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TiM HIEU NHAN THQC DUNG V€ 6nN CHflT CUR PHirONG PHHP DHV HQC TORN DC NANG cno HICU Qun GIANG onv Oai hoc Quoc gia Ha N6I | Ndi v l tam quan trpng cua todn hoc vd phuong phip day hoc to in , Cie Mac ([.]
TiM HIEU 6nN CHflT CUR PHirONG PHHP DHV HQC TORN DC NANG cno HICU Qun GIANG onv NHAN THQC DUNG V€ Oai hoc Quoc gia Ha N6I | N di v l tam quan trpng cua todn hoc vd phuong p h i p day hoc t o i n , Cie Mac (K Marx) cung da timg nhan manh:M6f fc/ioa/jpcch/t/iucsUp/idf triin niu nd stf dung dugc kiin thtfc vd phuong phdp cua todn hoe Ching han, xdc suit thdng ke todn hoc dupe cdc n h l khoa hpe ndng nghigp van dyng d l tgo cdc cay, eon gidng phye vu eho ndng, lam, ngu nghiep Cac nha y hoc dung nd de chan dodn bdnh va phuc vy cdng tdc dieh te Cac chuyen gia kinh t l dimg nd 64 dtf bdo vd dieu chinh nhdng thay ddi v l kinh t l ciia dat nudc Cic n h l xa hdi hoe diing nd d l nghien eufu ddn sd va ke hoach hda gia dinh ciing sac thai tam ly ciia elc cdng ddng dan cU Todn hgc rdi rge dupe sddyng vao ITnh vUe tin hpe va viln thfing Co hpe ly thuyet va dac biet la CP hpe sde b i n vat lieu 6uac diing xay dung eau, dudng, eae khdeh san, cac chung cU eao tang, c h l tgo vd d td, tau thiiy, ten Ida v l cae loai vii khf Ly thuyet Graph va mgng 6ugc cie nha q u i n ly giao thdng sd dyng de lap he thdng giao thdng dd thj vd giao thdng todn qude Kiln thdc vd phuong phdp toan hpe quan trpng nhu vdy, nhung lam the nao de hoc sinh phd thdng cd the n i m b i t duoc, biet van dung nd vdo eudc song thi nhat thilt phli ein tdi phUdng phdp chuyen t i i cde kiln thdc dd d i n vdi eae em Toin hgc la mdn hpe khd doi vdi hpe sinh thdng, de day tdt mdn hgc ndy khdng phli la vigc de ddng bdi vl: day t o i n khdng chi don thuan la cung cap kiln thde t o i n hpe cho hgc sinh ma phdi gop phan dao tgo nhufng tri thdc khoa hpe, ning dpng, sang tao, linh hoat viee van dyng tri thde da hpe 64 thieh dng vdi moi sU thay doi, nhdng eon ngudi b i l t tu hoc sudt dPi, tu ren luyen vuon lgn 64 khing djnh minh t h l giPi hien dai De thue hign 6ugc d i l u tren, ein phli cd dpi ngti giao vien t o i n gidi chuyen mfin va hieu biet nhdng quan diem mdi ve dgy hpe Day hoe Id mdt sU ehuyin giao kinh nghigm ciia nhdn loai sang kmh nghiem cd nhdn biln kmh nghiem bgn ngodi thdnh kinh nghigm bgn c l nhan Do do, viee dgy hoc todn nhim ddo tao cic gilo vien toan tUong lai khdng chi la van de thuin tiiy chuyen giao nhdng kiln thdc toan hoc ma edn II elch ehuyen giao, each dieu khien sutiep nhan va sU sing tao td nhdng kiln thUc can truyen dat Dieu dang chp dpi va hy vpng rat nhieu d tfnh tU giac, sU tu ddi mdi vuon len ciia moi gido vidn dang day toan d phd thong va nhat la sU mong dpi d cdc trudng su pham dao tao cac thay giao, co giao day toan tuong lai cho nen kinh te tri thde Nhieu nam gan day, elc trUpng DHSP va CBSP ca nUdc da chu trpng den viee doi mdi myc tieu nfii dung, phuong phap gilng day cho tdng hoc phan chUOng trinh dao tao Td cic cap lanh dao d i n tdng gidng vien d cac trUdng dao tao giao vien deu y thUc dupe rang: d l mdt thdi gian ngan dUa chit lupng giao due cd the sanh kjp vdi khu vUc va tien len ngang tam the gidi, bude ehiing ta phdi b i l t each ddi mPi ddng bd eae khau tUto ehde quan ly dao tao tdi timg bai day ciia giang vien Hon the nda, viec ddi mdi edn eP mdt nhiem vy kep: Nd tao sdn pham chit lupng eao la nhdng ed nhdn sU pham nang dpng, sang tao Bong thdi, cac ed nhin chat lupng eao se trd hgt nhan phong t r i o ddi mPi phuang phap day hgc d elc trudng thong sau Bi siu vdo ban chat phuong phdp dgy hpe todn ta thay: Toan hpe la khoa hoe t u v l sd lupng v l hinh the eiia sU vat hien tupng Cdn phuong p h i p day hpe todn Id mdt khoa hpe lua chgn buPe di hpp ly nhat d l chuyen tdi ndi dung toan hpe d i n ngUdi tiep nhan d day, can phan biet phuong phdp vdi tinh chat mpt khoa hge vd cac phuong phap ey the dgy hgc t o i n la k i t q u i nghien edu dUa tren hoat ddng thuc tien eiia qud trinh day hgc toan, do can phai dupe thUc nghiem de kiem chufng ehdn ly 5^34-9/2012 27 KlfNTHaC Toan hpe vd phuong p h i p day hpe t o i n I I hai khoa hpe ed nhdng d i l m khde Toin hpe ddpc x i y dung dua trdn tien d l v l quy t i c Idgic Mfit k i t l u i n t o i n hpe phli dUpc chdng minh b i n g suy d i l n nen k i t lu^n mang tinh chinh xde Cdn k i t lu^n phuong phdp dgy hge todn Id mPt khdi q u i t quy nap B l h i l u dimg b i n chit eiia phuong phdp dgy hpe todn, ehiing ta hay b i t d i u di td cic quan d i l m v l phuong phdp Cd nhilu quan d i l m khie v l phuang phdp, Cd mdt chil qug r i t k h I t nUdc, nd dang d m i l n ddng khd ed ehly {khdi diim cua hogt ddng) Nd tim mai mdi t h i y mpt c l i hu vdt ngodi ddng Nhdm vdo hu t h i y ed nUdc, nhdng hu eao, cd Igi nhd qug khdng thd md tdi duoc (cdc trd nggi) Qug nghT mdi mdi ndy mdt eleh Nd lupm ede vidn eupi thd d i n v i o hu phuong phdp dugc thi hi^n bdng gidi phdp cu thi) NuPe hu d i n g Ign, qua udng thda thud (kit qud cda hogt d^ng thda mdn muc dich) Theo He ghen: Phuang phdp ldy thdc cua sU v i n ddng ndi tai ciia b i n t h i n npi dung PhUemg phdp la edch thuc d i y sU tien triln ndi dung PhUdng phdp I I linh hdn khdi niem ciia ndi dung Vi du 2: B l gilng day mPt npi dung t o i n hpe cy thl, t h i y cd gido da p h l i b i m chle v i o myc tidu, npi dung, ddi tdpng ngddi hoc ciing nhiing d i l u kign lign quan d l tim ede gidi p h i p ehuyin t i i ndi dung rdi quylt djnh t h i n h cic budc di td chde d i l u khiln trd chilm ITnh tri thdc Theo Podngcarg (nhl v l t ly ciing thPi vdi Anhxtanh) Phuong phap la khoa hoe lUa chon buoc di ciia ndi dung Mdt sd quan d i l m khde lai cho ring: Phuong phdp Id duPng, I I cleh thde l l m vige de dat dupe mue dieh nhat dinh Phin tieh cie quan d i l m trgn ta thay: Phuang phdp p h l i gdn vdi mfit muc dich, mdt ndi dung n h i t djnh Neu chua cd mye dich, ehUa ed ndi dung eu t h l thl chua the ed phuong phdp Nhung n l u cd muc dich vd nfii dung rdi thl nhiem vu eiia phuong phdp la tim elc g i l l phdp 64 chuyin tdi ndi dung t d vj tri ndy v l vj tri khic mdt cdch tdi Uu cung chinh I I nham dgt mye dieh d l eao nhat Vige chuyin tdi ndi dung t d vj tri ndy ve vi tri khde la cd mdt qua trinh hoat ddng Mpi hoat ddng n h i m dat muc dich djnh trade eiia eon nguPi ludn cd ba td eo bdn: Khdi diem ciia hogt ddng Myc dieh eiia hoat ddng Cdc trd ngai cua hogt ddng (yeu td I n h huPng) den hoat ddng Bern b i l u dien hoat dfing ciia nguPi thdnh mfi hinh chiing ta se t h i y ro vj tri eiia phuong phip: Khdi diem cua hoat dong Cac trd ngai ciia hoat dong Cho can ciia pfii/ong piiap Khdidi^m cua hoat dong B l d l hinh dung b i n chat cOa phUdng phip, ehiing ta ed the minh hpa b i n g eau chuygn d i n gian Con qua vd cdi hu Ctfi du 1) 28 BAN TIN GIAO DUC Tif XA & TAI CHUC Vi du 3: Trong day hpe todn d tdng cap hpe chijng ta t h i y rat ro: Khoa hoc phUdng phdp day hpe toan dd cdn eU vdo mye tieu day hpe t o i n P tdng elp hpe d l lua chpn ndi dung day hoc cho d p hpe ay rdi Igi t d mye tidu va ndi dung d l ehi ede phuong phdp day hpe t o i n phii hop vdi cap hpe Cdn ddi vPi gido vidn, t h i l t k l mot bai day ve mdn todn, ho thudng can cd vdo muc tigu cua d p hpe, muc tieu eiia mdn hpe, dae biet Id npi dung bai hpe va ddi tupng dgy hoc cu the de xle djnh muc dich, ygu eau eua bai day rdi Igi tU myc dieh yeu elu, ndi dung eiing cdc yeu td khic de lua chon phuang p h i p cho b l i day Qua sU p h i n tich ciing cde vi du minh hpa d trgn, ehung ta edng thay rd: khdi d i l m mdt t i l t day hoc todn bao gdm trinh dp eCia thay, tro tham gla v i o hoat dpng edng vdi ndi dung day hpe todn m l thay da dU kien truyen dat t i l t dgy NhCfng npi dung dd can p h l i Id nhdng nhu elu ve nhdn thde ciia trd £i4 tim ede gidi phdp chuyin tdi npi dung ddi hdi cd mdt q u i trinh tU tieh eUe, mpt s u t u y thdc eiia ngudi d i l u k h i l n boat ddng trade ndi dung, hodn cdnh eu the, ddi tupng eu t h l 64 lUa chon phuong p h i p Ngudi ddng ngoai ed the nhin rd each thde tdm vide cua hp, nhdng khdng de dang nhin het dupe nhdng suy nghT sdu xa 64 cd 6\Sac each thdc Idm viee dd Chl ed ngudi thay la ngudi ehu ddng td chdc dieu khien trd hogt ddng chiem linh tri thdc mPi hieu rd tdng hoat ddng t i l t day hoc cung I I de vUpt qua ede trd nggi t d khdi d i l m ban d i u ciia gid dgy hpe toan de di tdi muc tieu da d l Vile ngddi thay tim cac gilt phap d l vupt qua cdc trd TIM HI^U ngai liie dau ehinh 11 ehd ean eda phuong phdp Higu qud ciia phuang phap m l ngUPi thay da lua chpn cho giP day hpe toan ehinh la k i t q u i thUc t l ciia giP dgy dupe d i n h g i l dda trgn sin pham la ngudi trd cd d i p dng dupc nhdng mue tidu 64 hay khdng? Ket q u i dd cung Id nhdng can c d d e p h i n anh lai khdi d i l m ban dau v l phuong phdp md ngudi t h i y da tdc ddng vao giP dgy Chinh vi the, chung tdi mudn de xuat mpt so quan niem ve phUOng phap dgy hpe todn nhu sau: Phuang phdp day hoc t o i n la y thdc ve sU van ddng ndi tgi ciia b i n than npi dung toan hpe vd dupc b i l u hign ngoai, la cdch thdc to ehde hoat ddng ciia t h i y va trd n h i m dgt dupe cac muc tieu day hpe t o i n Phuong phap dgy hpe t o i n Id linh hdn ciia ndi dung todn hgc can day dang v i n ddng duoc bieu hien b i n g elc g t i i p h i p khic phuc trd nggi de dUa qua trinh day hoc dat tdi myc dich tdi Uu Phuang phap dgy hoc todn la khoa hoc lua ehpn bude di hgp iy nhd't de chuyen t i i ndi dung toan hpe can dgy tdi ngudi tiep nhan, tU dd giup ngudi hpe c h i l m ITnh tri thdc vd phdt trien nhan each Viee hilu rd ban chat eiia phUPng phdp day hpe toan ed y nghTa quan trpng giiip ngudi gido vien di dung hudng doi mdi phuong phap day hpe toan va iua ehpn dupc cac phUPng phap eu the eho tdng bai day todn eiia mlnh Song, ngUPi giao vien cung can lUu y ring: mdi phuong phap day hpe cu the ket iudn ehi id mdt khdi quat quy nap Mot phuong phap dgy hpe cd t h l dp dyng tdt vdi d p hpe nhung lai khdng tdt ddi vdi cap hpe khac Vidu: Phuang p h i p nghidn edu tai lieu, saeh giao khoa, t h i o luan nhdm dUoc sddyng vd ed hieu q u i ddi vdi dgy hpe P bac dgi hgc nhung Igi it hieu qua doi vdi bge t i l u hpe Phuong phap td chdc trd chOi sd dyng tdt ddi vdi ble tieu hgc nhung lai khdng nen sddyng ddi vdi bacTHPTvldaihgc Ro ring, khdng cd phUOng p h i p dgy hoc nao dUpc coi la van nang Mdi phuong p h i p day hpe deu cd nhdng Uu d i l m v l cung khfing trdnh khdi nhdng nhupc diem D l lUa ehpn dupe elc phuong phap dgy hpe toan phii hpp qud trinh day hpe toan, ngudi giao vien can p h l i dUa vao elc nguygn t i c lUa ehpn sau day: Xuit p h i t t d mue dich v l nhiem vy gilo due mdn todn d cap hpe noi ehung, ciia giP day hoc todn IPp, ngoai IPp ndi rieng Phdi xuat phdt td khdi d i l m ban dau eiia gid day hpe t o i n nghia la phli tfnh den trinh dd nhgn thdc lue dau eua dai tra va ea the hpe smh Idp, phli tinh d i n npi dung day hoc todn cy t h l can truyen dat Phdi tinh d i n nhdng trd ngai v l npi dung kien thdc, trinh dp hoc sinh, dieu kidn phUOng tign can thiet cho hpe tap, yeu td mdi trudng, thdi gian dgy hpe, tam ly hpe tap eiia hpe smh Cdc nguygn tac dd cd tinh dde lap lUong ddi nhUng chiing cd quan he hdu co, t i c dfing qua lai tao mdt hg thdng Tit nhien, trinh dp nang luc va kinh nghigm sU pham ciia ngUdi thay giao la y l u td dnh hudng nhieu den viec lua chpn va phdi hop cac phuong phap cho giP day hoc toan Td nhdng phin tfch tren, chung ta thay, mudn nang cao chat lupng giao due va dao tao, viec nang cao trinh dd, ythdc ve phUOng phap cung la mpt phuong dien cUc ky quan trpng, vl phUOng phap ludn giiip chiing ta dat tdi hieu qud tdi Uu chuyen tai ndi dung kiln thdc ciia thay, ciia sach giao khoa kiln thUc ben ciia tro Hon the, viec ngUdi thay ludn tim toi, doi mdi phuong phap day hoc todn ciia mlnh ciing chfnh la ren luyen IU nhay ben phu hop vPi ngudi hien d^i thdi dai kinh t l tri thdc hien O TAI Lieu THAM KHAO Bd Giao due va Dao tao, Hoi nghi tdp hudn PhUdng phdp dgy hgc mdn todn Pho thdng, Ha NPi 2000 i Ban lien tac cac trudng dai hpe va eao dang Viet Nam - DHQG Ha Npi, Ky yiu hdi thdo ndng cao chdt luang ddo tgo todn quoc Idn thtf III, Ha Npi, - 8/6/2000 Nguyen Ba Kim, Vu Duong Thyy (2002), Phuang phdp dgy hgc mdn Todn, Nxb Bai hpe Su pham Hd Nfii Sue Johnston-Wilder, Peter Johnston-Wilder, David Pimm and John Westwell (1999), Learning to teach Mathematics in the Secondary school, London and New York Tow Reactions to The Mathematical Education of Teachers, http://www.maa.org/ebms/ 29 ... phap cho giP day hoc toan Td nhdng phin tfch tren, chung ta thay, mudn nang cao chat lupng giao due va dao tao, viec nang cao trinh dd, ythdc ve phUOng phap cung la mpt phuong dien cUc ky quan trpng,... 2000 i Ban lien tac cac trudng dai hpe va eao dang Viet Nam - DHQG Ha Npi, Ky yiu hdi thdo ndng cao chdt luang ddo tgo todn quoc Idn thtf III, Ha Npi, - 8/6/2000 Nguyen Ba Kim, Vu Duong Thyy (2002),