^ l i N H i i u Khoa hpc Giao due PHAT TRIEN CHUONG TRJNH THEO DINH HUdNG PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC NhUng thay ddi Idn Iao cua dat nude trong bdi eInh xu the hdi nhap ngay cing tie ddng sau sic tdi mpi mat[.]
^liNHiiu- -Khoa hpc Giao due PHAT TRIEN CHUONG TRJNH THEO DINH HUdNG PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC TS LUONG VIET THAI Trung tim Nghien ciiiti Gido difc Phd Uiong N hUng thay ddi Idn Iao cua dat nude bdi eInh xu the hdi nhap cing tie ddng sau sic tdi mpi mat cOa eude song da dat cho gilo dtic nhiem vu phli tao nen nhOfng edng dan, ngudi Iao ddng cd pham chat nhin each, cd nhi^g gil trj mang tinh toln d u , cd nlng hinh dong thich ung vdi su phat trien khdng ngUng cCia nen kinh te - x l hdi, dip Ung yeu cau phIt trien cua dat nude Gilo due thdng can chuan bj eho ngudi hpe nhOfng nang lUe can thiet cho cupe sdng xl hdi, iao ddng v l thue hien edng nhiem vu mdt boi dnhcuthe" NhUvay, cdthe quan nidmve nang lue:suket hpp mot elch linh hoat va ed to ehUc d e "nguon luc": kien thUc, kT nlng, thIi dp, gil trj, ddng cd, ma cung dupe huy ddng nhIm hoat ddng cd hieu qui boi eInh nhat djnh 1.1 Mot so dac diem cua nang lUc • Nlng luc ehi ed the quan sit dupe qua hoat ddng eua el nhan d eae tinh hudng nhl't djnh - Cd the phan : nang lUe chung/ chCi chdt (key competency) v l nlng luc chuyen biet (domainspecific competency) Nang lUc chung la nhCfng nlng luc can thiet de d nhan ed the tham gia hieu qua nhieu hoat ddng va d e bdi eInh khIc eua ddi sdng xa hdi (vi du : lam vlec nhdm; giao tiep; gili quyet van de; ) Nang luc nly can thiet eho tat d mpi ngUdi Nang luc chuyen biet (vf du: nang lUe nghien cUu khoa hpe, nang luc kinh doanh, ) chi can thiet ddi vcfl' mot so ngudi hoae can thiet d mdt so tinh hudng nhat dinh Kinh nghiem cCia nhieu nude cho thay, de cd lUe lupng Iao ddng tuang thich vdi dac diem eua kinh te- xa hdi duong dat (chiu Inh hudng manh me bdi su phIt trien cua khoa hoc ki thult; xu the chuyen djch sang nen kinh te tri thUe; toan d u hda; ), nen gilo due phli hudng tdi dIo tao eon ngUdi cd nang lUc, sing tao tren nen ting hoc van viJng chic Trong viec phat trien chUdng trinh gilo due thdng cCia cac nude, v'lie xac djnh eae nlng luc can thiet v l cIch thUc de hinh thanh, phat trien ele nlng lUc cho ngUdi hpc II van de dupc dac biet - Nang lUedUdc hinh va phIt trien dtrong vl ngoai nha trudng Nhl trudng dugc coi II mdi chu trpng trUdng chinh thdc giup hpe sinh cd duge nhung Vi l(hai niem nang life va cac nang lUc nlng lUc chung, can thiet song dd khdng phli la dUpfc quan tam phat trien cho hpc sinh trorig npi nhat NhCfng bdi canh vl khdng gian khdng chiTomg trinh giao due thong chinh thdc khie nhU: gia dinh, cong ddng, phuang Cd nhi^u ^ n h nghTa ve nang luc nhu; tien thdng tin dai chung, tdn gilo v l mdi trudng van h o i gdp phan bd sung va hoan thien nang - Tran Trgng Thuy vd Nguyen Quang Uan (1998) "Nang luc la tong hdp nhuYig thudc tfnh dde dIo luc el nhin cOa cA nhin phu hdp vdi nhUng yeu d u dac trung - Nlng lUe va elc thInh to cua nd khdng bat cua mot hoat ddng nhat dinh, nhIm dim bio viec bi^n ml ed the thay doi tU nang lue sd dang, thu hoan ed ket qui tdt ITnh vUc hoat ddng ddng tdi nlng lUc bac cao mang tinh tu chu cl ay" nhan Vi vay, de xem xet nang luc eua mdt d nhin -HEM/e/nerf (2001) cho ring "Nang lUe eua hpe nao dd, chung ta khdng ehi nham tim ea nhan dd sinh II su ket hpp hpp li kien thOfe, kT nlng va su cd nhOfng td nlng lUc nao ma cdn phai chi sin sing tham gia de d nhin hanh ddng cd trIch mufc dd cua nhUng nang lUc Dinh cao nhat eua nhiem v l biet phe phin tich cUc hudng tdi giai nang luc II d nhan cd kha nang tU chu eao mpi hoat ddng phlpchoclcvande" - OECD (To chufe cle nudc kinh te phIt trien) - Nang lUc duge hinh v l cli thien li^n tuc dua khIi niem ve nang lUc nhU sau: "Nang lUc la suot cupe ddi ngudi vi sU phIt trien nang nang ca nhin dap uTig ele yeu d u phUc hpp lUe ve thue chat II llm thay doi d u true nhan thOfc KHGD so 69, thdng - 2011 11 Khoa hpc Gido due • v l hanh ddng cCia d nhin ehCf khdng chi don thuin CIc nlng lUe nly dupe phIt trien qua hpe tip la sU bo sung d e ming ki^n thUe rieng re Do dd, d e mdn hpQ hoat ddng gilo due d nha trUdng nang luc cd the bj yeu hole mat dl neu nhu chung Trong chudng trinh moi mdn hpe deu gdp phan khdng dUdc sCf dung tich cUc va thudng xuyen phIt trien elc nang lUc chung nay, vi du mdn - CIc thInh phan cua nang luc chung thudng Vat lixledjnh bdn nhdm nang luc: - Nlng luc chuyen mdn: Cle hien tUpng, khIi ni§m, nguyen If, djnh luat vlt If Phan chia thInh ITnh vUe: nlng lupng; vat chiit; tUdng tic; d c hi 1.2 Viic nghiin culi, xdc ittnh cac ndng luc cdn - Nlng luc phUdng phap: PhUdng phap quan sat, thuc nghiem va d c phupng phap nghien cUu phdt trien d hgc sinh dd dUOc nhieu to churc qu6c khie nhu stJ dung md hinh, (vi du: hpe sinh mo tecung nhucdc quoc gia quan tdm t l hien tUpng v l tim nhOfng mdi quan he vat li da To chUc UNESCO dua d e tru edt v^ hpe t i p biet; hpc sinh lua chpn dO lieu v l thdng tin ti^ d c cCia UNESCO: hoc de biet, hpc de lam, hpc de cung nguon khae de thue hien va gili quyet van chung sdng, hpc de tu khSng djnh minh de, kiem tra v l phln loai chung OECD da thUe hien mdt nghien cCfu bai bin ve - Nlng lUc giao ti^p: Phan tich va trao d6i thdng ele nlng lUe can dat eua hoe sinh thdng tin lien quan tdi mdn hpe (vt du : hpe sinh trao doi thdi ki kinh te tri thUc v l da dUa khung nang luc vdi ve kien thUc vat li v l dng dung cua no gdm nhdm nang luc sau : bang eleh su'dung nhOfng ngdn ngUchuyen nglnh da dang vi chung dupe quyet ^nh theo yeu d u cua kinh te xa hdi va die di^m van hoi cDa quoc gia, din tde va dia phUdng -I- CIc nlng lUc chCi chdt cho viec si!f dung d e edng cu hieu qui (Cd nang sCf dung ngdn ngO, bleu tupng v l elc van bin mot eleh tich eUc; Cd nlng kiem soat kien thde v l thdng tin; Cd nang su'dung edng nghd mdi mdt eleh phij hop) + Cac nang luc hanh ddng tuchu, sing tao (Cd nang bio ve v l khang dinh quyen, Ipi ich, trieh nhiem, nhu cau c l nhan v l nhung gidl han eho phep; Cd nlng xly dUng v l thue hi^n ke hoach d nhan va cle dUan; Cd nang hanh ddng hieu qui dieu kien, holn dnh thay ddi) + Cac nlng lUc tuang tie cac nhdm xa hdi khdng ddng nhat (Cd nang thiet lap quan he *Vdi ngUiJi khIc; Cd nang hdp tic; Cd nlng dieu chinh va hoi gili d e mau thuan) Khung nly dupc van dung v l dieu chinh tuj' thudc vao dieu kien kinh te- x l hdi v l vIn hoi cOa mdi quoc gia thudc khol OECD Trong chUdng trinh gilo due ph6 thdng cCia mot sd nudc, khung eae nlng lUe chung/ chCi chdt (key competencies) dupe xac dinh llm CP sd, tham chieu cho viec xay dung chuong trinh Dudi dly II mdtsovfdu: v l cle the hien dac trung cCia mdn; hpc sinh phan biet giCfa su md t l nhOfng hien tUpng bIng ngdn ngd ddi song vdi ngdn ngOf chuyen nganh; ) - Nang luc dinh gia: Nhan va dinh gil ele sU kien vat li ele tinh hudng/ bdi cinh khie (vi du : hpe sinh chi trien vpng va glc^ han nhOfng vf du vlt li ddn glln dudi nhan quan vat ti nhUng tinh hudng va ngoai mdn hpc; hpc sinh so sinh va danh gil nhOfng gili phIp kT thuat men' tren elc khia canh vat If, kinh te, xa hpl va sinh thIi) Phdn bgc mite dd yeu cdu cOa cac ndng li/c I III Tai hi&n kien thiic Van dung kien thtfc Ugnk^tvd vin dung ki^nthilc NSng ILIC phuong phSp MdtSlai cac phuong phap Silf dung cic phuong phdp diuy&n biSt Lua chon vdvdn dung c&c PP chuyen bi^d^gidj quy^vjn Sijrdung hinh thiJc dien ta phit h^p Tuluachon cdchdl4ntd vd sCrdung chuyen bi§t Nang lire giao ti^p a/ Chuong trinh gido due cua CHLB Dutc dUa nhdm nang lUc chung can hinh cho hpe sinh,dd II: Ndng lUe chuyen mdn: nang hpc elc Nang li/c ndi dung mdn hpc, cd kien thUc mdn hpc; Ndng lUc d^nh giS phuang phdp: nlng hpc eleh thdc llm viec, cd phUdng phIp hpc, lam v i ^ ; Ndng lucxd hdi: nang giao tiep, ufng XLI; Ndng lucddnh gid 12 11 NSng luc chuy&n Limtheo m l u dien td diotn/dc Ap dung su Knh luan nhOng ddnh giti c6 ddnhgiddacd nhCCng ddnh gid cOa bdn than KHGDs669,th^ng6-2ai1 ^MSnffuru- Khoa hpc Giao d^c the Day cung la mdt nguyen nhin dan tcrt viec the b/ Chuong trinh gido due cda Bang Quebec (Canada) xac ^nh d e nang lUe xuyen suot chUdng hien dinh hUdng phIt trien d c nlng luc xay trinh gdm nhdm va cd nang luc: dung chUdng trinh d c mdn hpe eon han che [chua - CIc nang lUe nhan thUe : sCf dung thdng tin ; ddng deu giUa elc mdn, ) gill quyet van de; dUa ^ kien cd phe phan ; I p Ngoai d e nang lUe chung nhu d l ndi d tren, chuong trinh gilo due cdn cd nang luc rieng dung sang tao biet mdn hpc (lien quan tdi kien thUc, kT nlng mdn - CIc nang lUe ve phUdng phap: theo phUdng hpe) hole ele nlng luc chuyen blit lien quan tdi phIp llm viec cd hieu q u i ; sd dung ICT mot nghe nIo dd (vi du van hanh mdt loai mIy) - Cac nang luc ca nhan v l xl hdi: xay dUng 6ae Ve chUtfng trinh theo djnh hUcmg phat trUngriengeCia d nhin; hdp tic vdi nhOfng ngudi trien nang lUc ngifcri hpc (chuc^g trinh dua vdo khie ndng luc vd chuong trinh dUa vdo ndi dung - Nang lUe lien quan tdi giao tiep: glao tiep mdt Tuy theo dch tlep can phIt trien chuong trinh, eleh thfeh hpp ngUdi ta cd the phan chia thInh chuong trinh dUa Trong day hpc khoa hpc, cong nghe, d c nang vIo nlng lUe (competency based curriculum) v l lUe v^ khoa hpc, edng nghe dUde chu trpng phIt chuong trinh dua vao ndi dung (content-based trien la: Gill thfeh/ dua gill phIp eho ele van de curriculum): khoa hpc, edng nghe; Van dung kien thUc khoa hpc, - Vdi chuong trinh dUa vdo ndi dung: edng nghi; Glao tiep vdi ngdn ngCf su" dung Chuong trinh dUdcxIydUng tren cdsdcho ring khoa hpc, cong nghe Qua dd, gdp phan phIt trien dc nang lUc chung nhU nlng lUc gili quyet van de, ed mdt sd kien thOfe van hda xa hdi, (chang han nhucCia d c khoa hpe bd mdn nhu toan hpc, vat li, nang lUe giao tlep, dja li, ) ml tat el mpi ngudi can biet ChUdng trinh c/Chuong trinh gido due New Zealand dupc thiet kede cung c^p nhCfng kien thUedd Viec TCf nam 2000, Bd Gilo due New Zealand da tien xay dUng chUdng trinh bit dau vdi viec phln tich hanh cli td gilo due phd thdng, trUde tien bang nhOfng kien thdc nIo ciia ele khoa hpe bd mdn viec xay dUng chUdng trinh dua tr^n tiep can "dUa dupc dua vIo hay khdng dUpc dua vao vIo nlng lUc" Khung nang lUc dUdc dUa gom: Chuong trinh dupe hieu nhU la mdt" sin Cd hi^u biet day du ve bin sic ea nhan; Cd trIeh pham"ehUa ele npi dung can chuyen giao cho hpc nhiem vdi bin thin, cd niem tin va ddng cP dung sinh, md t l npl dung giao vien can day eho hpe din; Hieu v l ph^ phan d c hien tUpng cCia the gidl sinh Kien thUe thudng duge trinh bay theo tCfng xung quanh, lay dd llm cd sdde quyet dinh khdi rieng biet (theo d c khoa hpc bp mdn); va gil eude sdng; Trinh bay tdt y kien v l quan diem trude dinh ring hpc sinh nIm vC^g tC/ng bd phln nhiiu ngudi; Tham gia v l ddng gdp hieu qui eho rieng biet thi hp se nam dupe tong the cupe sdng (gia dinh, cong ddng, nha trUdng ) - Vdi chuong trinh theo dinh hudng ndng lUc d/ d Viit Nam, nhUhg yeu cdu ve phdt trien Day la chUdng trinh ehu y tdi dau d n dat Diem bit dau eua xay dung chUdng trinh II viec ndng lUc edng dd 6UOc the hiin Luat Gido xlc dinh cac nang luc d n cho cupe sdng v l tham due Lult Gilo due (nIm 2005), Dieu 27 neu: "Muc gia cd hieu qua x l hpl Ket qui hpe tap can tiiu cOa gido due thdng Id giup hgc sinh phdtdat II diem bat dau de xac djnh, lUa chpn, td ehUe trien todn diin ve dgo dde, tri tue, the chdt, thdm elc mi kinh nghiem hpc tap ed nghTa vd edc kindng ca bdn, phdt trien ndng lUe cd nhdn, TiS quan niem nly, chuong trinh xlc djnh cle nlng luc ngUdi hpe d n dat va d c nguyen tic de tinh ndng ddng vd sdng tgo, hinh thdnh nhdn each eon ngudi Viit Nam xd hdi chu nghia, xay dung tu xlc djnh d c kieu "kinh nghiem" ml se giup hpc sinh edeh vd trdch nhiem edng ddn; ehudn bicho hgc sinh dat dupc cle nlng lUe tiep tuc hgc ten hade di vda eude sdng Iao dgng, thamDo vlec hinh thanh, phIt trien ele nlng luc ddi giaxdydungvdbdoveT6qudc".Ttongehuangtf\nh hdi su van dung phdi hpp elc kien thUc, kT nang, giao due phd thong, dc muc tieu, yeu d u ndi tren nen ehupng trinh chu y tdi tinh tong the, tdi ket cung duac de cIp Tuy nhien, cle nang lUc dUa hpp va tich hpp kien thOfc (cd the qua tich hpp mdn d giai doan xac dinh muc tieu ciia gilo due hpc, qua xay dung d c chO de hpc tap rdng gan thdng hay cua tdng d p hpc cdn chung, chua cu vdi nhung van de thUe tien, } Ld glc khoa hpc bp KHGD so 69, thdng 6-2011 13 Khoa hpc Gido due -mnm mdn khdng phli II nhat chi phol viee td chUe sinh ddng hon, hpc sinh tham gia tich eUc han, co npi dung chupng trinh Ddng thdi khdng ehu trIch nhiem hon ddi vdi vi^c hpc t i p eua hp,tutln tdi viec cung d p nhieu kien thUe cCia cac khoa hpe hon, Vai trd eCia giao vien - ngudi ho trp va hUdng bp mdn ma ehu y lUa chpn, to chCi'c ele ndi dung dan ngudi hpe hpc tap ed hieu qui - dupc de caa hpc tap mot dch hpp li, tao ea sd cho vlec phat Glao vien dupe khuyen khich sing tao day trien d c nang luc cho hpc sinh hoc, lua chpn npi dung, sU dung da dang va linh Nhufng UU diem cua chucmg trinh theo hoat ele phuong phIp day hpe thich hop, dinh hudng nang luc - Viic dinh gil ket qui hpc tap cCia hpc sinh chu - Chuong trinh xlc djnh mot eleh rd rang d e y den eae td khie eua nang luc (khdng nlng lUc d n thiet cho ngudi hpc (trong cd nang chi tap trung vao ghi nhd kien thUe).DInh gia quan luc gill quyet van de thue tien, d c kt nlng sdng, tu tam tdi viec hpe sinh the hien nlng lUc nhuthe nao phe phln, tu sang tao, } v l ele bien phIp d d c tinh hudng gin vdi thUe tiln Khdng ehi dinh (vlec to chufe chuong trinh, phuong phap day hpc, gia ket qui dau ma cdn cl qua trinh di den ket ) nhIm dat cac nlng luc Do vay, chUPng trinh qui dd Viee dinh gia nhu vay se thOc day vt^e hoc khdng ehi "day chCC (trang bj eho ngUdi hpe d c tap ed y nghTa cCia hpc sinh, thUc d^y sutl^n bd cua kien thUe, kT nang elc mdn hpc) ml eon ehu trpng e^e em tdi "day ngudi" Qua dd thuc hien tdt muc tiiu giao Mot so yeu cau phat triln chUdng due trinh theo dinh hudng phat trien nang lUc ngu^ - CIc nlng luc xuyen suot cac Idp/ cap hpc va hoc giOfa cie ITnh vuc hpe tap/ mdn hpc tao thuan Ipi - Quan triet muc tieu gilo due - muc tieu phIt cho viee ke thUa, phat trien, gin ket (giOfa elc ITnh vuc ndi dung hpc tap, cac bdi dnh hpc tip; giu'a trien nang luc ngudi hpe d e Idp/ d p hpe; ), giup eho viec hpe tap eua hpc - Dim bio tinh khoa hpc va tfnh su pham: sinh cd nghTa, d c em phat tri^n tdt + Pham vi (dim bio tinh ed bin, thdng) - Do chtj trpng tdi yeu d u "dau ra"la ele nlng + CIn ddi, toan dlen (dc ITnh vUc ndi dung; dc luc d n dat nen chUdng trinh dua vao nang luc, v'lie lua chpn ndi dung, dch thUc thue hien khfa canh eua nlng iuc) -I-Hien dai, cap nhat ("cle kinh nghiem hpc tap" eho hpe sinh) se linh hoat, mem d^o hpn so vdi chuang trinh ma md t l -I- Phu hdp (phu hpp vdi trinh dp phIt tri^n trude d c ndi dung can truyen dat cho hoe sinh Do ngudi hpe; thiet thuc, gin vdi thUc tien Viet Nam) vly, ed dieu kien de dip dng nhu d u , d'liu ki&n da - Ke thUa, phat trien, gin ket (dim bio sUtien dang cCia ngudi hpc, vung mien (thuc hien day hoc phln hda; phln cap phIt trien, to chCfe thUe bp viec hpc tap, su phIt trien nang lUc eua ngudi hpe qua d c d p / Idp; tao cd sd cho hpe tip hien chuang trinh) suot ddi; tao thuan Ipi eho viec chuyen doi giCfa cle - Gdp phan "gilm t l i " (do thUe hl^n tfeh hpp trudng, d e pha gilo due; gan ket, tich hpp elc mdn hpc; khdng dat nang van de cung d p d c ITnh vuc npi dung; elc khia canh eua nang lUc) nhieu kien thUc cac mdn hpe eho hpe sinh; ) - Chat lupng eua cac tiep can day vl hpe (ddi hdi - ChUCJng trinh dua vao nang luc quan tam sd dung d c tinh hudng phUc hpp, tinh hudng thuc sutham gia tich cue cua ngudi hoc; chu y tdi sUkhIc tien day hoc; chu y tdi nlng hinh ddng biet giUa eae ea nhan ngudi hpc; chu y tdi hpc tap theo tinh huong Do vly, hpe sinh tham gia tfeh eUe cl la qua trinh el nhan v l II qua trinh xa hdi; ) hpc tap va duge ten iuyen, phat trien nlng Dam bdo sU binh iting ve quyen loi luc gili quyet eae van de thue te cua cupe sdng hpc tap Hpe sinh nhan thay viee hpe mang lai Ipi ich va cd - Dip Lftng yeu d u phat trien cOa tdng ddi tUpng y nghTa doi vdi eude sdng hien tai v l tUdng lai eua ele em dd se cd thIi dp tich eUc ddi vdi viec hpe hpe sinh Mem deo, dap dng sUda dang cOa ngUdi hpc tap va tao cd sd eho hpe tap suot ddi - Dim bio tinh thong nhat (giufa ndi dung, - De dat dupe ele muc tieu ndng cCia mdn hpe cung nhu phIt trien cle nlng lUc chung cCia hpc phuong phap giao due, danh gil, v l muc tieu gilo sinh (nhu llm viee nhdm, giao tiep, ) thi ddi hdi sCf due; ) dung elc phucffig phap day hoe tich cUc Ldp hpc - Dam bio tinh thi 14 KHGD s6 69, thdng - 2011 ^iidnUijru- • Khoa hpc Gido d^c -DlpUngy^uduphlttrienbenvUng:Chuytdi phIt trien nang luc hpc tap suot ddi; nang luc dap Cing, thich nghi mdt xa hdi bien doi khdng ngC/ng; nang lUccung chung sdng; Mdt s6 van dung phdt trien chUdng trinh giao due thong sau nam 2015 nam 2015, d Viet Nam, d n tiep can, nghien cuXi viec phIt trien chUdng trinh theo djnh hUdng phIt trien nang luc ngudi hpe ddng thdi van dung cho phu hpp vdi truyen thdng, die dilm ngudi hpc v l dieu kien cu the cOa nhl trudng, eua kinh te- xa hdi dat nude ChUdng trinh gilo due thdng dupe xay Nghien cUu chuang trinh cCia mdt sd nUdc cd dung theo dch xuat phIt tU eae nlng lUe thiet yeu nen gilo due phIt trien cho thay, mac du cd su ma mol HS can cd vl kit qui cudi eung phli dat cle khIc viec xac djnh khung nang luc, cd nang lUe ay nhOfng dch thOfc cu the khIc phIt trien - Trude het, tU ele co sd ve die ^em, su phIt chuemg trinh, nhung deu ed d c diem chung I I : trien kinh te, van hda - xa hdi, ele gil trj, ; tCr vj -Teit c l elc nudc deu ed suchu y tdi hinh thInh, tri, muc tieu gilo due phd thdng; dac dilm tim phIt trien nhCfng nlng luc, kT nang can cho hpc suot sinh If ngudi hpc d n xlc djnh nhCfng ylu d u ve ddi, eude sdng hing ngay, edng dan, eude song Iao nang luc d n hinh thanh, phIt trien d ngUdi hpc de ddng - dd cd su chu trpng tdi elc nlng luc dap Ofng dupc yeu d u cupe sdng v l thInh edng chung (nhu nlng luc hpp tie, lam vi^c theo nhdm, tuong lai (edng din cd ich, ngUdi Iao ddng giao ti^p, tu phi phln, tU sing tao, gill hieu qui, ) sau moi cap hpc va sau gilo due quyet van de, ); thdng Viec xac dinh d c nang lUe nay, ngoli d c nha -Trong xlc djnh ndi dung, hudng dan day hpe giao duethi caned sutham gia rpng rlicCia nhieu chu trpng tdi d e tinh hudng, boi d n h thUe tien (tU doi tupng lien quan nhu nhOfng ngUc^ Iao ddng, sCf dung Iao ddng, d c nha hoat ddng chinh trj, xa hdi, nhlin van hda, xl hdi, ); phu huynh, bin thin hpc sinh, vdi phUdng thUe - Quan t i m xlc dinh eae nlng lUc, kT nang tham gia phD hpp chung/ chu chdt v l d c ITnh vuc hpe tap/ mdn hpc - Xlc i^nh (chuan) nang luc d n dat sau moi llm cd sd xay dung chUdng trinh; d p hpc/ Idp hpc Xly dung phuong thOfc dinh gil Mac du d tren cd phan djnh hai loai chUdng phu hpp, cho phep xlc dinh/gilm sit dupe viec dat trinh : chUdng trinh dUa vIo ndi dung vl chuong dupe nlng lUe trinh dua vIo nlng lUe, thUe tien phat trien - Tren eP sd elc nang luc d n dat eung nhu tren chUdng trinh, thudng phli cd su ket hc^ cilia d cdsdxie djnh d c mdn hpc, ITnh vUc hpe tap de xly hai dch tiep can tren CIch thUc ket hop eung ed dung ehudng trinh Trong can quan tam: t h i khie Kinh nghiem quoc te cung cho biet de xay dUng mot chUPng trinh hieu qui thi khdng - QuIn triet cac ylu d u phIt trien nang lUe the chi dua tren cdsd"mpt danh sleh"cac nlng luc chuong trinh moi mdn hpc chung can phIt trien m l phli quan tam trang bj - Xly dUng ele chu de hpc tap rdng, xuyen mdn mot vdn kien thUe dim bio tfnh toan dien Van de tao ed sd eho viec phIt trien ele nlng lUc cOa hpe II d chd c6 sU ket hdp hpp li (hieu qui, khdng khien sinh (Cac chu d l hpc tap rpng nly: giup hpe sinh cUdng, ) va phCi hop vdi thuc tien cOa dat nudc lien he kien thUc mdn hpc vdi nhUng mdi quan tim ChUdng trinh gilo due ph6 thdng hi^n hinh hing ngay, giup hilu hdn ve thuc te; gin nhCfng cua Viet Nam, ben canh nhOfng uu diem thi cung van de Idn ml the he tr^ phli ddi mat; trd cdn nhCfng bat cap nhu cdn thien ve trang bj kien edng dan tich cUe eua dja phUdng, dat nude, toan thUc khoa hpc bd mdn; ehUa ehu trpng dung mUc d u CIc chu de dap Ung nhu d u / sd thich da dang tdi viec r^n Iuyen phuong phap tU hpe, thUe hanh cua hpc sinh v l phln Inh yeu cau cCia x l hdi doi vdi v l Ong dung kiln thdc vIo thuc tien cho hpc sinh; giao due;Tao thuan Ipi eho sutfeh hop viee hpe tap chua chu -y dOng mifc tdi hinh thInh v l phIt trien cac mdn hpc khae nhau, phIt trien nang lUc d c nang lUc can thiet cho hpc sinh sdng xl giai quyet van de) hdi hien dai ludn ludn biln ddng, die biet la eae -ThUc hien day hpc phan hda, dap Ofng nhu d u nang lUc nhin thu"c, nang luc sing tao, nlng lUc phat trien nang luccl nhln,khuynh hudng sd thfeh gili quyet vln de, nang lUc hoat ddng x l hdi ca nhan hpc sinh Trong do, d d c Idp tren (Trung Di hoi nhip vdi xu t h i chung, doi mcri hpc ph6 thdng) d n glim bdt sd mdn hpe bat budc chuong trinh v l sach gilo khoa phd thdng sau va tang cUdng tU chpn KHGD 86 69, thdng 6-2011 15 K h o a h p c G i a o di^c -Tinh g i l m khdi lupng k i l n thUc.Tap trung v I o nhOfng cd sd cho hpc tap suot ddi Tang eUcflig viee giao due kl n l n g sdng eho hpe sinh - Chu y tdi day hpc tich hpp Day manh day v l hpc tfeh cue nham p h I t trien ele nang luc cho hpc sinh;Tang cudng cho hpe sinh thuc hanh, van dung kien thu'c, kT n l n g v I o d c tinh hudng ed nghTa; Da dang hda d c hoat ddng hpe tap; t i n g cudng cho hpe sinh t i m tdi kham pha, nghien edu, thUe hien d c d u an hpc tap tham gia d e hoat dong xa hpl; day manh Ung dung cd hieu q u i edng nghe thdng tin - Trong p h I t t r i l n chUdng trinh: p h l n d p manh hdn cho cd quan g i l o due dja phUdng v l nha trudng viec xay dUng chuong trinh dia phUdng Dong thdi can tap huan, bdi dUdng n l n g cao nang luc thuc hien cho d c dja phUdng va nha trUdng v l ed nhUng ho t r p d n t h i l t Bd ed the x l y dung mdt sd"mau"de tham khIo Da dang hda ve tai lieu day hpc: cd nhCfng t l i lieu ho trp day hpc phu hpp vdi d e viing mien, ddi tupng Mdt sd mdn hpe ed the ed mot so bp sleh de n h l trudng lua chon phu hop vdi dieu kien thuc te.Da dang hda ve loai hinh t l i lieu; in; CD/VCD/ ; Internet; Trong quan li chUdng trinh, d n p h l n d p manh hdn eho dja phuong; eho phep nha trudng ehCi ddng, linh hoat hdn t o ehUe thUe hien chUdng trinh Chuan bj ddng bd, d i e biet la van de dpi ngu f g i l o vien de dap Ofng dupc yeu d u doi mdi eua chuong trinh -Nghten Tai lieu tham VhAo International Bureau of Education Thedebate on competencies, 2005 Chudng trlnh Gido due thdng eua Quebec 2005 l u o n g Viet Thai, Bdo edo Hoi thao Di tdi Phdt trien chuang trlnh theo dinh hudng phdt trien ndng lUcngUdi hoc, 20^0 Muller W, Nghiin edu li ludn dgy vd hgc vat II ngdynay,2009 Nguyen Thi Minh PhUdng, Bdo edo tong kit De tdi Xay dUng khung ndng lue cua hgc sinh phS thdng Viet Nam,2009 Roegiers X, Cdeh tlep can theo ndng luc tgi edc nude sddung tieng Phdp dChdu Phi - Mdt v l i xu hudng, 2008 Tap chi so sdnh chUcmg trinh INCA SUMMARY This article addresses the curriculum development using capacity development approach In this article the author presents: 1/concepts of capacity, research on needed capacities done by other countries and international centered 2/ learners' capacity development and content based curriculum; 3/ advantages of capacity-based curriculum; 4/ requirements for capacity-based curriculum TAlLl|UTRfCHDAN Tl/Tl/ONG (Tlep theo trang 10} organizations; curriculum Hd Chf Minh, Todn tdp, tap I d i n tap VI xuat b i n n I m 1995; Tap VII den tap XII xuat b i n n I m phUdng phap v l tac phong d i n chCi tien bp theo 1996, NXB Chfnh trj Quoc gia, H I Ndi quan ^ I m Ho Chi Minh eho d n bd, g i l n g vien va D i n g Cong s i n Viet Nam (2011), Vdn kien Dgi hdi dgi bieu todn quoc Idn thdXI, NXB Chinh trj Quoc gia Ha Npi sinh vien, hpc sinh trUcmg minh Ddn chu I I d i l u kien tien quyet de di d i n thdng suot Hoc sinh d n p h l i thdng suot mp/vtJhde sU hpc Can bp, g i l n g vien eung d n dupe thdng suot nhCfng van d l ve t o chde q u I n ly, eua don vj minh.De cho ddi tUong mlnh dupe thdng suot, n h l q u I n li, g i l n g vien trude h i t p h l i ed e l l tam sing, nhiet thanh, ed nang luc chuyen mdn gldi, phuong p h I p tdt, quan he tot v l m d t he thong t o chu'c q u I n If dan chu, cdi md 16 V6 VIn Lde (2011), Quan diem cua Chu tjch Hd ChifiAinh veddn chu gido due, NXB Chinh trj Qudegia, HaNpi SUMMARY Based upon President Ho Chi Minh's speeches the author has summarized his thinking on democracy in school management KHGD so , thdng - 1 ... hien tUpng cCia the gidl sinh Kien thUe thudng duge trinh bay theo tCfng xung quanh, lay dd llm cd sdde quyet dinh khdi rieng biet (theo d c khoa hpc bp mdn); va gil eude sdng; Trinh bay tdt y... (Tlep theo trang 10} organizations; curriculum Hd Chf Minh, Todn tdp, tap I d i n tap VI xuat b i n n I m 1995; Tap VII den tap XII xuat b i n n I m phUdng phap v l tac phong d i n chCi tien bp theo. .. dung sang tao biet mdn hpc (lien quan tdi kien thUc, kT nlng mdn - CIc nang lUe ve phUdng phap: theo phUdng hpe) hole ele nlng luc chuyen blit lien quan tdi phIp llm viec cd hieu q u i ; sd dung