Chính sách của nhật bản đối với cộng đồng người ainu một số gợi ý chính sách cho việt nam

CHINH SACH CUA NHAT BAN D O I V d l C Q N G DONG NGlTCH AINU: M O T S GOl Y CHINH SACH CHO VIET NAM L u u Thi Thu Thiiy Tom tat: Nam 1899, chinh quyen Minh Tri da ban hdnh sdc lenh Luat bdo ve nguoi bdn dia Hokkaido nhdm dong hoa nguai Ainu vai nguai Nhat Bdn Nhung den thap nien 1970, phong trdo doi quyen binh dang vd bdo ton van hoa Ainu phdt trien, tir day thuc su cd nhieu thay doi each nhin nhan ciia Chinh phu Nhat Bdn ve ngudi Ainu Vi vay, sac lenh ban hdnh nam 1899 bi huy bd, thay vdo day bang luat mai sira doi, nhdm chan van hoa Ainu Thdng 6/2008, Nghi quyet Ainu minzoku o senjumin-zoku to suru koto o motomeru ketsugi cua Chinh phu Nhat Bdn da chinh thicc cong bo dan toe ''Ainu Id nguai bdn dia vai ngon ngu, ton giao vd van hoa rieng biet", da ma ky nguyen mai cho cong dong nguai A inu Tren ca sa bdi hoc ve chinh sach cua Nhat Bdn da dp dung vai ngudi Ainu, gai ma cho Viet Nam mot so kinh nghiem viec hoach dinh cac doi sach danh cho cong dong nguai dan tgc thieu so Bo Id bdi hgc ve qudn ly, tuyen truyen chinh sach cua Nhd nuac dot vai cong dong dan toe thieu so, ve bdo ton, gin giu nen van hoa dan tgc thieu so, ve viec khai thdc vd su dung nguon tdi nguyen van hoa da dang ciia cac nhdm tgc ngudi Til'khoa: Ngudi Ainu, chinh sach; Nhat Bdn; Viet Nam Mffdau Nguoi Ainu sinh song viing Hokkaido thugc quan dao Nhat Ban tir khoang 1.200 nam TCN (Boone Collection, 2007), vai mot nen van hoa dac trung, gop phan lam nen net doc dao cua van hoa Nhat Ban Nhimg nghien ciiu gan day nhat da chiing minh rang, nen van hoa noi len tir nen van hoa Okhotsk va Satsumon (Takehiro et a l , 2007, tr 618-627) va CO nhirng lien he dau tien giira nguoi Nhat Ban va nguoi Ainu bat dau tir the ky thii VIII (Weiner, 1997) Ngay tir dau cgng dong nguoi Ainu la mot xa hgi song theo kieu san bat, danh ca hoac cay va theo truyen thong vat linh, dan ong de rau, phu nii tu trang diem bang each hinh xam tren mat truoc ket hon (Crawford, 2000) Nen van hoa da t6n tai d^n tan the ky XIX voi su lien he han ch^ giao luu voi cgng dong nguai Nhat Trang phuc fruyen thong cua nguoi Ainu la ao choang Attushi Day la loai y phuc dugc sir dung hang ciing nhu nhirng dip dac biet, la bieu tugng dien hinh cho van hoa Ainu Vai ao lam tir sgi go va co hinh dang giong kimono ciia Nhat Ban voi hoa van uon lugn dugc theu tren nhiing duong vien xanh tham Ao chii yeu phu nir lam thii cong tir xe chi, det, theu Hien nay, y thiic bao ton van hoa Ainu cang tang va nguoi phu nir van tiep tuc lam ao Attushi theo each truyen thong Ngon ngii chinh ciia nguoi Ainu la tieng Ainu va cho toi dlu th^ ky XX, ngon ngu Ainu vhi hien dien tai mien Nam dao Sakhalin va mot s6 noi thugc quan dao Kuril Nhung hien ngon ngu gan nhu da sap bi tuyet chiing nguoi cuoi cimg sir dung no da qua dai vao nam 1994 Dac biet h-ong cugc dieu tra nam 2016, Ethnologue liet ke tieng Ainu vac lop 8b, gan tuyet chung (Lewis et al., 2016), PHAT TRltN BtN V O N G VUNG QUY^N 9, S6 (3/2019) LY LUAN - TRAO DQI ma no da dan sut giam hi truoc thap nien 1960 Hien nay, nguoi Ainu Nhat Ban hau nhu chi sii dung tieng Nhat nhu la ngon ngir thuong Viec tieng Ainu gan nhu bi tuyet chiing cimg vai chinh sach bao ton van hoa truyen thong dan toi Chinh phii Nhat Ban hien tai dang nghien ciiu cac chinh sach nham phuc hoi lai ngon ngii va tao cac dia diem nai CO the to chirc nhimg nghi le tam linh truyen thong Tuy nhien, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da gap khong it kho khan thuc thi chinh sach Khi Nhat Ban buoc vao giai doan Minh Tri tan, ciing voi hang loat cac cong cugc cai each ve van boa, kinh te, chinh tri vai hy vgng hien dai hoa dat nuac theo kieu phuong Tay, Hokkaido - que huong ciia nguoi Ainu ciing bi thugc dia hoa, tac dong Ion den cgng dong cu dan sinh song khu vuc Truoc het, so lugng Idfn nguoi nhap cu khien dien tich sinh song cua nguoi Ainu bi thu hep, dan den hang loat cugc noi day da dien Tuy nhien, cugc song ciia nguoi Ainu da thay doi Ion anh huong cua cac chinh sach ma Chinh phu Nhat Ban ap dung doi voi tgc nguoi thieu so L Tinh hinh nghien cihi ve chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi vol ngiroi Ainu Tren the gioi, Nhat Ban la mot nhirng quoc gia tuong doi dong nhat ve van hoa va sac tgc, voi khoang hon 98% dan so la nguai Nhat Ngoai ra, Nhat Ban co khoang hon 1% cac tgc nguoi khac ciing sinh song tren quan dao Nhat Ban nhu Yamato, Ryukyu, Trieu Tien va Ainu Ainu la tgc nguai thieu so a Nhat Ban, sinh song chii yeu o khu vuc Hokkaido hi khoang 1200 nam TCN va hg chung song hoa thuan ciing voi thien nhien cho den truoc thoi ky Minh Tri tan Sau do, voi hang loat chinh sach cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban nham dong hoa tgc nguai nay, cimg voi lugng lan nguoi nhap cu nen nguoi Ainu bi gap nhieu kho khan, bi phan biet doi xti tren chinh manh dat que huong Do do, hang loat cugc noi day da dien nhu cugc noi day ciia Tu truong Shakusain (1669 va 1772) va MenashiKunashi(1789) Nghien ciiu ve nguoi Ainu cung nhu chinh sach cua Chinh phu Nhat Ban doi voi sac dan dugc nhieu tac gia va ngoai Nhat Ban quan tam Truac het Id nhom cac cong trinh nghien cuu chung ve lich su - van hoa - dan toe Gonai Mitsum va Wakabayashi Masam (1972), Watanabe Hitoshi (1973) da cung c^p cho nguoi dgc mot biic tranh toan canh ve nguoi Ainu tir thai ky truoc Minh Tri tan va nhiing bien chuyen doi song cua tgc nguoi Nhiing nghien ciixi tren da dugc cac hgc gia sau ke thira, bo sung va lam ro hon ve dai song van hoa kinh te, dac trung van hoa, su giao thoa van hoa ciia nguoi Ainu vai cac nen van hoa khac, nliu nghien ciiu thuc dia cua Lynn (1999) va Yamaura va Ushiro (1999), Fitzhugh va Debreuil (1999) HSu hk cac tac gia tren la nhimg nguoi co thoi gian dai sinh song va lam viec tai Nhat Ban Su giao thoa van hoa giiia dan tgc Ainu voi cac nen van hoa khac cimg da dugc Walker (2001) bang cac tiep can dgc dao khai quat hoa, nang len tam cao moi Day la cong trinh dong g6p Ion cho viec nghien ciru ve cgng dong nguoi Ainu, voi viec nguoi viet da hoa minh vao vao the gioi nguai Ainu, tim hieu nen kinh te chinh tri, van hoa, moi truong sinh thai ciia cgng dong da bi xam nhap nhu the nao bdi cac hien tugng van hoa, thuc hanh va y hgc tir nhimg chinh sach ma Chinh phu Nhat Ban thi hanh tir thd ki XIX Nghien cim ciing chi rang giao thoa van hoa cgng dong nguai Ainu mang tinh hi dong, cuong biic va da tac dong lan dSn dai s6ng kinh te, van hoa, chinh tri ciia nguoi Ainu Nhin chung, cac cong trinh tren deu dugc danh gia la cac tap chuyen luan sau nhat ve Ijch su, van hoa va dan tgc hgc nguoi Ainu P H A T TRIEN B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y £ N 9, SO (3/2019) Chinh sach cua NhSt Ban Lini Thj Thu Thuy Ngoai cac nghien cim cua hgc gia phuong Tay c6 mot so cong trinh noi bat ciia hgc gia Nhat Ban Tieu bieu nhu nghien ciru cua tap the tac gia Trung tam Nghien ciiu dan tgc Amu - Hokkaido phat hanh nam (2010), theo vai voi viec thong qua Tuyen bo ciia Lien hgp quoc ve quyen ciia nguoi ban dia nam 2007, tinh hinh xung quanh Amu va nhung nguoi ban dia khac da thay d6i dang k^ Tai lieu la mot ban ghi chep ve mot hgi nghi chuyen de cua cac nha nghien ciru Ainu va nguai Ainu voi cac ben, va no dugc chia sau linh vuc: lich sii, khao co hgc, nhan chiing hgc, luat phap va chinh tri, nhan chiing hgc van hoa va ngon ngii hgc Mot so cong trinh co ham lugng gia tri khoa hgc khac c6 the ke den gom Susumu Emori (2007), Nakagawa Hiroshi (2019) va Kojima Kyoko va Bao tang dan tgc Ainu (2018) Nhom nhimg cong trinh de cap true tiep den chinh sach eua Nhat Bdn dot vai dan toe Ainu, truoc het la cua Siddle (1995), dua tren nguon tai lieu thu thap dugc, nghien cim ve lich sii hinh ciing nhu chinh sach ciia Chinh phu Nhat Ban doi vai cgng dong sac dan nay, tren co so phac thao nhiing net chinh ve hinh anh cua nguoi Ainu the ki XXI Tac gia Levin (2001) nghien ciiu ciia minh, da phan tich nhirng van de chiing tgc, nhiing tinh chat phap ly nham bao ve va chiing minh tinh hgp phap ciia nguoi Ainu viec bao ve chu quyen dat dai truoc bi nha nuoc Nhat Ban dong hoa va quan ly tir sau thoi ki Minh Tri tan Khac voi Levin, Stevens (2001) lai di sau vao phan tich moi quan he nhan quyen ciia nguoi Amu, tinh chat phap ly tir goc va ngoai nuac, ly giai nguyen nhan can thiet chinh quyen Minh Tri ban hanh chinh sach dong hoa nguai Ainu; dong thoi ciing giai thich tai Nhat Ban da phai ban hanh sac lenh mai, buy bo sac lenh cii, ban hanh chinh sach mai, cong nhan Ainu la dan tgc ban dia c6 van hoa va ban sac rieng Poisson (2002) da k§ thira cac nghien ciiu di truoc, dua tren viec khao ciiu, phan tich cac du lieu v6 lich sir, dia ly, thuc tien cugc song van hoa - xa hgi ciia nguoi Ainu, ly giai nguyen nhan cugc dau tranh cua nguoi Ainu viec bao ton nen van hoa dan tgc doi voi chinh sach dong hoa cua Chinh phu Ngoai ra, tac gia ciing lam ro nguyen nhan tai Nhat Ban khong CO su nhat quan chinh sach doi voi nguoi Ainu ma theo dieu kien thuc te ma moi mot giai doan lai c6 mot chinh sach khac Cong trinh ciia Aoki la nghien cihi chuyen sau nhat ve chinh sach cua Nhat doi voi cgng dong nguoi Ainu Vi vay, quan diem cua Poisson da dugc cac hgc gia khac nhu Ann (2016) va Siddle (2002, 2003, 2006) d6ng thuan Trong do, hien mang de tai nghien ciiu chuyen sau ve chinh sach cua nha nuoc doi voi cac nhom dan tgc thieu so o Viet Nam gan nhu thieu vang Do do, tac gia ky vgng bai viet co the thong tin toi nguoi dgc buc tranh ve chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi voi nguoi Ainu; dong thofi ggi mo mot so bai hgc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam viec dua doi sach cho cgng dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so nuoc ta Chinh sach ciia Nhat Ban doi voi cgng dong ngu'tri Ainu Nam 1899, Chinh phu Nhat Ban da thong qua Luat bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido {Hokkaido Former Natives Protection), ggi nguoi Ainu la tho dan cu, vai y tuong dong hoa nguoi Ainu voi nguoi Nhat Ban Dieu lam cho dat dai ciia nguai Amu bi Chinh phii chiem giir va nam quyen kiem soat (Loos va Osani, 1993, tr 74-84) Theo Luat nay, nguai Ainu khong dugc sir dung ngon ngir Ainu, phai hgc va sir dung ngon ngii Nhat, sir dung ten tieng Nhat, song theo phong tuc tap quan Nhat, va tuan thu theo phap luat ciia Nha nuoc PHAT T R | £ N BEN V O N G VUNG Q U Y S N 9, SC (3/2019) 15 LV LUAN - TRAO eOl ma no da dan sut giam tir truoc thap nien 1960 Hien nay, nguoi Ainu o Nhat Ban hau nhu chi sii dung tieng Nhat nhu la ngon ngii thuong Viec tieng Ainu gan nhu bj tuyet chiing cimg vai chinh sach bao ton van hoa truyen thong dan toi Chinh phii Nhat Ban hien tai dang nghien cuu cac chinh sach nham phuc hoi lai ngon ngu va tao cac dia diem noi CO the to chiic nhii'ng nghi le tam linh truyen thong Tuy nhien, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da gap khong it kho khan thuc thi chinh sach Khi Nhat Ban buoc vao giai doan Minh Tri tan, ciing voi hang loat cac cong cugc cai each ve van hoa, kinh te, chinh tri vai hy vgng hien dai hoa dat nuoc theo kieu phuong Tay, Hokkaido - que huong cua nguoi Ainu ciing bi thugc dia hoa, tac dong lan den cgng dong cu dan sinh song khu vuc Truoc het, so lugng Ion nguoi nhap cu khien dien tich sinh song ciia nguoi Ainu bi thu hep, dan den hang loat cugc noi day da dien Tuy nhien, cugc song ciia nguoi Ainu da thay doi Ion anh huong ciia cac chinh sach ma Chinh phii Nhat Ban ap dung doi voi tgc nguoi thieu so Tinh hinh nghien ciru ve chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi voi ngiroi Ainu Tren the gioi, Nhat Ban la mot nhii-ng quoc gia tu'ong doi dong nhat ve van hoa va sac tgc, voi khoang hon 98% dan so la nguai Nhat Ngoai ra, Nhat Ban co khoang hon 1% cac tgc nguai khac ciing sinh song tren quan dao Nhat Ban nhu Yamato, Ryukyu, Trieu Tien va Ainu Ainu la tgc nguoi thieu so Nhat Ban, sinh song chii yeu a khu vuc Hokkaido tir khoang 1200 nam TCN va hg chung song hoa thuan ciing voi thien nhien cho dSn truoc thoi ky Minh Tri tan Sau do, voi hang loat chinh sach cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban nhSm dong hoa tgc nguoi nay, ciing voi lugng Ion nguoi nhap cu nen ngiroi Ainu bi gap nhieu kho khan, bi phan biet doi xir tren 14 chinh manh dat que huong Do d6, hang loat cugc noi day da dien nhu cugc noi day cua Til truong Shakusain (1669 va 1772) va MenashiKunashi(1789) Nghien cuu ve nguoi Ainu ciing nhu chinh sach cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban doi voi sac dan dugc nhieu tac gia va ngoai Nhat Ban quan tam Truac het Id nhom cac eong trinh nghien ciru chung ve lich sic - van hoa - dan toe Gonai Mitsuru va Wakabayashi Masam (1972), Watanabe Hitoshi (1973) da cung ckp cho nguai dgc mot biic tranh toan canh ve nguoi Ainu tir thoi ky truoc Mmh Tri tan va nhiing bien chuyen doi song ciia tgc nguoi Nhung nghien ciiu tren da dugc cac hgc gia sau ke thira, bo sung va lam ro hon ve doi song van hoa kinh te, dac trung van hoa, sir giao thoa van hoa cua nguoi Ainu voi cac nen van hoa khac, nhu nghien ciiu thuc dia cua Lyim (1999) va Yamaura va Ushiro (1999), Fitzhugh va Debreuil (1999) HSu hk cac tac gia tren la nhiing nguoi c6 thai gian dai sinh song va lam viec tai Nhat Ban Su giao thoa van hoa giira dan tgc Ainu voi cac nen van boa khac cung da dugc Walker (2001) bang cac tiep can dgc dao khai quat hoa, nang len tam cao mai Day la cong trinh dong gop Ion cho viec nghien cuu ve cgng dong nguoi Ainu, voi viec nguoi viet da hoa minh vao vao the giai nguoi Ainu, tim hieu nen kinh te chinh tri, van hoa, moi truong sinh thai ciia cgng dong da bi xam nhap nhu the nao boi cac hien tugng van hoa, thuc hanh va y hgc tir nhirng chinh sach ma Chinh phii Nhat Ban thi hanh tir tha ki XIX Nghien cim cung chi rang giao thoa van hoa cgng dong nguai Ainu mang tinh bi dong, cuong biic va da tac dong Ion dgn dai s6ng kinh te, van hoa, chinh trj ciia nguoi Ainu Nhin chung, cac cong trinh tren dSu dugc danh gia la cac tap chuyen luan sau nhSt vS lich sir, van boa va dan tgc hgc nguai Amu P H A T TRltN BfN VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N SO (3/2019) Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban , Liru Thj Thu Thiiy Ngoai cac nghien ciiu cua hgc gia phuong Tay co mot so cong trinh noi bat ciia hgc gia Nhat Ban Tieu bieu nhu nghien cixu cua tap the tac gia Trung tam Nghien ciiu dan tgc Ainu - Hokkaido phat hanh nam (2010), theo voi voi viec thong qua Tuyen bo cua Lien hgp quoc ve quyen ciia nguoi ban dia nam 2007, tinh hinh xung quanh Ainu va nhung nguai ban dia khac da thay doi dang ke Tai lieu la mot ban ghi chep ve mot hgi nghi chuyen de cua cac nha nghien ciiu Ainu va nguoi Ainu voi cac ben, va no dugc chia sau linh vuc: Ijch sir, khao co hgc, nhan chiing hgc, luat phap va chinh tri, nhan chimg hgc van hoa va ngon ngii hgc Mot so cong trinh c6 ham lugng gia tri khoa hgc khac co the ke den gom Susumu Emori (2007), Nakagawa Hiroshi (2019) va Kojima Kyoko va Bao tang dan tgc Ainu (2018) Nhom nhiing cong trinh de cap true tiep den chinh sach cua Nhat Bdn doi vai dan toe Ainu, truoc het la ciia Siddle (1995), dua tren nguon tai lieu thu thap dugc, nghien ciiu ve lich sir hinh ciing nhu chinh sach ciia Chinh phii Nhat Ban doi voi cgng dong sac dan nay, tren co so phac thao nhiing net chinh ve hinh anh ciia nguoi Ainu the ki XXI Tac gia Levin (2001) nghien ciiu ciia minh, da phan tich nhung van de chiing tgc, nhimg tinh chat phap ly nham bao ve va chiing minh tinh hgp phap cua nguoi Ainu viec bao ve chii quyen dat dai truac hi nha nuoc Nhat Ban dong hoa va quan ly tir sau thai ki Minh Tri tan Khac vai Levin, Stevens (2001) lai di sau vao phan tich moi quan he nhan quyen ciia nguoi Ainu, tinh chat phap ly tir goc va ngoai nuoc, ly giai nguyen nhan can thiet chinh quyen Minh Tri ban hanh chinh sach dong hoa nguoi Ainu; dong thoi cung giai thich tai Nhat Ban da phai ban hanh sac lenh mai, huy bo sac lenh cii, ban hanh chinh sach moi, cong nhan Ainu la dan tgc ban dia co van hoa va ban sac rieng Poisson (2002) da ki thira cac nghien ciiu di truoc, dua tren viec khao ciiu, phan tich cac dir lieu ve lich su, dia ly, thuc tien cugc song van hoa - xa hgi cua nguoi Ainu, ly giai nguyen nhan cugc dau tranh cua nguoi Ainu viec bao ton nen van hoa dan tgc doi voi chinh sach dong hoa ciia Chinh phu Ngoai ra, tac gia ciing lam ro nguyen nhan tai Nhat Ban khong CO sir nhat quan chinh sach doi vai nguoi Ainu ma theo dieu kien thuc te ma moi mot giai doan lai c6 mot chinh sach khac Cong trinh ciia Aoki la nghien ciiu chuyen sau nhat ve chinh sach cua Nhat doi voi cgng dong nguoi Ainu Vi vay, quan diem ciia Poisson da dugc cac hgc gia khac nhu Ann (2016) va Siddle (2002, 2003, 2006) dOng thuan Trong do, hien mang de tai nghien cim chuyen sau ve chinh sach ciia nha nuoc doi voi cac nhom dan tgc thieu so o Viet Nam gan nhu thieu vang Do do, tac gia ky vgng bai viet co the thong tm tcfi nguoi dgc biic tranh ve chinh sach ciia Nhat Ban doi vai nguai Ainu; dong thai ggi ma mot so bai hgc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam viec dua doi sach cho cgng dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so a nuoc ta Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi vol cong dong ngiroi Ainu Nam 1899, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da thong qua Luat bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido {Hokkaido Former Natives Protection), ggi nguoi Ainu la tho dan cu, voi y tuong dong hoa nguai Ainu voi nguoi Nhat Ban Dieu lam cho dat dai ciia nguoi Ainu bi Chinh phu chiem giir va nam quyen kiem soat (Loos va Osani, 1993, tr 74-84) Theo Luat nay, nguoi Ainu khong dugc sir dung ngon ngii Ainu, phai hgc va su dung ngon ngir Nhat, sir dung ten tieng Nhat, song theo phong tuc tap quan Nhat, va tuan thu theo phap luat cua Nha nuoc PHAT T R I ^ N B^N VCfNG VUNG QUY^N 9, S6 (3/2019) 15 LY LUAN - TRAO B6\ Day ciing la giai doan Chmh phii Minh Tri ap dung cac dao luat tuong tu voi quan dao Okinawa cue Nam va cac thugc dia khac cua Nhat Ban te (Lewallen, 2016, tr 24), va tir day thuc su da CO nhieu thay doi each nhin nhan ciia Chinh phii Nhat Ban ve cgng dong tgc nguoi thieu so Tai thoi diem do, nguoi Ainu dugc chinh quyen Minh Tri cap quyen cong dan Nhat Ban, bi phii nhan la nguoi ban dia, va Chinh phu tuyen bo khong c6 mot nhom tgc nguai thieu s6 nao Nhat (Takehiro et al, 2007, tr 625) Mac dii dugc cong nhan la cong dan Nhat Ban, nhung nguoi Ainu cang gap phai sir phan biet doi xir tren manh dat cua minh Theo Philippa (2008), khoang 36 nam, nguoi Ainu di tir cho la mot nhom nguai song tach biet, da bi dong hoa ve lanh tho, ngon ngir, ton giao, phong tuc voi nguoi Nhat Ban, va day co the coi la viec cuong hon van hoa Them vao do, dat dai ciia nguofi Ainu sinh song da dugc phan bo cho nguoi Wajin (nguai Nhat), nhiing nguoi di cu quyet dinh tai song lau dai tai Hokkaido Hg dugc Chinh phii Nhat Ban thoi Minh Tri khuyen khich viec tan dung su mau mo, giau co cua nguon tai nguyen thien nhien tren dao, xay dung trang trai theo khuon mau nong nghiep - cong nghiep hoa kieu phuong Tay Su phat trien dugc ggi la Kaitakushi (Hohmann, 2008, tr 20-24) Di kem voi lugng Ion nguoi di cu, su phat trien ciia trang trai theo kieu phuong Tay, hang loat cac nha may liia mi, nha may bia va khai thac khoang san, co so tang gom duong sa va duong ray xe liia da dugc xay dung (Sjoberg, 1993, tr 117) Luat Bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido nam 1899 da dugc bai bo vao nam 1997, va Chinh phii ban hanh luat moi ggi la Luat Chan van hoa Ainu {New Ainu l a w ) vai muc dich phat trien, bao ton van hoa, truyen thong ciia nguoi Ainu Ngoai ra, den thang 6/2008, Nhat Ban moi chinh thiic cong nhan nguoi Ainu la mot nhom nguai ban dia, dugc the hien bang viec Ha nghi vien thong qua Nghi quyet 6/6/2008, chinh thiic cong nhan Ainu la nguoi ban xir, dong thoi keu ggi cham diit viec phan biet doi xir vai tgc ngucri Ainu Nghj quyet la dua tren Tuyen bo quoe te lien quan den quyen cua cac dan toe thieu so (Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) ma Lien hiep quoc dua vao thang 13/12/2007, va Nghi quyet Ainu minzoku o senjumin-zoku to suru koto o motomeru ketsugi ciia Chinh phii Nhat Ban da cong nhan nguoi Ainu la "nguoi ban dja voi ngon ngii, ton giao va van hoa rieng biet (Ito, 2008) Tir thap nien 1970, phong trao doi binli dang va quyen bao ton van hoa Ainu bat dau phat trien va lan rgng tren toan khu vuc Tieu bieu nhat la su kien nam 1992, ong Nomura Giichi dai dien cho nguoi Ainu, co bai phat bieu ve Ijch sir Ainu va chinh sach dong hoa dugc ban hanh boi Chinh phii Nhat Ban truoc Dai hgi dong Lien hiep quoc Bai phat bieu da nhan dugc nhieu sy ung hg tir cgng dong quoc Hien nay, uoc tinh c6 khoang 25.000 nguai Ainu song tai Hokkaido va vai ngan nguoi song rai rac o nhirng noi khac ciia Nhat Ban (Poisson, 2002, tr 5) Tuy nhien, gin nhu khong nguoi Ainu nao su dung tieng Ainu sinh boat hang hay s6ng theo tap tuc truyen thong nhu cha ong ciia hg Nguoi Ainu ciing giong nhu nhieu dan tgc ban xir khac tren the gioi, phan Ion khong giii dugc loi song rieng sau nhieu thap ky chju tac dong ciia chinh sach dOng hoa dan tgc Trong cugc song sinh boat hang ngay, hg gin nhu chiu anh huong ciia nguoi Nhat, va d6i voi nghe nghiep, nguoi Ainu c6 mat hlu het cac nganh nghe, nhung tap trung vao nhirng nhom nhu nong nghiep, lam nghiep, ngu nghiep, danh bat hai san, dich vu, che tao, kiln thilt, PHAT TRIEN B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S6 (3/2019) Liru Thj Thu Thuy Ve trang phuc, hien nguai Ainu sir dung trang phuc nhu nhiing nguoi dan Nhat Ban khac, nhung nguai mac trang phuc truySn thong hlu hk la nguofi Amu lam viec cho cac khu Bao tang tai Hokkaido Trong nhung nam gan day, Hokkaido xay dung hinh anh du lich "Hokkaido Cool", nhin manh d6n su khac biet giiia Hokkaido va ba dao Ion lai tai Nhat Chinh vi the, lugng khach du lich den tim hieu ve van hoa, ngon ngii Ainu tai Hokkaido kha cao Bao tang Shiraoi Ainu hay biet den voi ten ggi Porotokotan (ti^ng Ainu nghia la "ngoi lang Ian n^m ben bo song"), nam o Noboribetsu la mot nhiing diem tham quan hap dan tai Hokkaido, vi vay, n6 da dugc cong nhan la di san van boa UNESCO vao nam 2009 Tuy nhien, dii tinh trang phan biet doi xir vai nhom tgc nguai da giam dan, nhung su chenh lech ve thu nhap ciing nhu giao due giira hg va cac nhom dan tgc khac Nhat Ban van ton tai Ve giao due, nguoi Ainu dugc huong chinh sach nhu mgi cong dan Nhat Ban khac, moi cum tir 7-80 hg dugc lap mot truong tieu hgc bang kinh phi nha nuoc, cac hg ngheo dugc tra hgc phi va khuyen khich di hgc Neu nhu nam 1911 mai co 21 truong tieu hgc dugc xay dung cho nguai Ainu vai so lugng tre den truong khong nhieu thi nam 2006 so tre em nguai dan tgc toi truong tang len 96,6% toan quoc la 98,5% (Yoshigasu, 2009, tr 22-47) Hien nay, nguoi Ainu gan nhu la da hoa nhap vao cugc song ciia nguoi Nhat, nen hau nhu rat it truong tieu hgc chi danh cho em nguoi Amu Ve thu nhap cua nguoi Ainu, nghien ciiu cua Kure Yoshigasu tai cugc dieu tra ve moi truong sinh song cua nguoi Ainu tai Hokkaido thang 3/2007 cho thay ty le nguoi CO thu nhap duoi I trieu yen/1 nam chiem tren 80% va s6 lugng nguoi co thu nhap hi 3-5 trieu yen mot nam chiem so nho Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban thu nhap frung binh ciia nguoi Nhat la khoang 4,2 trieu yen mot nam (Yoshigasu, 2009, tr 29,32) Nhu vay, dS x6a di ranh gioi nay, nguai phat ngon ciia Chinh phii Yoshihide Suga nhan manh, can bao ve danh du va nhan pham ciia tgc nguoi Ainu va giu gin nhirng gia tri cho the he mai sau ciia hg de tao mot xa hgi day siic song vai su da dang gia tri Do vay, Chinh phu da de du luat nham thuc hien cac chinh sach bao ve nhung gia tri can dugc bao ton' Trong do, dai dien ciia tgc nguai Ainu, ong Mikiko Maruko cho biet day la bien phap dau tien cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban mang lai su cong bang cho dan tgc Ainu theo diing phap luat^ Vi vay, 15/2/2019 Nhat Ban da phan quyet moi cong nhan Ainu la nguoi ban xir va ban hanh Luat Ainushinhdan, chinh thirc dem lai dia vi phap ly mai cho cgng dong nguai Ainu Dao luat da chinh thirc dugc thong qua vao 19/4/2019, lan dau tien cong nhan nguoi Ainu la mot tgc nguoi ban dia va keu ggi tao mot xa hgi noi nguai Ainu CO the tu hao ve di san ciia hg Ngoai luat ciing bat huge Chinh phii Trung uong, chinh quyen dia phuong phai co trach nhiem thi hanh cac giai phap de dat dugc muc tieu tren, gop phan giiip nguai Ainu c6 the giii dugc danh du va ton nghiem, cQng nhu truyen ' Maimchi (2018), T-fp^irffi \%\']L^m] mW * ¥ )i!3^@^lgffi ~- tmy cap 30.3 2019 tai httpsV/mainichi jp/articles/20181220/ddm/005/010/041000 ^ AFP JIJI (2019), Japan to recognize indigenous Ainu people for firsl time, tren trang The Japanlimes tai dia chi liltps //www.japantimes.co jp/news/2019/02/15/nationai/jap an-rccognize-indigenous-ainu-peoplc-firsttinie/# XKhITFUz27Y ^ Dai truyen hinh NHK (2019), "Quyet dinh cua noi cac vg iuat nidi cho ngirai Amu" (T-f ? f r & $ " ^ M E ^ S , tren dia chi https //www,nhlc.or.jp/snsenglish/news/n i 90227 html) truy cap 30/3/2019 P H A T T R | £ N B E N VU'NG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO (3/2019) LY LUAN - TRAO D C I lai cho the he sau de tao mot xa hgi nang dong, nai mgi nguoi co the ciing chung song Mot vai lien he vdi Viet Nam Nhat Ban la mot nhirng nuoc c6 tam anh huong rat Ion nen kinh te the gioi noi chung va Viet Nam noi rieng Dat nuoc dugc menh danh "xii so hoa anh dao" la mot cuong quoc kinh te da trai qua nhieu nam phat trien than ky vao truac thap nien 90 ciia the ky XX, khien cho ca the gioi kham phuc Thu nhat, tang truong kinh te va bao ton cong nen van hoa truyen thong, ciing nhu each ling xir ciia Chinh phii nuoc doi voi tgc nguoi thieu so da tro mo hinh nghien ciiu cho nhieu quoc gia dang phat trien, co nuoc ta Do do, viec phan tich, hgc hoi nhiing chinh sach, chien luge ma Chinh phii Nhat Ban da ap dung voi cgng dong nguoi Ainu de so sanh voi viec ap dung nhiing chinh sach cho dong bao dan tgc thieu so nuoc ta la mot viec rat can thiet nham tao da cho su phat trien ben viing ciia dan tgc Mot nhiing bai hgc la viec Nhat Ban theo timg thoi ky ma co nhirng chinh sach linh boat, mem deo: dong hoa nguoi ban dia de phat trien, nhung phong trao phan doi len cao, Nha nuoc da buy luat cii, thay bang luat moi phu hgp voi dieu kien thuc te, hgp long dan va dugc nguoi Ainu ung hg Hien nay, nhieu chinh sach dugc ban hanh a nuoc ta chua theo kip tinh hinh thuc te, nen chang can CO va hgc tap su nhay ben nhu Nhat Ban van de ling xir voi nguoi Ainu, chac chan chiing ta se cong ban nua doi voi viec xay dung mot khoi dai doan ket cac dan tgc Thie hai, viec Nhat Ban cong nhan Ainu la tgc nguoi cimg voi viec phuc hoi nen van hoa truyen thong cung nhu ngon ngir ciia tgc nguoi se la bai hgc kinh nghiem cho chiing ta viec bao ton va gin giii nen van hoa ciia cac dan tgc thieu s6 dang chung song hoa binh Hien Viet Nam nhieu he ngon ngu ciia mot so nhom tgc dang dan mai mot, do d^ tranh xay nhu tinh trang Nhat Ban phuc hoi ngon ngii Ainu da gap rat nhieu kho khan, gan nhu rat it nguoi Ainu c6 the noi va viet tieng Ainu, do chung ta can co ke hoach, chinh sach phii hgp vdi dieu kien thuc te Mot so dan tgc thieu so o nuoc ta hien nhu dong bao Du, Rue, Xinh Mun, Kho Mii, La Ha,V.V , nguy co bi mat tieng noi va ngon ngir dan tgc rat cao, nen viec hgc tap Nhat Ban, tao cac noi co the to chiic nghi le tam linh truyen thong, mot mat giiip phuc hoi ngon ngii, mat khac thu hiit khach du lich, phat trien kinh te la mot nhiing giai phap co the ap dung tai Viet Nam Thu- ba, ben canh viec bao ton khoi phuc nen van hoa truyen thong ciia nguoi Ainu, Nhat Ban da bien no nguon tai nguyen du lich, hang nam thu hut hang trieu lugt khach va ngoai nuac den day tham quan, the nghiem van hoa ban dia, dua du lich tro mot nhiing nganh kinh te miii nhgn ciia viing Vi the, doi voi Viet Nam, mot dat nuoc CO hon 54 dan tgc ciing chung song, su da dang van hoa se la nguon tai nguyen v6 ciing Ion cho viec khai thac va quang ba du lich, gop phan xay dung phat trien kinh te dat nuoc Viec lap khu du lich hay lang van hoa Ainu a Hokkaido la mot nhung mo hinh thuc te, huu ich doi voi chiing ta Vai sir da dang sac tgc cimg sinh song nhu hien nay, chiing ta co the lap nen nhieu ttnng tam van boa theo mo hinh lang van hoa Ainu cua Nhat Ban, noi \ara co the gin giii, luu truySn nhirng net van hoa dac trung ciia timg dan tgc, vii'a tao them viec lam, tang thu nhap, cai thien doi song kinh te cho ba Thu tu, can luu y bai hgc ve quan ly nha nuac doi voi tgc nguoi thieu s6 D§n nay, chiing ta van chua co mot dao luat rieng \k cong tac dan tgc, de cu the hoa cac quan di8m PHAT TRIEN B^N VU'NG VUNG QUYtN 9, Sc5 (3/2019) Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban Lini Thj Thu Thuy Ciia Dang va Nha nuoc, cac dieu luat ghi Hien phap lam can cii phap ly dieu chinh cac quan he dan tgc, luat boa cac chinh sach dan tgc, dau tu cho vimg dan tgc va giai quyet cac van de dan tgc Mot so dieu luat da ban hanh, nhung thuc thi vimg dan tgc hieu qua r4t thap Viec Nhat Ban cong cac chinh sach doi voi nguoi dan tgc Ainu cho thay su thong nhat quan ly nha nuoc a Nhat tir tren xuong duoi, va day se la bai hgc cho chiing ta quan ly nha nuoc doi voi nhom dan tgc thieu so Thu nam, bai hgc ve tuyen truyen giao due chu truong chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc doi voi cong tac dan tgc thieu so dat hieu qua chua cao, boat dong tuyen truyen ban che, mang tinh hinh thirc Nhat Ban da rat cong viec tuyen truyen, quang ba chinh sach den timg nguoi dan va tren mgi mat tran Vi vay qua bai hgc kinh nghiem ciia Nhat Ban: quang ba van hoa qua du lich, tuyen truyen long ghep qua su kien va boat dong; chinh sach di lien voi hanh dong , chiing ta se cai thien dugc phan nao chien dich tuyen dTiySn chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc den voi moi nguai dan bao gom ca dan tgc thieu so Ket luan Co th^ noi, hang tram nam qua nguai Ainu da chiu rat nhieu anh huong chinh sach d6ng hoa cua ngucri Nhat Ban tir thoi Minh Tri Nguoi Ainu timg buoc mot da hoa nhap vao voi doi song xa hgi ciia nguoi Nhat nhung sau tham tam hon moi nguai dan tgc deu khat khao dugc tro ve voi coi nguon, dugc khang dinh vi the cua dan tgc long xa hgi Nhat Ban Su ben bi dau tranh cuoi cung da dugc Chinh phii Nhat Ban thira nhan va lan dau tien lich sir hg da dugc cong nhan la tgc nguoi ban dia c6 van hoa va ban sac rieng, de tir day nguoi Ainu chinh thirc buoc sang mot trang sii moi Do do, nhiing bai hgc tir Nhat Ban se la kinh nghiem thiet thuc, hiiu ich giup chiing ta viec hoach dinh chinh sach doi voi cgng dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so a nuoc ta von dang nhieu van de ton dgng Titi lieu tham khao AFP Jiji (2019) Japan to recognize indigenous Ainu people for first dine The Japanlimes truy cap https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/15/nationai/japan-recognize-indigenous-ainu-people-firsttime/#,XKJiITFUzZ7Y Boone Collection (2007) Image Gallery: Ainu Artifacts, tmy cap http://archive.fieldm useum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/ainu/ainu_map/ainu_map6.html Crawford, G (2000) Island of the Spirits: Origins of the Ainu, tren Nova Online, tmy cap 23.3.2019, tai dia chi https;//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hokkaido/ainu.html Dai tmyen hinh NHK (2019), Quyet dinh cua noi cac ve lugt mai cho ngudi Ainu (T^^ffife^^K^^:^) truy cap 30.4.2019 tai dia chi trang web https://www.nhk.or.Jp/snsengHsh/news/n 190227.html Emori Susumu (2007) Lich su dan toe Ainu Nxb Thao Phong Duong, Taiwan ( M ^ JM (2007^), Fogarty, P (2008) Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu, tmy cap 30/3/2109 tren http7/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7437244.stm PHAT TRIEN B ^ N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y S N 9, SC (3/2019) LV LUAN - TRAO DOI Gonai Mitsum va Wakabayashi Masam (1972) Ngudi Ainu huong ve tuong lai Nha sach Maki, Tokyo {m\Hm m • ^ # m (1972^), m i^ir^^^oT: r ^ ^coAt^i: ttis^^, !fe#/s, :^M) Hohmann, S (2008) The Ainu's modem struggle World Watch, Vol 21, No 6, P 20-24 Hoi thao luat hgc (1990) Thang 4, S6 424, Muc 15 (tis^-fe ^ ^ " (1990^), ^ , 424-§- ,15M) 10 Ito, M (2008) Diet officially declares Ainu indigenous, Japan Times, June, https://archive.is/20120713133730/scarch.japantimes.co.jp/cgibin/nn20080607al.html 11 Kojima Kyoko va Bao tang dan toe Ainu (2018) Tri thuc ca bdn van hoa Ainu Nxb Sofukan (it^ST- (^it), r-i^ ^nmrnt {m^) (2oi8¥), r ^ 5^ xito^mm^m, -^mt) 12 Kure Yoshigasu (2009) Dan tpc Ainu va Nhan quygn: trgng tam la doi ling cua chinh phu va ch6 chinh sach Tap chi nghien cicu tu tudng giao due nhan quyen dai hgc ngoai ngii Kansai, Quyen so 12, Tr 22 - 47.(^iii| ^ - (2009¥), " T ^ ^ K;ti^ i: A ^ : '(m\^tni^(DnJ^^^'^'b\V\ m^9\-mmi^'^xmm^^M-m-^, m 12, p 22- 47) 13 Levin, M (2001) Essential Commodities and Racial Justice: Using constitutional protection of Japan's indigenous Ainu people to inform understandings of the United States and Japan New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol 33(2), P 419-52 14 Lewallen, A.E (2016) The Fabric of Indigeneity: Ainu Identity, Gender, and Settler Colonialism in Japan, University of New Mexico Press Published in Association with School for Advanced Research Press, Mexico 15 Lewis, M Paul, Gary F Simons, and Charles D Fennig (eds, 2015) Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition, Dallas, Texas SIL International 16 Loos, N and Osani, T (1993), Indigenous Minorities and Education, Sanyusha Publishing Co., Ltd Tokyo 17 Lynn, D.K (1999) "Ainu in the International Arena", in W Fitzhugh and C Debreuil (eds), Ainu: spirit of a northern people, Washington: Smithsonian 18 Mainichi (2018) T - f ^ r r i ' i ^^fiKil^J mtt articles/20181220/ddni/005/010/041000c 5li'^®'ff;'[S^#Mi -https://mainichl.jp/ 19 Nakagawa Hiroshi va Noda Satom (2019) Boc hieu van hoa Ainu Nxb Shueisha ('PJN 1^ ( ^ ) wm ^ t -5 (2019^), y-f^icii^vm^mK, %~^\^) 20 Poisson, B (2002) The Ainu of Japan Leraer Pubhcations, Minneapolis 21 Siddle, R (1995) The Ainu: Constmction of an image in J Maher and G Macdonald (eds), Diversity in Japanese Culture and Language Kegan Paul International, London and New York 22 Siddle, R (2002) An Epoch-Making Event? The 1997 Ainu Culmral Promotion Act and its impact Japan Forum Vol 14(3), pp 405-425 23 Siddle, R (2003) The Limits to Citizenship in lapan: Multiculturalism, indigenous rights and the Ainu Citizenship Studies, Vol 7(4), pp 447-62 24 Siddle, R (2006) The Making of Ainu Moshiri: Japan's indigenous nationalism and its culmral fiction In N Shimazu (ed, 2006) Nationalism in Japan Routledge London and New York 25 Sjoberg, K(1993) The Return of the Ainu, Harwood Academic Publishers, Switzeriand 26 Stevens, G (2001) The Ainu and Human Rights: Domestic and international legal protections Japanese Studies, Vol 21(2), Pp 181-98 20 PHAT TRIEN BEN VU'NG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO (3/2019) LuTi Thj Thu Thuy Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban 27 Takehiro Sato, Tetsuya Amano, Hiroko Ono and Hajime Ishida (eds, 2007) Origins and genefic features of the Okhotsk people, revealed by ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis Journal of Human Genetics, Vol 52 (7), pp/ 618 - 627 28 Tmng tam nghien ciiu ve dan ban dia truong dai hgc Hokkaido (2010) Hien tai vd tuong lai cua nghien cicu Ainu Nxb Dai hgc Hokkaido ( ^ I t ^ ^ ' i l A ^ T - f ^ • ^ { i S W ^ - f e ^ ^ — I i (2010^), r^ y^W^(Dm± t ^^, ^t^^A^mm^) 29 Walker, B (2001) The Conquest of Ainu Lands' Ecology and culture in Japanese expansion 1590-1800, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of Cahfomia Press 30 Watanabe, H (1973) The Ainu Ecosystem University of Washington Press, Seattle and London 31 Weiner, M (eds) {\991) Japan's Minorities- The Illusion of Homogeneity Roufiedge, London 32 William, F and Chisato O Debreuil (1999) Ainu, spirit of a northern people, Arctic Smdies Center, National Musemn of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in association with University of Washington Press 33 Yamaura, K and H Ushiro (1999) Prehistoric Hokkaido and Ainu Origins Washington: Smithsonian", in W Fitzhugh and C Debreuil (eds) Ainu, spirit of a northern people, Washington, Smithsonian Thong tin tac gia: Lu-u Thi Thu Thuy, Th.S - Dan vi cong tac: Vien Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hgi, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam - Dia chi email: luuthuthuy76@yahoo com PHAT TRISN BSN VCfNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO (3/2019) Ngay nhan bai: 19/1/2019 Ngay nhan ban sira: 27/1/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 26/2/2019 21 ... Natives Protection), ggi nguoi Ainu la tho dan cu, voi y tuong dong hoa nguai Ainu voi nguoi Nhat Ban Dieu lam cho dat dai ciia nguoi Ainu bi Chinh phu chiem giir va nam quyen kiem soat (Loos va... Hokkaido nam 1899 da dugc bai bo vao nam 1997, va Chinh phii ban hanh luat moi ggi la Luat Chan van hoa Ainu {New Ainu l a w ) vai muc dich phat trien, bao ton van hoa, truyen thong ciia nguoi Ainu. .. bao ton van hoa Ainu bat dau phat trien va lan rgng tren toan khu vuc Tieu bieu nhat la su kien nam 1992, ong Nomura Giichi dai dien cho nguoi Ainu, co bai phat bieu ve Ijch sir Ainu va chinh sach