IJghildBilu Khoa hpc Giao dgc BAN VE fiOl Mdi CAN BAN VA TOAN DIEN GIAO DUC VA QAO TAO Sau 25 nam thUc hien doi mdi glao due va dao tao (GD&DT), chung ta da dat dugc mot so ket qu^quantrpng Tuynhien,c[.]
IJghildBilu- -Khoa hpc Giao dgc BAN VE fiOl Mdi CAN BAN VA TOAN DIEN GIAO DUC VA QAO TAO GS.TSKH NGUYiN MINHDI/ONG Vign Khoa tigc Gido diic Viet Nam S au 25 nam thUc hien doi mdi glao due va dao tao (GD&DT), chung ta da dat dugc mot so ket qu^quantrpng.Tuynhien,chod^nnayGD&OTvan nhl^u yeu kem va nhieu bat c$p trude yeu cau mdi, can dugc tlep tuc doi mdi mot each manh me, toan dlen va triet de hdn Trong van kien Oal hoi Dai bleu toan quoc Ian thU XI cua Dang Cong sin Viet Nam da neu ro ehu trUdng "Doi mdi can b^n va toan dien giao due va dao tao"[1 ] De trien khal chCi trUdng nay, mot van de quan la can xac djnh nhCmg v3n de nao la can bein cua GD&DT nude ta can dUdc doi mdi va nhuthe nao la doi mdi toan dlen GD&DT ? Ve van de nay, tac gi^ cd mot vai suy nghl sau day: Doi mdi triet If giao due Vdi TLGD cho mot so it ngudi, ngudi day ph^i la nhCfng ngudi dUdc dao tao mot each cd ban de lam thay vdi nhOng chuan dUdc quy djnh, ngudi hpe muon vao hpe d moi cap, bac hpc mol loai hinh trUdng deu phli cd trlnh dp van hoa cin thiet va dp tudi quy dinh Vdi TLGD cho mgi ngudi, bat ki cd nhu cau hpc khdng phan biet tuoi tac, giau ngheo va trinh dp van hoa deu cd ea hpl chpn dUde nhOng chuong trinh thich hdp de hpe; eon ngudi day thi ngoai nhUng giao vien dupe dao tao dat chuan quy djnh, biet hon deu ed the l?m thay, lam ngudi hudng dan tay ngh^ 6ng eha ta xua cOng da xay dung mdtTLGD cho mpi ngudi: nhat tu vi su, ban tuvisu(hpn mot ehU la thay, hdn 1/2 chU cung la thay), hoae hpe thay khdng tay hpc ban, De "lam" giao due mot each dung d^n, trUde het can cd tu dung d^n ve "each lam"giao due Nhu vay, de thue hi§n TLGD cho mpi ngudi, vi tuduy se chi dao hanh dpng.Trong boi canh mdi can phdiddi mdi tuyen sinh mot each ca bdn, xU quy nay, tU giao due phcii khae trUde, vay, dinh ve doi tUdng tuyen sinh, dieu kien tuyen sinh, trade het va can bin nhat de doi mdi giao due la noi dung va phUdng phap tuyen sinh cho den thdi doi mdi tu ve giao due Doi mdi tU ve glao due CO nhieu van de can ban, nhien, edi can gian tuyen sinh va phUdng phap danh gia bdn nhdt, djnh hudng cho mgi hoat dong gido due Idtuyen sinh Ben canh do, can dao tgo vd boi dudng triet If gido due (TLGD), Ngay nay, vdi su phat trien mot doi ngu dong dao gido vlen de ho CO nang luc nhUvu bao cua khoa hoe va edng nghe cung nhu bien sogn ndi dung chuong trinh gido due theo nhu quan ni#m mdi ve phat trien ngudi, von quy cau xd hdi vd am hieu edc phuang phdp day hgc tU cua mpi quoc gia.TLGD cho so it da dUdc chuyen xa (khdng gidp mot), dde biet Id day hgc eho ngUdi sang TLGD cho so dong, cho mpi ngudi Trong Idn tuoi do, d nude ta hien nay, v^ ca bin cac nha giao due 1.2 Day vd hgc cdi gi? (What?) De tien hanh van dang tUduy va hanh dong theo TLGD cho so day va hpc, trude het phai xac djnh ndi dung gido it ngudi mac du da cd chCi trUdng xay dUng mot xa due hpl hpc tap, hudng tdi giao due cho mpi nguc^ Vdi TLGD eho so It ngUdi, noi dung day va hpe Cd nhi^u quan niem ve TLGD Tuy nhien, vdi dugc eae cd quan quan II giao due quy dinh khai niem 'Triet li Id quan niem chung vd sdu sac chUdng trinh giao due va dao tao mot each cOfng nhdt cua eon ngudi vi nhiJng vdn de nhan sinh vd nhac vdi mot thdi lUdng nhat djnh eho mol cap xd hdi", ng^y nay, mdtTLGD gan gui vdi hoat dong hpc, bac hpc, moi nganh nghe va trinh dp dao tao hang cOa mpi ngudi lam giao due dang dupc khae nhau, tat el cac ea sd giao due, dao tao ap dung d nhieu nUdc, la TLGD 6W [4] TLGD eh nude, t i t c5 nhCfng ngudi day va ngudi hpe deu nh^m t r i Idi cau hdi sau day ve van de cot phai thue hien nghiem chinh, khdng dUpc phep Idi Idm dinh hudng cho mgi hoat dong cua gido due.thay doi Ndi mot each khae, ngudi day va ngUdl 1.1.Aidgy?Aihgc? (Who?) Noi den giao due, hpc ph^i day va hpc nhUng ndi dung da dUde quy djnh, mac dau cd nhCing noi dung ma trUdc het phli cd ngUdidgyvd ngudi hoe KHGD s6 69, thdng - 2011 Khoa lipc Glao dye xa hoi cung nhu ban than ngudi hpc khdng can; Ngupe lai, ed nhOng cai can thi khdng dUde hpe Ud/TLGDc/iomp/ngu'd/, npl dung glao due phai rat mem d^o, linh hoat, dUdc thiet ke theo trinh dp dau vao, muc tieu cua dau va theo yeu cau cua ngudi hpc, theo nhu cau cCia thj trUdng Iao dong dieu kien co sd vat chat va phUdng ti&n day hpc theo quy dinh Vdi TLGD cho mgi ngUdi, ke hoach day hpe cung nhu phupng phap day va hpc ph5i rat linh hogt, phu thupe vao dieu kien ve thdi gian, ed sd vat chat, phUpng tien day hpe cung nhU dieu kien va trlnh dp cua ngudi day va ngudi hpe De lam dupe dleu nay, phai doi mdi todn bg ehucfng trinh GD&DT Npl dung chUdng trinh phli NhUvay,dethuchl0nTLGDchompingUdi,pheii doi mdi vlec to ehUc qud trinh day hgc, edc hinh lo tinh gidn, hiin dgi vd thiet thue vdi chuan dau cu the theo nang luc gan vdi nhu cau xa hpl Ve cau gido due thudngxuyin, ddo tgo k^m cap tgi easdsdn true, chUdng trinh phai dUdc thiet ke lai theo hgc xudt, can duae md rdng.Vdl sUUngdung rdng rai phan, mo dun mem deo, tinh hogt, lien thong de edng nghe thdng tin va vien thong vao gl^o due, ngoai phan eUng bat bupe, ngUdi hpc cd the \ua can phat trien manh dgy hgc tUxa qua edc phuefng chpn nhOfng dieu minh can de hpc, cd the can gi tien thdng tin dgi chung nhuphdt thanh, truyen hinh, Internet Mot mat khae, phai triet de thUc hien ddo hpc nay, hpc suot ddi tgo theo hgc che tin chi lien thdng de ngUdi hpe cd 1.3 Hgc deldm gi? (Why?) Ngudi hpe ed thethe can gi hgc ndy, hgc suot ddi cd nhieu muc dich khae Muc dich se chi 1.5 Day vd hgc luc ndo? (When ?) Dd \h qu phoi muc tieu day hpc djnh ve thdi gian bleu day hpe Vdi TLGD cho sd it ngudi, ngudi hpc thudng di Vdi TLGD cho sd it, day va hpc phli dUpc tien hpc vdi muc dich hocxong mot chUdng trlnh glao due nao dd de cd dUpc bang tot nghiep va vdi hanh theo ke hoach day hpc vdi thdi gian bleu bang cd dUdc, hp cd the tim vlec de Iao dong klem dUdc quy djnh chat che cho tUng Idp hpc song suot ddi va de c6 dia vi xa hoi Vdi TLGD cho mol ngudi, thdi gian hpc ph3i rat Vd/T/.GDc/iomp/ngud/,ngUdlhpccd nhieu muc linh hogt, theo dieu kien va su thoS thuein glQa dich khae nhau: c6 the hpc de cd bang tot nghi&p ngUdi day va ngudi hpc, khong k^ ban hoae d mot trinh dp nao do, de cd ed hoi tim dupe vlec buoi toi, khdng ke thudng hoae ng^y nghl, lam; cung cd the hpc de cap nhat kien thUc va kT mien la thuan Ipi va phu hdp vdi dieu kien eCia nang, nang cao trinh dp, de Iao dong tot hdn; cung ngUdi day va ngudi hpe cd the hpc de cd th§m kien thUe, them hieu biet, Nhu v$y, phdi thay doi edc quy dinh ve qudn li de cd the song thich nghi vdi mot xa hpl luon bien gidovumgtedchcabdn.Xdabdkihogchdgyhgevd doi ma khdng can bang cap thdi gian bleu day hgc cUng nhdc hien va thay Oe lam dUpc dieu nay, gido due phdi rat da vao la mot ke hoach dgy hgc linh hogt vd phdi dang, linh hogt vdi nhiiu muc tieu, nhiiu chuan qudn titlen trinh cung nhU ket qud dgy hgc ludn bie khdc de dap dng eho muc dich hpc tap khae dong bang vlec dp dung cong nghi thdng tin vao cOa ngUdi hpe cung nhU nhu cau da dang qudn ligido vu cua thi trUdng Iao dong Cac ed sd giao due phai thiet ke hoae Ida chpn nhOng npl dung glao due, nhjjTng hpc phin, md dun phu hdp vdi muc dich cilia ngUdi hpc de gllng day 1.6 Dgy vd hgc & dau? (Where?) Quy djnh v dia diem d^ thUe hien day hpe Vdi TLGD cho sdit ngUdi, qua trinh to chtJfc day va hpc phli dupe tien hanh d cac Idp hpc, phdng 1.4 Day the nao? hgc the nao? (How?) Dd thi la nghiem, xudng thUe hanh theo thdi gian bleu vlec to chiic qua trinh day hpe va phUdng phap duge quy djnh cho tUng \dp hpc day hpc Vdi TIGD cho mgi ngudi, cd th^ tien hanh day va Vdi TLGD cho sd it, to chdc qua trinh day hpchpc bat kl d dau: d Idp, phdng thi nghiem, xUdng dUdc tien hanh theo ke hoach day hpc quy djnh trUdng, xi nghiep, tai nha hoae cd sd sin xuat cCia cho tUng Idp hpc PhUdng phap day hpc thUdng ngUdi day hoae ngudi hpc, qua eae phuong tien phai tuan thu nhCTng nguyen t k sU pham chat thong tin dal chung, qua Internet ml^n \kdd6 ed che, day hpe true tiep "mat ddi mat" vdi nhCftig dieu kien de cd the day va hpc KHGD so 69, thdng - 2011 iartifinBufu- Khoa hpc Gi^o due Nhu vay, phli thay ddi md hinh nhd trUdng va tUvan de can bin nhat cUa giao due bdi le cd cau dd, quy che ve edc logi hinh casdgido due cung can HTGDQD quy djnh cac trinh dp giao due, cac loai dupe thay doi Ngay nhieu trUdng hgc cung hinh GD&DT, mol tUdng quan giiJa chung dUpc bd dd ddi tri mot each khoa hpc, dim bao tinh he thong va Tdm lai, vdi TLGD cho mpi ngudi, he thong tinh chinh the de moi trinh dp giao due, mpi loai giao due can phat trien vdi nhieu hinh thUe, nhiiu hinh GD&DT phol hop vdi tao thinh mot sUc logi hinh, nhieu muc tiiu, nhieu chuang trinh, nhiiumanh tong the ma ban thin moi to cUa HT chuan, mem dio, linh hoat, da dgng vd lien thongGDQD dUng doe lap rieng biet se khdng the c6 di mpi ngUdi d mpi \da tuoi, mpi cUdng vj cong dupe; Nhd dd, glao due ed the hoan dugc sd t^c, mpi hoan cinh khae deu cdthe hpe, hpc menh cao ea cua minh tt/ng giai doan phat ell m l hp can, hpc bit cU luc nao, bat cd d dau trien cua mol quoc gia Co cau HTGDQD cung quy ndi ma hp ed the va dleu quan trpng la ed the tu djnh he thdng npl dung giao due, he thdng van hpc de cd the sdng va Iao dong mot xa hpl bIng/chUng chi quoc gia, cung nhu moi quan he dang bi^n doi nhanh chdng, qui trinh edng giCra gilo due vdi xa hpl, vdi thj trUdng Iao dong nghiep hda- hi$n dal hoa, dudl tic dong cCia khoa nude va hoi nh$p quoc t^ hpe edng nghe, toan cau hoa, hpl nhap quoc te va Cd cau he thdng GDQD phai the hien dupe klnht^trithijfe[3] tinh md, mem d^o, linh hoat, tinh phan luong va Cung xin lUu y rang vcfl" TLGD cho mpi ngudi, lien thdng giCra cac trinh dp de hdi nhap quoc te he thong GD&DT eijngein phli tri,thlm ddng thdi tao dleu kien thuan Ipi cho HS va ngudi Iao ddng cd the can gl hpc nay, hpc suot ddi ma chi la phdi het sdc quan tdm den he thdng chuan Idm ndng edt eho hi thdng gido due, de ed the giao duekhdng phli hpc lai nhufng dieu da hpc Ndi mot v l dao tao mot bp phan nhan luc chat lupng cao, cIch khae, ea cau HTGDQD quy djnh cau true giao mot bd phan tinh hoa cho cac linh vuc kinh te mui due va nhUng hoat ddng chu yeu ve giao due cua nhpn cung nhu boi dUdng nhan t l i cho dat nude mot nude Vay vi sac phdi hoan thien ca cau HTGDQD Ddi mdi tU ve TLGD Id vdn de rat can bdn Id hien dnUdc ta ? edi gde re tdm dinh hudng eho mgi hdnh dgng vi gido due Sdu yeu to neu trin cung chinh Id "mat Chung ta dang cd mot HTGDQD vdi he thdng eon II he thong gilo due thdng, he thdng gilo can bdn" cOa gido due, thleu mot mat ndy thi due ngh^ nghiep v l he thdng giao due dal hpc, cac khdng ed gido due Do vdy, ddi mdi dugc yeu to ndy he thdng dang bjchia edt va it cd quan he cung mang y nghia ddi mdi todn dien GD&DT cua vdi nhau, manh ngudi ay Idm nen nhijfng nUdenhd nim qua d l phit trien vdi mot ed cau vd cung mdt Doi mdi b^n tlian he thong giao due cdn ddi Ben canh do, he thdng glao due qu6c dan quoc dan (HTGDQD) cua chung ta hien khdng dugc phan luong tot, Khi ndi den gilo due cua mot nude vdi nhCTng kim tiin thdng vd thleu mim deo, linh hogt, chua khie bi§t so vdi giao due eda cac quoc gia khie, tao dieu kien cho thleu nien cung nhungudt diu tien phli ndi den la HTGDQD cua nUde dd Iao ddng cd the can gi hpc nay, hpc suot ddi Mdt HTGDQD the hien tren phUdng dlen: Cd cau mat khae, he thong lai dang chdng cheo: cd HTGDQD va quin If HTGDQD Doi mdi TLGD rat loai hinh giao due trinh dp trung cap (trung cap quan trpng, nhUng mdi chi II doi mdi tU va nghe va trung cap chuyen nghiep) va loai hinh cich llm gilo due.Dieu quan trpng II phli doi mdi gilo due cao ding (cao dang nghe va cao dang) "cai gdc r^"cua glao due va"cach lam"gilo due Ca vdi muc tieu dao tao khdng khae gl may Su chdng cheo dang lam cho HTGDQD mdttinh he cau HTGDQD Id cdi gde re, Id xuang sdng cua gido thdng vd tinh chinh the, vay, dang gay nen khdng due cdn qudn I! HTGDQD quy dinh vd eh! dao thUc itrde rdi vlec trien khai edc hoat dong gido due hiin mgi hogt ddng gido due cua moi quoc gia ddo tgo cung nhUsddung tao dgng ki thudt d nude 2.1 Hoan thien ccfcau HTGDQD ta hien [2] Ddy Id diem yeu cdn bdn nhdt cOa Cd clu HTGDQD dUpc col II mot nhUng gido due nUdc ta hiin nay, cdn duac ddi mdt KHGD sd 69, thdng - 2011 Khoa hpc Gido dye 2.2 Doi mdi qudn li HTGDQD ho^t ddng giao due mot cIch cd hieu qui ea Quan If HTGDQD bao gom bd may quIn If v l ca che thj trudng chequin li Tuy nhi#n, cho den nay, nhieu cache dd lol thdi, - Vebd may qudn If: He thdng GDQD can cd motchdm duac ddi mdi nen chUa tgo duae khung phd bd may tinh gidn, ggn nhe, it dau moi vd cd hieu luc If cung dgng tuc eho gido due phdt trien dieu Bp miy can cd dpi ngu cin bp quIn If cd nang kien mdi lUc de cd the holn dUdc nhiem vu cua minh QuIn liyeu kem la nguyen nhdn cua mgi nguyin cung nhu gdp phan hoan $d m&nh cua nhan yeu kem cua gido due nude ta, vdy, cdn nganh GD nhanh chdng ddi mdi de ehdn gido due nude Tuy nhien, HTGDQD cua chung ta dang dUpc nhd dieu hinh bdi caquan qudn It Nhd nude, moi ed Mot vai loi ket quan dang chi dao thUe hien nhCifng d6l mdi giao due vdi cac quan diem khie nhudoi mdi muc -Tren day khdng phai la tat el nhijftig gi can doi tieu, npl dung, chUdng trinh dao tao (2 chUdng mdi, nhien dly II nhOng vin de can bin, goc trinh khung), doi mdi to chdc qui trinh dao tao, doi mdi dao tao va bdi dudng GV (2 chUdng trinh re nhat neu chua dUdc doi mdi thi moi sU ddi mdi dao tao va boi dUdng), quy hoach mang ludi cp sd khae se khd long tao dupe sU dot mdi can bin va gilo due (2 quy hoach tren mot dja bin linh tho), toln dien de chan glao due cua nude nhl xay dung chuan dau (2 he thong chuan), v.v - Ben canh ddi mdi can bin v l toln dien, phli Ben canh do, HTGDQD cua chung ta cCing dang doi mdi ddng bd vd triet de theo tinh than mdt cupe qudn livUa theo ngdnh vCfa theoldnh tho, ben canh cai each gilo due vi neu chi ddi mdi chip va va niia Bd quIn li nhl nudc ve gilo due, cac bp nganh, vdi thi se khd Idng tao dupe chuyen bien dang ke cac dia phuong deu tham gia quIn li glao due vdi eho su phat trien giao due cCla nude nha nhOfng tham quyen cao Tai lieu tham ithSo SU qudn h'ndydd lam eho cong tie qudn ligido due dnudc ta trdnen cong kinh, chdng ch^o, k^m hieu Ding Cong san Viet Nam (2011), Vdn kien Dgi lUc, llm cdn trdcho viee thue hien mot so chu truang hoi Dgi bleu todn quoc Idn thUXI cua Ddng Cong sa doi mdi cija ngdnh nhu lien thdng, phan ludng,xay Viet Nam., Nha xuat ban Chfnh tri quoc gia Ha Noi dUng chuan trinh dp dau ra, quy hoach mang ludi Nguyen Minh Dudng (2(K)2), Hodn thien ea gilo due, v.v , dong thdi cung d l gay khdng it kho edu hi thdng gido due nghi nghiip, mot gldi phdp khdn cho edc casd gido due vlec thue thi nhiem quan de thue hien chien luge phdt trien gid vu cua minh Do vly, can dUdc doi mdi due Tap chi PhIt trien giao due, Sd 6,2002, Ha Ndi - Vi ca che qudn li: Chung ta dang qui Nguyen Minh Dudng (2004) Bdn ve triet li trinh chuyen doi nen kinh te tU ea che k^ hoach hda tap trung, quan lieu, bao cap sang cd che thi gido due cua mot xd hdi hgc tdp.Tap chiThdng tin trUdng De he thong glao due cd the thich Ung Khoa hpc Gilo due, Sd 112, nam 2004, HI Ndi vdi cd che thi trudng va hoat ddng cd chat lUdng, Clement, Neal D (1969), A Statement of hl^u qui, can tao dUng mdt he thong ca che phu hc^ vdi quIn li gilo due ed che thj trudng, Training Philosophy and Goals NewYork tao dupe hinh lang phap li v l tao ddng luc cho SUMMARY nhUng ngudi lam giao due de giao due nude tacd the phat trien cd che thi trudng va du sdc The author proposes the implementation of canh tranh tien trinh hdi nhap quoc te Ve cp Party's "basic and radical innovation of educatio che quIn If cung can triet de phan cap quIn If, giao and training" First of all the philosophy of educating nhieu quyen chCi ddng cho cic cd sd gilo due, dac shall be redefined, then the system structure: refin biet la quyen chu ddng ve tai chi'nh, ve nhan sUva the system structure and innovation of education ve cac hoat ddng giao due, dao tao de hp cd the administration (management apparatus and nang ddng va sang tao viec trien khai cIc mechanism) KHGD so 69, thang - 2011