thii ddng d cudi eiu Vl ndi dung, cdm/en-cd, khdngj, nen sddung eduhdibgphdn nhdng ciu nghi van dang niy duac dat nham Tuy viy, eiu nghi van cd san khung t r i Idi nen tim kilm eiu t r i Idi cho biet tinh chin xic, hoie duac sd dung cic bai t i p kiem tra, dinh sU ddng thuin td phia ngudi ddi thoai vdi dilu gii dudi dang trie nghiem Kiem tra bang loai ngUdi ndi da phdnqdoin hay d l xuat vdi it nhilu eau nghi van rat thuan tien cho viec lip bing de dat:mRtjltiStjlRtSnHSnS?(Qudf chia chun thdng ke, tfnh phan tram.Va nhuthi, danh chiet Khmer men-rU-ti- Cng ta li ngUdi Khmer gii, tinh chinh xic va khich quan cao Ciu nghi phai khdng);EnKni4lHfimsmtRftg?(Qudf cU van bd phin mang tinh md, de thay dupe nang chia ne miin ta trdu te- dng ta la ngudi giiu ed lue cCia tdng hpe sinh nhUng khdng thuin eho phii khdng) vile lip bing tdng hpp Viec danh gii ciJa giio Vcri loai eiu nghi van toan bd ed eiu t r i Idi dinh viln cung de mang mau sic chD quan Trong sin mang tinh lUa chpn (dung hoac khdng dung, giing day, giio vien nen han chi sddung cac ciu phii hoie khdng phai), ngudi Khmer chi can nghi van khiln hpe sinh phii suy luin nhieu nhat them vao cudi eiu cum td: tRTRftG (tato-rdu la cac eiu nghi van ma ndi dung tra Idi nim ngoai sach giao khoa Dd lijihdng ciu nghi van ed cac ti)r tHStg (men te), \p\Q (to-rdu te) dai tdnghi van: ttfl?iH(/ieto-vdy-vi sao? J, tUl?iH( Day hpc cau nghi van tieng Khmer hefdy-taisao) chUomg trinh gido due song nguT KHGD so 67, thdng - 2011 ^Gidodycdantpc- Wfff 2.3 Cau nghi van xuat hien d nhilu phin mdn, eho nen khdng nhat thilt phii chd din phin mdn Luyen td va ciu mdi day ciu nghi van Trong phan mdn Luyen t d v i eiu, eiu nghi van trd ddi tUpng hpc Hpe sinh qua khio sit ngd lieu rut nhdng kien thde v l tdng loai ciu nghi van Rdi tren ca sd nim vdng cau true tien hanh cic bai t i p thue hanh luyen tap Trong phan mdn tap dpc, cac ciu nghi van tim hiiu bai ehinh la eie cau nghi van dat tdi dp chuan mUe lai cd eho dUa vdng chae cua ngdcinh Cic ciu nghi van trd phUOng tiin quan trpng day va hpe Trong phin mdn ke chuyen, ciu nghi van cd vai trd nhu mot dilm tua tu duy, giup hpe sinh djnh hudng eae chi tilt va ndi dung can phii kl.Tuy nhiln, de giup hpc sinh khai thic bai hay cung cap dilm tUa tUduy, giao vien nin trinh sd dung loai eiu nghi van kep ddi vdi hpe sinh nhat la hpc sinh tilu hpc Tdt hon la nin chia nhd ndi dung mudn hdi, hpc sinh t r i Idi hit ndi dung mdi chuyin sang ndi dung khic 2.4 De giup hpc sinh giao tiip ed hieu qui, giao viln nen cung cap cho hpc sinh mot sd td nghi van cd t i n sd xuat hien eao Ddng thdi vdi vile cung cap td nghi van can giup eho hpe sinh biit vj tri cua cac t d nghi van ay cau nghi van Bdi vi nlu dat sai vj tri td, cum nghi van thi ngUdi sd dung se khdng dat duac mue dich giao tiip Mac dij, vdi hpc sinh ngUdi Khmer hpe tilng Khmer la hpc tilng me de, nhUng vile day eau nghi van thdng qua mau ciu van la viec lam can thilt TAILIIUTHAMKHAO Lam Xai, Thach Xarat, Thach Sieng, Ngd phdp tieng Khmer- Bin tieng Khmer, NXB Van hoa dan tpc, 1995 -Khoa hoe Gido due NHONG NET SAC TRUNG (Tii'p theo trang 56) hudng den nang lUe linh dao, quin If Giii phip khic phuc han ehi la sU ddng bp, hai hda, sU tre trung, ning ddng hpn CP cau lanh dao, quin If nha trudng Theo bing sd lieu, sd lupng GV cd dp tudi tren 55 la 416, ehilm ti le 1,8% GV dp tudi la nhdng ngUdi tdt nghiep su pham each tren 33 nim, tde la khoing td nam 1975 trd ve trUde (d miln Nam l i chi dp eu) Sd GV ehilm ti le rat thap, trIn thue t l la so it cdn cdng tie tai mdt sd trUdng THPT d khu vUe Nhdng ngudi cung Ida vdi hp da xin nghi huu hay ehuyin nganh nhilu li khie Vl die trung hoat ddng nghi nghiep, GV dp tuoi niy ed nhieu kinh nghiem nghi nghiep nhit, am hieu hpc sinh, qui trinh day hpc, thao cdng tic chuyen mdn, nghiep vu Han che cua dpi ngu la tinh trang khdng on djnh v l sdc khde, khdng tham gia hoat ddng nhieu.Tim trang chung la lim viec chd den tudi nghi hUu Nhin ehung, nit die trung noi bit thd nhat eP cau dp tuoi cua GVTHPT cua vung DBSCL la sutre trung, nang ddng, giiu nhiet huylt nghe nghiep, trinh dp chuyen mdn vdng v i mdi Diy la yeu td eP sd eho viee hoaeh djnh cac chinh sach, chu trUong, k l hoach phit trien giio due d khu vUe tdcic cap quin If Hiln nhien la can thilt ed eie bien phip khic phuc nhdng han ehi vdn ed gin liln vdi dp tuoi Net die trUng ndi bit thd hai la sU chenh lech Idn v l $6 lupng gida luc lupng GV t r i (dUdi 36 tuoi) vdi phan edn lai, dilu inh hudng khdng tdt tdi tfnh k l thda gida cac t h i he Do viy, can cd nhilu chinh sach tao dieu kiln cho lUc lupng t r i ren luyen, bdi dudng, ep xit, va cham thUe tien nghi nghiep thudng xuyIn, diu din de hp nhanh ehdng trd nen trudng hun, chin chin hPn, bin ITnh hPn, thao, gidi giang hon, sin sang nam bit trich nhiem t h i he trUde trao lai va ed nang hoin thinh chung mpt eieh hieu qui SUMMARY Lim Xai, Thach Xarat, Tran Thanh Pdn, Ngd phdp tieng Khmer- Bin tieng Khmer cd chu tieng Viet, NXB Van hoa din tpc, 1998 SUMMARY The author presents his comments and proposals This article addresses the teaching of Khmer basedontheagesurveybyuppersecondaryteachers language questions in the current bilingual in the Mekong delta, v\/hich form the foundation for the policy making in education development program KHGD so 67, thdng - 2011 59 ... vUe Nhdng ngudi cung Ida vdi hp da xin nghi huu hay ehuyin nganh nhilu li khie Vl die trung hoat ddng nghi nghiep, GV dp tuoi niy ed nhieu kinh nghiem nghi nghiep nhit, am hieu hpc sinh, qui trinh... dai tdnghi van: ttfl?iH(/ieto-vdy-vi sao? J, tUl?iH( Day hpc cau nghi van tieng Khmer hefdy-taisao) chUomg trinh gido due song nguT KHGD so 67, thdng - 2011 ^Gidodycdantpc- Wfff 2.3 Cau nghi van... sd td nghi van cd t i n sd xuat hien eao Ddng thdi vdi vile cung cap td nghi van can giup eho hpe sinh biit vj tri cua cac t d nghi van ay cau nghi van Bdi vi nlu dat sai vj tri td, cum nghi van