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Khoa hpc Giao due CHlNH SACH CilA CHINH PHU D 5 | VtH GIAO VIEN P H 6 THONG VAN OEVA THACH THOC Nude ta hien cd 1 087 880 nhl glao dang hanh nghi, trong dd so gilo vlen day tai cIc trUdng pho thong II[.]
-Khoa hpc Giao due CHlNH SACH CilA CHINH PHU D | VtH GIAO VIEN P H THONG VAN OEVA THACH THOC NGUYIN QUANG KlNHf) N ude ta hien cd 1.087.880 nhl glao dang hanh vat chat/vat the (nhu tinh elm, sutrpng thj nham nghi, dd so gilo vlen day tai cIc trUdng dap dng nhu cau ve quan he giUa cl nhan v l edng thong II 803.280 ngUdi, chiem 73,84% tong so ddng/ xl hdi) Nha tarn li hpe Maslow da dua mdt nha gilo duong ehUc cCia el nUdc Nhin nhan mot each hinh dung ve nhu ciu cua ngudi nhu la each khii quit, cdthe ndi, cIc nha gilo Wet Nam da mdt he thdng ed nIm cap, d cle cap dp thap gdm gdp phin quan trpng vio cong cupe phIt trien v l nhUng nhu cau cd bin (trong dd cd nhu cau duy tri mdt he thong gilo due ed quy md Idn tri cupe sdng) va dng eho rang chi cac nhu cau (tong sd ngudi hpc chlem 1/4 dan sd, rieng sd hpc CO bin duge dap dng thi mdi cd the ndi den cac sinh thdng da xap xi 20 trieu em).Tuy nhien, nhu cau bac cao, tUc ta cle nhu cau dem lai suthda dieu kien kinh te xa hdi (KTXH) cdn nhieu khd khin mln thue su edng viec^Dieu nay, cung nhU (d^t nUde dang phIt trien, thu nhap binh quan diu d nUde ta, ngudi xua da day: "Cd thue mdi vUe dupe ngudi th^p, mu'c song cCia mdt phan ddng dan cu dao'! hien vin d dudi ngUdng trung binh), cho nen tang Idp gilo chdc cdn nhieu han che ma chinh nhCTng - Col trpng tie ddng eCia Idi ich vlt chat ddi vdi mat han che dd lai thudng dupe xem la nguyen hoat ddng nghe nghiep cua nha gilo, Ngt"ti quyet nhan quan trpng dan den tinh trang yeu kem, bat TW (khoa 8) da yeu clu "LUdng gilo vien dUde cap cua gilo due thdng, cung nhU cua cl he xep cao nhat he thong thang bac lUdng hanh thdng gilo, due (HTGD) Bli viet nay, chung tdi chinh su nghiep va cd th&m che dp phu d p xin t i p trung nhan di^n v l phan tich edc vdn di theo tinh chat cong vlec, theo vung Chinh phCi vd thdeh thik tde ddng cua diiu kiin KTXH quy djnh".^ De the che hda, Luat Gilo due da quy viie phdt trien ddi ngu gido viin thdng Cu the dinh tai Dleu 81," Nhd gido duac hudng tien tuang la nhUng vIn d^ va thach thUc ma nganh Gilo due phu cap uu ddi theo nghe, phu cap thdm nien vd eae phli ddi mat, bao gdm: a/Tao ddng luc cho dpi ngu phu cap fcMc"theo quy djnh cOa Chinh phCi day, gilo vi^n; b/ Nang cao nang luc cCia dpi ngu gilo theo Di^u 82 cCia dao luat nay, cac phu cap khic vlen; el PhIt huy dan chu tang Idp gilo chu'c; d/ Nang cao vi the cCia nhl gilo xa hoi Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) la nha tarn li hpc ngUdl Ve van de tfdng lUc cua gido viSn MI Theo ong, nhu cau cua ngUdi c6 the xep nhU mot kim tuth^p tang d6 nhu cau dau tien, tCf tang thap tiidng - Tien iUtfng, phu dfp vii ch^ dd khen l^n tSng cao, 1^: nhu ciu sinh If (nhii ho hap, an uong, tSm thudng rC(a, nghi ngcri ), nhu cau an toan (ve co the, vlec \km, thu - Ddng luc doi vdi gilo vien thdng dupt de nhap, gia dinh, tai s^n ), nhu cau sd hiJtu vh tinh ckm (nhi/ cip dly la edc nhdn td thue ddy cl nhIn nha gilo tinh ban bfe, tinh gia dinh, tinh y&u ), nhu cau ton trpng (tU trong, niem tin, tlianh dat, sU t6n trpng cua ngUdi khae J, thUe hien ngh^ nghiep cua minh vl phan Bdn nhu cau duac xem 1^ co bdn/ co sd, neu khong dugc quan trpng do, edc nhdn td Idm eho dpi ngij dap ijmg thi ca nhan se lo I3ng, cang thing, Maslow gpi nhu gilo vien ph6 thdng phdt trien ve sd lUdng va chat cau vC/a ke la "cac nhu cSu thieu thon" (deficiency- needs IUdng\ cic nhIn td tao ddng luc ddi vdi hay d-needs) Con nhu c3u thii la nhu cau tU khdng dinti/ ngUdi (ndi chung), va ca nhan nha glao (ndi rieng), tuhodn thi^n (nhir nhu cau xi^ the theo dao If, nhu cau sang cd thuf II vlt chat/ vat the (nhu cdm, ao, gao, tien tao, nhu cau gl5i quyet v^n d^, nhu cau chap nhan siithat ) Day III nhutig nhu cau cao nhcit, Maslow gol la B-needs (benhim dip Lfng cIc nhu cau ton tai/ tri cupe ing- needs) ma de mo ti nhSn to thiic day hanh d6ng d^p song cua c l nhan va gia dinh) v l cd thU khdng la ung nhu cau nay, ong dat thuat ngCr metamotivation {•) Nguyen Chinh VSn phbng B6 GD&OT I.TCf dl^n ti^ng Viet, Vi^n Ngdn ngCfhoc, 1994, NXB Glao Due vh Trung tSm Tir dien hpc: dftng lUc c6 hai nghia, nghTa thiJ l:'Ck\ thue 6&y, l&m cho phit tri^n" KHGD 86 69, thdng • 2011 (tam djch \k sieu ddng luc) - http://en.wikipedia.orQ/wiki/ Maslow%27s hierarchy of needs Mot so van ki^n ciia 05ng Cong s5n Vi#t Nam ve cong tac khoa gl^o, Tap ve GD&DT, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia, tr 475 Khoa hpc Giao due -Ng^Unbuwl bao gom phu cap cho gilo vien day cac trudng npl tru, bin tru va dubj dal hpe dinh eho em ngudi dan toe thleu so, phu cap cho giao vien cle trUdng nang khieu ve khoa hpc, nghe thuat, the due-th^ thao v l cac trudng danh cho tre em khuyet tat Ngoai ra, gilo vlen day d nhOfng vung KTXH die biet khd khan (nhU vung nui, hll dio, vung each xa cac true Id giao thdng cdn dupe hUdng phu cap khu vuc va dupe ehfnh quyen dia phuang tao dieu kien ve eho d thing." Trong mUe luong (tinh theo GDP) cua giao vien tieu hpe, THCS va TViPT d mdt nUde thu nhap trung binh II 1,84 - 2,04 - 2,49 thi d nUde ta (nam 2005) la 1,50 -1,55 -1,60.= Ket qui cua mot vai cude nghien edu/ khIo sat d mot sd dia phuong, thu nhap td lUdng va phu d p theo quy djnh khdng dO trang trli ele kholn chi nhat thiet phli thue hien de bio dim mde sdng trung binh ci!ia giao v\in va gia dinh Tinh trang dan den mot bd phan khdng nhd nha giao phli day them dtrUdng tu hole kem cap hpc sinh ngoai gid day tai trudng hole khdng it gilo vien phai lam cong viec khie ngoai nghe - NhOng quy dinh cua Luat Gilo due ve lUdng va phu cap ddi vdi gilo vien dUdc the hien cu the nghiep cua minh de ting them thu nhap Ben canh dd, cung vdi sUphIt trien KTXH, nhieu nganh ngh^ cle Nghi djnh cua Chi'nh phU lien quan den mdi xuat hien, dd ed khdng it edng vlec dem tien lUdng va phu d p cua edng ehUe, vlen chUe lai thu nhap cao hon viee day hpe da thu hut cac dd cd quy djnhriengthang bing lUdng cho nha gilo khien mdt sd nha glao chuyen nghe cdn gilo vlen.Theo cle quy dinh nay, gilo vlen moi cap so nhUng nha gilo dang ddng Idp thi cd mdt (tieu hpc, trung hpc cd sd (THCS) hoae trung hpe bp phan dang ke khdng man ma vdi nghl nghiep thdng (THPT) duge hudng luong theo ngach Trong cupe dieu tra ngau nhien vdi 526 gilo vien, (giao vlen, gilo vi§n chinh, gilo vien cap cao), moi 40,9% gilo vien tieu hpe; 59,0% giao vien THCS; ngach lai gdm cd mdt so bac (bac 1, bac 2, bac ,) 52,4% giao vien THPT khdng mudn llm nghe day Tien lUdng cu the Ung vdi moi bac dupc tinh can hpc neu dUpc phep chpn lai nghe nghiep.* Trong nhUng kien nghj ve gili phip, ben canh viec de cUvao tien luong ea ban - don vj chung eho tat el nghi tang luong m l xem khd dUdc cap cd tham cle loai edng ehde, vien ehUe cua Chinh phu De cai quyen chap nhan, ed de nghj ting dinh mUe thien mUe song eho nhijrng ngUdl hudng luong tU gid day cua giao vien de tren ed sd ting lUdng ngan sach nha nude, hole cung cd trudng hop, de De xuat ein cd vao ket qui so sinh giUa sd gid ddi phd vdi tinh trang lam phIt/ mat gil cua dong day theo quy dinh cua giao vien nUde ta vdi giao ndi te, cU mdt vli nIm Chinh phu lai nang luong vien mot sd nude khie Cu the, sd gid len Idp cua Cd bin, tU tat cl cac bac lUdng va phu d p cua gilo vien nude ta, d tieu hpc la 851 tiet/nam, d giao vlen (cung nhUeua edng ehUe, vien ehUe elc THCS II665 tiet/nam, dTHPT II595 tiet/nam; nganh nghe khIc) vdn dupe tinh theo lUdng ca so gid len Idp cUa gilo vien tai nude ta cd thu bin deu dupe nang len Van de cdn chua dUde gili nhap trung binh 11 868 tiet/nim d tieu hpc, 848 tiet/nam dTHCS, 860 tlet/nlm dTHPT.^ NhUng xem quyet chinh la d cho nhUng quy ^nh cua Chinh xet de nghj nly cung can tfnh den tinh trang thUc phCi chua the hien dupe y djnh "Luang gido vien te la d nudc ta, ngoai gid len Idp, giao vl^n bupe dugc xep cao nhdt hi thdng thang bac tuang phli tham gia rat nhieu hoat ddng theo quy djnh hdnh chinh su nghiep" nhU da neu Nghi quyetCupe dieu tra nIm 2010 cho thay, gilo vi^n cd 10 TW2{khda8)nlml996 dau viec va thdi gian Iao ddng sU pham eua gilo vien d tieu hpe la 62,95 gid/tuan, dTHCS la 68,82 - Can ghi nhan rang nhCfng quy dinh ve lUPng v l phu cap dupe quy dinh nhim thue hien -^ djnh cli thien mde sdng eCia giao vien, song tren thue te, PGSTS Vu Trpng Ry, ThUc trang Iao dong sir pham cCia thu nhap cua gilo vien td luong va phu d p nhin glao vien thong hien nay, Tham luan tai H6I thio Quy chung II thap Ket qui khio sat nIm 2010 d 27 HB va PT Viet Nam to chu'c 10/3/2011 trudng thudc tinh/thanh phd ve thu nhap (lUdng 5.TSKH.Pham Do Nhat Tien, Dong luc giio viSn thSng ducti goc nhin so sanh, Tham luan tai Hoi thdo Quy HB v^ v l phu d p theo lUdng) cho thay, giao vien tr^ mdi PT Viet Nam to chCrc 10/3/2011 trUdng: khoang trieu ddng/ thing; gilo vlen cd PGS.TS Vu Trpng Ry,Tai lieu da dan tham nien tren dUcri 10 nIm: khoang trieu ddng/ TSKH.Pham Do Nhat Tien, tai lieu da dan KHGD so 69 thdnq - 2011 Khoa hpc Giao due gld/tu^n, dTHPT II 72,48 gid/tuan quy dung tao ddng lue cho dpi ngu gilo vien cua viec dinh ve sd gid Iao ddng cua edng chUe, vien chu'c khdng cao II40 gid/tuan.* - Ngoai viee dal ngd ve vlt chat va su suy ton ddi - Ddi vdi cle nude phIt trien, ndi ngUdi dan cd vdi elc nha giao ed edng nhu neu dtren, cung each thu nhap cao, tien lUdng va ele Idi ich vat chat khae quan trj nhl trudng v l thii dp trpng thj cua cac cap khdng giu^ vai trd quyet dinh vlec gia tang quIn licung II ddng luc quan trpng ddi vdi nhl gilo hay glim thieu ddng lUc lam viec cua gilo vien so Theo to chOfe VSO (Voluntary Service Overseas), vdi elc tic ddng cd gil trj ddng vien ve mat tinh "Doi vdi gilo vien, elc van de lien quan den quIn than Nhung ddi vdi mdt nude ngheo nhu nude li, mlnh bach, edng b^ng eung quan trpng khong ta, tien luc«ig va elc Idi ich vat chat la nhan td thue kem van de tien lUdng Ddng lUe eua hp cung phu day quan trpng nghe nghiep doi vdi dal da thudc khdng kem vao chat lupng mdi quan he giUa so gilo vlen Ttnh trang thu nhap thap, phli lam ho vdi can bd quIn li d p trudng, d p sd Tuy nhien, them ngoai cong viec day hpc d trudng dang giam (d nhOfng nude dang phIt trien) giao vien thudng 11 thilu hieu qui/ chat lupng gilng day ddng thdi nan nhan eua mot he thong quan liquan lieu, thieu gilm thieu dong luc lam viec cua nha giao Day minh bach, khdng hieu qua d ca d p chu quIn Ian cung ta yeu td ding ke khien cho nghe day hpc trd d p trUdng Hp thudng bj tri ludng cham, tham ehi thInh kem hap trude gidl tr^, nhat la ddi vdi nhUng bj d t phu d p ed nhUng khd khan ve ngan sich ngUdi dat ket qui hpc tap tdt, hp Ida chpn nghe dia phUdng, (ma hp thudng) khd tlep can thdng tin can thiet ca edng tac quIn li da dupc phan nghiep Ay II chUa ke, viee day them cua gilo vien dp "^ NhOfng hien tUdng dupc VSO neu hoan ed nhieu nang dan den tinh trang hpc sinh bj toln khdng xa la ddi vdi nhUng gl chung ta chOfng ep bupe (vd hinh) phli tham gia va chi tri hpe phf kien tren dat nude ta, tiee ia soan thao elc cho d e buoi hpc ngoai thdi khda bieu chinh thUc bao d o chinh thUe elc tic gil chua quan tim thda Theo quan diem cOa To ehdc Minh bach Quoc te dang (Transparency International - Tl) ma nhieu nha hoach djnh chinh sach ung hp thi vlec day them de v l Vein de nang life cDa dpi ngu giao thu tien ciia hpc sinh cd th^ xep vIo hanh vi tham vien - Bat cap dao tao, boi dUo^g va nhung va gilo due, theo dinh gil cua to chUc nay, tinh trang tliieu dong bo II mdt nhOfng ITnh vuc cd rat nhieu nguy cd - Ndng lue cCia mdi nhd gido va ndng lUe cua ta tham nhung Cac cd quan quIn If giao due, ke el elc nha linh dao cac cap, khdng the khdng luu y va thesupham la hai nhin td quan trpng nhUng nhan td quyet djnh chat lupng/ hieu qua cOa hoat tim gill phIp doi vdi van de neu thue sU quan ddng gilo due Vi chinh cupe sdng cua nha giao tim den sU phIt trien gilo due v l mong mudn dat dupc xem II tam gUdng cho hpe sinh noi theo nen nUdc cd mdt nen gilo due lanh manh nang luc cCia nha gilo can dUpc hi^u la nang - Ben canh ddng luc viec ning eao mde thu tac ddng den hpc sinh, nghia la khdng chi gdm kien thUc va kl nang ml cdn cl thIi dp v l hanh vi, nhip tU tien lUdng va phu cap, Nha nude hien da cd cle hinh thdc suy tdn/ ghi nhan edng Iao cua nhCfng thU dat dugc thdng qua dao tao cung nhu nhCfng nha gilo nhu tang cac danh hieu Nha giao sutimg trli eude sdng Cdn nIng lUe cua tap Nhan dan, Nhl giao Uu tO v l thudng huan huy the su pham, nghTa tong hpp nlng lUe eua tat ca chUdng eho nhOfng gilo vien cd nhieu edng hien cac gilo vien mot nhl trudng cung vdi su su nghiep gilo due Muc dich cua viec nly II ddng bp ve ed cau va sU phdi hpp hinh ddng giOfa nhim dip uYig nhu cau tinh than cua nhl giao (tU cac gilo vi§n khing djnh va dUde tdn trpng) Tlec la qua trinh thue hien, ti \i nhOfng gilo vien khdng dam nhiem edng viec quIn licdn chlem ti le rat nhd, mat khIc vi$c binh xet v l cong nhan tich cua elc nhl gilo cdn bj han che ve tfnh minh bach nen tac -TheoquydjnhtaiDieu77eijaLultGiloduc,de dupc tuyen dung, gilo vien tieu hpc phli cd bang trung d p sU pham (12-1-2), gilo vien THCS phli cd bang cao ding su pham (12-1-3), cdn gilo vien THPT phli cd bang dai hpc su pham (12-1-4) Day la chuan ve trinh dp dupe dIo tao eua gilo vien Ben canh PGS.TS Vu Trpng Ry, ThUc trang Iao dong sU pham cCia gi^o vlen ph6 thong hien nay, Tham Iu3n tai Hoi thSo Quy VSO, "What Makes Teachers Tick?" London 2002;trfch lai HB v^ PT Vl^t Nam x6 chu'c ng^y 10/3/2011 theoTSKH Pham Do Nhat Tien, tai li&u da dan KHGD s6 69, thdng 6-2011 Khoa hpc Giao due dd, Bp GD &DT cdn xay dung he thdng tieu chi ve chuan mUe ddi vdi nha giao, xem la nhCfng yeu cau tdi thieu ve pham chat va nlng luc ma moi nha gilo nhat thiet phli cd - Trong qua trinh phat trien, nganh Giao due nudc ta da tUng cd nhOfng giai doan bung no ve quy mo nhu eau hpc tap cua tre em tang len mdt each dot bien, dd, eae nha hoach djnh chinh sach gilo due bupe phli thue hien gili phIp dao tao giao vien d p tde vdi trinh dd thap hon quy dinh neu d tren, tiep dd de bao dim yeu cau ve chit lupng, lai phli tien hanh dao tao bd sung eho nhOfng gilo vien dudi chuan dIo tao suot mdt thdi gian dli Tuy nhien, viee dIo tao bo sung de chuan hda theo phUdng thUc"vUa lam vUa hpc" hoac"hpe tai chu'c"dothi^u nghiem ngattrong viee td ehde thUc hien nen hieu qui khdng cao, dan den cd dp venh kha Idn giCfa thdng ke dat chuan elc bio d o chfnh thUc va thue trang dang io ngai ve chat lUpng gilo vien qua ele ket qua dieu tra Theo thong ke ehfnh thUe ve nam hpc 2008-2009 thi ti le gilo vien dat chuan d tieu hpc la 98,58%; d THCS ia 97,41%; dTHPT II 98,04%.^nrong do, theo mdt ket qui ^eu tra thue t^ tien hanh nam 2010, ti le gilo vien dat yeu d u chat lupng ( ehU khdng phli la dat chuan) thl'p hpn nhieu, ehi khoang 60-80% (tuy theo d e vting khae nhau)." Ddng thdi, rat dang lo ngai la, ti le dat tieu ehi "ed y thUc tu hpc, tu boi dudng" (eung theo quy dinh cua chuan) lai rat thap (67,42% vdi giao vien tieu hpc; 57,42 vdi gilo vien trung hpc}.''^ Mat khie, viee thUe hien giai phap tinh the kleu dIo tao d p tde v l eung nhudch quy dinh trinh dp dao tao chuan nhu hien hanh da lam han slu mdt quan niem khdng dupc chinh xlc: day d p thap chi can dUdc dao tao d trinh dp thap Rd rang, nhin ve lau dai, rat can cd su dieu chinh theo hudng tien dan den cho mudn dupe tuyen dung lam giao vien dtrudng phd thong, bat ke day cap nao, Ung vien phli cd trinh dp thap nhat II tdt nghiep dai hpe - Cd the ndi, nhOng trd ngai cua viee nang cao nang lUe ddi ngu giao vien thdng d Viet Nam hien nay, trd ngai Idn nhat la npl dung va phuang phap dIo tao eua cac trUdng sU pham chua dip Ung dupe nhCfng ddi hdi mdi ve nang lUc cua nha gilo Han che noi bat cua trUdng sU pham d nude ta hien la su nhan manh thIi qui ve kien thUe bd mon ma giao sinh se dim nhan gilng day sau trudng va chLfa col trpng dung mdc eae kien thUc va ki nang nghe nghiep, dac biet la viec phIt triln nang luc lam viee vdi tre em eCing nhU nang lUexCf If cle tinh hudng sUpham dua tren nen tang ve tam If hpc va gilo due hpe Trong dd, viec to ehUe thue tap sU pham van eon so sai v l gap nhieu khd khan NhQng mat han che nhUvay khien cho sin pham dao tao cua cac trudng sU pham kem tfnh chuyen nghiep va ludn di sau nhCfng doi thay theo ehieu hudng tien bd d gilo due thdng Vay ma, ke tU gianh lai doe lap vao nam 1945 den nay, mac du giao due thdng da trli qua ba eude ell each va hPn 20 nam doi mdi vdi nhi^u lln thay ddi ve chUdng trinh va sach gilo khoa, song nha trudng su pham, nguon dao tao chu yeu ve nhan luc eho he thdng giao due thdng ehua mdt Ian cli each - Ban ve nang lue eua cac tap the su pham trUdng phd thong Viet Nam, khdng the khong de cap den tinh trang thieu ddng bd ve cd d u Viec dIo tao gilo vien theo bd mdn (mdt mdn d dai hpc su pham, hai mdn d eae trudng eao dang v l trung d p su pham eung vdi cIch quIn li giao vlen khep kfn tUng trudng khien eho phan Idn cac trUdng, nhat la d d p THCS va THPT rdi vao tinh trang vUa thda vUa thieu gilo vien NghTa la, ed mdn giao vien phli day qua nhieu so vdi tong sd gid quy dinh, ed mdn gilo vlen lai day qua it so vdi tong sd gid quy dinh, tham ehi cd nhieu trUdng hdp giao vien phai dam nhiem gilng day ca nhUng bd mdn ml hp khdng/ chUa dupc dao tao nhU giao due edng dan Ben canh do, tinh trang thieu gilo vien clebp mdn ngoai ngCf, am nhac, nghe thuat tao hinh, the due - the thao keo dal hang ehyc nam van chUa khae phue dupe Tinh trang thieu/thUa giao vien cue bp nhu vay da can trd khdng nhd den viec nang eao chat lupng cOa tCfng trudng thdng cung nhutoan bp he thdng glao due (Cdn nUa) SUIWMARY 10 Dan theo TS Nguyen Tien Hiing, bao cao Danh gia tinh hinh thirc hien chlen luoc phat trien giao due 2001The article analyses the issues and challenges 2010 (trang 31) tai Hoi thSo Vien KHGD Vi§t Nam to chLfc, to the impacts of socio-economic conditions onto thang 10-2010 the school teachers These issues and challenges 11 PGS.TS Trln Kleu, Mof so van de ve thuc trang dgi ngu 1/ motivation of teachers; 2/ capacity improvemen gido vien nudc ta (qua khao sat nam 2010), Tham lu|n tai Hoi for teachers; 3/ democracy among peaching staff; thSo Quy HB va PTVIet Nam to chCtc 10/3/2011 12 PGS.TS Tran Kieu, tai lieu da dan improving the image of teachers in the society KHGD so 69, th^ng 6-2011