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LkfUvaHpc so / N G A Y NAY 1 2012 37 ,y? Ddi mdi phuofng phap giao due mam non vdi sif hinh thanh nhan each van hoa tudi au thof NGUYEN DINH SCfN NGUYEN NGQC PHUONG He sau Dgi hpe Hpe vipn Chi''''nh tri,[.]
LkfUvaHpc so 1-2012 - / N G A Y NAY 37 _ _ ,y? Ddi mdi phuofng phap giao due mam non vdi sif hinh nhan each van hoa tudi au thof NGUYEN DINH SCfN - NGUYEN NGQC PHUONG He sau Dgi hpe - Hpe vipn Chi'nh tri, Hd Ddng - Hd Ndi S inh thdi, Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh ludn quan tdm ddc biet tdi tre em Id xua't phdt tO yeu eiu eua ljch sO vd tien dd eua ddn tpe, dieu ma NgOdi quan tdm nhit Id van de 'Trdng ngddi", "Vi ldi ich modi ndm phii trdng cdy, vi hgnh phuc tram nam phii trdng ngddi" Trdng edy vd trdng ngddi deu vi ldi feh ddn tpe NgOdi ndi: "Dgy tre cung nhO trdng cay non Trdng edy non dope tdt thi sau ndy cdy Idn len tdt Day tre nhd tdt thi sau ede chdu thdnh ngddi tdf Ke thOa td todng dd cua Ngddi, Ding ta da dda mpt ludn dilm quan trpng ve sy nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Id: "Liy viec chdm sdc, ddo tgo, phdt huy ngudn lye ngddi lam yeu td ed bin eho sy phdt trien nhanh vd ben vQng" Vi vdy, xdy dyng eon ngddi phdt triln hdi hda todn dien Id myc tieu hdng diu cua Ding vd Nhd nddc ta giai dogn hien vd Idu ddi, dd chien Iddc phdt triln todn dien cho the he tre dope xem Id nhiem vy quan trpng Nhieu nhd nghien cdu tdm ly, van hda ddu cho ring: Tudi thd eua ede em Id giai dogn eye ky quan trpng, tre em trddc tudi di hpe Id giai dogn khdi d i u eua eon ngddi cdch hpe an, hoc ndi, gpi ehung Id giai dogn "hpe Idm ngddi" Viee bio ve, chdm sdc vd gido dye tre em'dopc phap ludt bio ve nham d i m bio eho tre em dope eham sdc sdc khde, dope vui ehdi bd feh, dope gido dye hpe hdnh, tao dieu kien eho tre phdt triln lanh mgnh, ed tddng lai tdt dpp TO gdc nhin van hda hpe, nhdn cdch vdn hda ed the hinh dung nhd Id dien mgo tdm ly ngodi lao dpng sdng tao, ngddi dai bilu mang vde he gid tri vd ehuan myc xa hpi eua mpt cpng ddng xa hpi nhat djnh (d ddy Id cpng ddng ddn tpe - qude gia) Dae dilm du trdi eua nhdn each vdn hda cd thl bieu hien d ndng lOe sdng tgo ciia nd Lao dpng sdng tao van hda nho Id hinh thde to khang djnh, to bpe Id vd phdt huy "cae loc lOdng bin chat ngddi" (C.Mde) eua nhdn cdch van hda De phdt tridn todn dien eon ngddi, hinh thdnh nhdn cdch van hda d eon ngddi, dae biet d Ida tudi thd, vai trd eua vdn hda vd gido dye Id eye ky to Idn vd cd y nghTa then chdt thdi ky phdt triln edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda eua dd't node DOa cdc gid tri van hda truyen thdng ddn too hien dgi vdo gido dye gia dinh, nhd trddng nham phdt huy b i n s i c van hda ddn tpe vd van hda vdn minh nhdn loai, hinh thdnh nhdn cdch van hda eho the he tre thd, ddng thdi cQng Id giai dogn dau tien cua qud trinh hinh thdnh nhdn cdch md mdt sd nhd tdm ly gpi Id "tre em trUde tudi di hgd' (Dddc tfnh tO 0-6 tudi) Trong Ida tudi nay, cdc nhd khoa hpe gido due, tdm ly Igi chia ede giai dogn nhd vdi ede ten gpi khde tren ed sd nhQng dfeh sdng vd trddng thdnh eua ed t h l tre thd Cd the khdi qudt ten gpi ede thdi ky chu ydu eua tre trddc tudi di hpe nhd sau: Viet Nam The gioi Tre truac tuoi di hoc hay Tuoi mdm non Tre truac tuoi hoc hay Tuoi du tho 0-1 thang tuoi Tuoi sa sinh Tuoi au tha ban dau tuoi Tuoi bii me Tuoi be bong tuoi Tuoi nha tre Tuoi nha tre 3-4 tu6i Tuoi mau giao be Tuoi mau giao 4-5 tuoi Tu6i mau giao nha Tuoi mau giao 5-6 tuoi Tuoi mau giao Ion Tuoi mau giao Thdi ky 0-6 tudi 38 iJ£:i, Dac trdng tdm sinh ly Ida tudi tre em trade tudi di hpe Id mpt qud trinh phdt trien lien tyc e i vd the chit vd tinh than Ddy Id thdi ky md eon ngddi ed k h i ndng tidp thu nhQng t i c ddng gido dye nhgy ben nhd't - mpt thdi ky phdt triln khd ddi vdi tde dp khd nhanh so vdi c i ddi ngddi Dd Id nhOng ed sd nhdn cdch ban d i u eua e i eupe ddi Gido dye m i m non Id hinh thdnh d tre mpt nhdn cdch gidu tiem nang tri tu$, mpt ed tfnh ehu dpng sdng tgo vd nhOng pham chit tdt dpp d eon ngOdi thdi dgi van minh Ngdy nay, cd hpi de trd tdi nhd tre, trddng mau gido, mam non rat thudn Ipi: do, tre se dope tidp nhdn phOdng thde gido dye sd phgm vdi didu kien gido dye hogt dpng vd mpt chudng trinh (ndi dung) gido dye hien dgi, tre tiep thu ldi sdng cpng ddng, bidt giup dd nhau, hpp tdc vdi va bd sung tfnh each eho hogt dpng vui ehdi, hpe tap, tgo cho tre hdng thu den trOdng Idp, hdng thu hpe tap, hdng thu hoat dpng; Tre se trd nen eon ngddi ty tin, ehu dpng, sdng tao, ed dao ddc, ed phong cdch dng xO dpp Qua dd nhdn cdch cua tre ddpc hinh thdnh vd phdt trien Viec thyc hien c i i cdch gido dye d tudi M i m non cung dd ddpc Ding, Nha node ehf dgo vd Bd Gido dye - Ddo, tgo td chye thyc hien G i n ddy nhit, c i i each gido dye tudi M i u gido dupe the nghiem d mpt sd trddng dilm mdi thyc sy di vdo ddi mdi gido trinh vd phddng phdp giao dye mdi nhim eho tre HQC CHOI vd gido vien NUOI D AY Ndu trddc ddy, cdc mdn hpe eua tre mau gido Id rieng biet, gid hpe rieng, gid ehdi rieng, gid dn tre chf ed an thdi thi phddng phdp gido due m i u gido ngdy ddi hdi mang tinh Tich hdp vd tre se ddpc hpe theo chu de, chii diem vdi cdc gdc hoat ddng phong phu da dgng Dya tren ed sd nhdng thdnh tOu nghien cOu vd tdm sinh li vd gido dye phdt triln tre m i u gido, ddi mdi hinh thde td chOe ede ndi dung gido dye tre Ida tudi m i m non theo eac ehu dd vd td chOc ede hoat dpng mang tfnh tfch hdp Id xu the ehung eua gido dye m i m non d cdc nddc tren thd gidi, khu vyc vd d Viet Nam Ddi mdi gido dye m i m non dya tren quan diem sUpham tfch hdp Id nhin nhdn thd gidi ty nhien, xd hdi vd eon ngddi nhd mpt t h l thdng nhd't, nd ddi lap vdi cdch nhin nhdn chia c i t rgeh rdi cdc sy vat vd hien tddng Quan dilm tieh hpp eho rang: Tieh hdp khdng ehi la dit canh nhau, lien kdt vdi nhau, ma la xim nhap, dan xen cac ddi tUdng hay cac bd phan ciia mdt ddi tUdng vio nhau, tao mdt chJnh thd Trong dd khdng nhOng eac gia tri ciia tUng bd phin dUde bao tdn vi phat tridn, ma die biet la y nghla thUe tien ciia toan bd cai ehinh thd dd dUde nhin len Quan dilm tfch hdp gido dye m i m non phii dope t h l hien d mpt sd dilm sau: 1, TrOde hdt Id d mdi quan he giOa viec eham sdc vd gido due tre em: Trong nudi phii tfnh den dgy vd dgy phii quan tdm ddn nudi; 2, Ldng ghep, dan cdi cdc hogt ddng eua tre, dd ehdi Id hogt dpng ehii dgo Chdi Id mdt hogt dpng vdn mang tfnh tfch hpp, vd chfnh hogt ddng vui ehdi tre tidp thu kinh nghiem xa hdi d nhidu gde dp, nhidu fTnh vyc khde Dd Id nhQng kinh nghiem mang tinh tich hdp, cin eho cude sdng cija tre; 3, Theo quan dilm tfch hdp thi xdy dyng chOdng trinh gido dye mam non khdng xuit phdt tO logic phdn chia cdcbd mdn khoa hpe nhod phd thdng, ma phii xuat phat tU yeu eiu hinh nhQng nang lUc chung, nham tdi su phat SO 1-2012 DrnvaHoc JNGAY NAY tridn chung ciia trd dd hinh thinh d chung nin ting nhin cich ban diu Ddl mdi phddng phdp gido dye m i m non Id v i n de cap bdch xu t h l ddi mdi phddng phdp gido dye d tat ca cdc b$c hpe Phypng phdp gido dye m i m non theo hddng ddi mdi edn cd vdo nhu cau k h i ndng phdt triln ciia tre Tre Id chu t h l tfch eye, gido vidn la ngodi tgo ed hdi, hodng dan, gpi md eac hogt ddng tim tdi, khdm phd cua tre Tre chii ddng tham gia ede hogt ddng dd dd phdt triln nang, nang iQc eua e i nhdn Ddi mdi phOdng phdp gido dye phai khic phye ddpc nhung hgn chd vd ke thda nhQng mat manh ciia phddng phdp ed truyen Doi mdi phddng phdp gido due phii thOc hidn ddng bp vdi ddi mdi ndi dung, ddi mdi thiet bj, ddi mdi ddo tgo, bdi dddng gido vidn, ddi mdi ddnh gia vd ehf dao Tuy nhien, ddi mdi phddng phdp gido dye co t h l bit d i u bang cdch ddi mdi hinh thde td ehOc cung vdi vide eiu true Igi ndi dung, ddi mdi dd dung thidt bj Ddi mdi hinh thde chdm sdc gido dye tre m i m non nham thyc hidn tdt hdn myc tieu gido due m i m non Mue tieu Id hinh thdnh d tre nhong chOc ndng tdm ly, nhQng cd sd ban d i u eua nhdn cdch, ndng lOc lam ngOdi cua tre vd chuan bj cho tre bode vdo hpe phd thdng ed hieu q u i Cy thl hdn Id nhim hinh thdnh phdt trien tre trdn ede ITnh vyc sau: Tmh c i m vd quan he xd hpi; Nhdn thyc; Ngdn ngQ; T h l chat Phit trien tinh cim vi quan he xa hdi; Nham cung cap cho tre mpt sd hieu bidt ve cae hien tdpng xa hpi xung quanh, td dd gido dye vd hinh thdnh d tre tinh c i m , thai tfch eye ddi vdi edng ddng vd mdi trddng xung quanh Giao dye d tre sy ty tin vdo k h i ndng, ndng lye eua bin than Phdt tridn d tre tfnh ty lye, bidt hdnh dpng theo sdng kien cua ehinh b i n thdn minh, bidt ehju trdch nhipm ve nhufng viec minh Idm Hinh thdnh d tre k h i ndng ddnh gid va ta ddnh gid tddng ddi phu hpp Hinh thdnh d tre nep sdng va hdnh vi van hda biet g i n gui, b i o vp thdnh q u i lao dpng eua ngddi khde vd mdi trddng sdng, phdt trien d tre nhdng c i m xuc tham my, yeu thich cdi dpp, thich tgo cdi dep Phit tridn nhin thUe: Nham cung cap cho tre mpt sd hieu bidt ve the gidi xung quanh, biet hdnh ddng hpp ly moi trddng dd Hinh thdnh vd phat trien cdc ndng lye hogt dpng tri tue eho tre (quan sdt, phdn tich, so sdnh, phdn logi, khai qudt, ndng giii quydt van de theo nhieu cdch khde nhau) Tre hilu ddpc mpt sd quan he nhdn q u i mdi trddng g i n gui vdi tre Hinh thdnh d tre mpt sd kidn thde ky ndng c i n thiet eho viee hpe tap trddng phd thdng (ede bilu tddng todn sd dang, nhQng ky ndng ban d i u eho viee hpe dpc, hpe viet d Idp ) Phdt triln d tre tfnh td md, ham hilu biet, kha ndng ehu y, tddng tdpng, tri nhd va to sang tgo, kha ndng Idm viec dpc lap Phat then ngdn ngO: Nham ren luyen vd phdt trien tre ode ky ndng nghe ndi e i n thidt d l giao tiep vdi mpi ngdcJi xung quanh Biet cdch d i l n dat y nghT, mong mudn yeu c i u , tinh c i m - c i m xuc ciia minh mpt cdch ro rang, d l hieu ddi vdi mpi ngddi xung quanh Cho tre lam quen tre vdi eac ky ndng dpc, viet ban d i u d l chuan bj vdo Idp 1, phdt trien d tre hdng thu, sy say me "dpc" sdch, truyen, td 'Viet" Phat tridn thd chat: Nham b i o ve vd ren luyen sdc khoe eho tre Cung c i p cho tre mpt sd hilu biet ve ed the Tap eho tre mpt sd ky nang giQ gin ve sinh thdn t h l , ve sinh moi trddng vd ty phye vu sinh hogt hdng ngdy Ren luyen LkfUvaHpc S01-2012 - / N G A Y NAY — — _ _ » _ phdt triln cae ky nang van ddng (thd tinh) vd cdc td chit t h l lye (nhanh nhen, deo dai, linh hogL ), phdt triln nang lye eiia ede gidc quan Cung cap cho tre mpt sd hieu biet sd dang ve dinh dodng vd an toan Chuan bj tdt the lye, sOe khde de tre bode vdo hoat ddng hpe tap ed hieu q u i Bdn ITnh vyc tren se dope Idng ghep, t h l hien ede npi dung gido dye eua ede ehu dilm vdi ede de tdi ey t h l Dd la ede npi dung gidp tre tim hilu, khdm pha ve b i n thdn tre, ve gia dinh, trddng mdu gido, vd the gidi dpng vdt, thyc vdt g i n gui vdi tre, vd mdi trddng xd hdi xung quanh tre: Gia dinh, be ban, cdc phddng tien giao thdng, cdc dja danh vdn hda, ljch sd Tre cung ddpc tiep can vdi nhdng v i n dd ed tinh todn eiu nhd: b i o ve mdi trOdng, tfnh nhdn vdn qude te Npi dung chdm sdc gido dye dope lOa chpn thidt kd, eau true tfch hdp theo ede ehii dilm nham cung c i p kinh nghiem sdng mpt cdch tdng t h l d l tre phdt tridn mdt cdch todn dien ve the chit, tinh c i m , quan he xd hpi, nhdn thde vd ngdn ngd Tidp can tfch hpp theo ehu diem Id cdch td't nha't d l tre ddpc phdt triln mpt cdch todn dien, hdi hda Thdng qua cdch tidp can dd, tre dddc hoc bing nhieu cdch khae nhau, ddpc tiep xuc vdi cupe sdng thyc eiia minh, vdi mdi trddng thyc, ddpc phdt huy hdt k h i nang, nang lye vd hilu bidt cua minh Do dd, d tudi M i m non - nhdn cdch ngddi ddpc hinh thdnh nhQng nam d i u tien eua cude sdng, va phOdng phdp gido dye tdt d l tre phdt triln nhdn cdch, dd Id: Giao due hoat ddng De phdt huy vai trd cua van hda ddi vdi sy hinh thdnh nhdn cdch tre em (trade tudi di hpe), edng tde chdm sdc, giao dye tre em phii ed nhQng djnh hddng ed b i n vd thyc hien ede giii phdp hai mdi trddng ehu ydu Id gia dinh vd TrUdng miu giio mim non Cy the: - DOa ede hogt ddng cham sdc, gido dye tre em cd vj tri xdng ddng ehOdng trinh ddi mdi gido due ehung ciia d i t node ndi ehung vd eua Bd Gido dye vd Ddo tgo ndi rieng hien Xde dinh npi dung vd phOdng thde gido dye cho qud trinh nhdp than van hda tudi i u thd gia dinh vd trddng hpe mim non Kdt hpp chat ehe gida gia dinh nhd trOdng vdo qud trinh nhdp thdn vdn hda eiia tre Tdng cOdng ngudn loc tdi chfnh, cung cap cho cae hogt dpng nhim phdt huy vai trd cua van hda vide eham sdc, gido dye tudi i u thd Trong dd, sy phdi hpp chat che giOa hai Bd Vdn hda Thdng tin, Bp Gido dye vd Ddo tgo cdng tde chdm sdc, gido dye tudi i u thd ed y nghTa eye ky quan trpng Thyc hien ed ehd quin ly d i m bio bdng dpi ngu edn bp vd gido vien m i u gido m i m non ed chuyen mdn vd ldng yeu nghd vi tudng lai tdt dpp eua tre thd = Tdng eddng phd cdp kidn thde vdn hda NUOI - DAY tre em tren cdc phddng tipn thdng tin dgi ehung (ca vd chit lopng vd thdi lopng), dd, lOu y tdi ming vdn hda gia dinh eho cdc bdc cha mp thdng qua ddi phdt (Trung ddng, dja phOdng) phu hdp vdi dieu kien sdng cua gia dinh d ndng thdn (chidm tdi 60%-70%) d nddc ta hien Tdm lai, thdi ky ddt ndn mdng nhdn each dau tien eua mpt ngddi la cOc ky quan trpng Cu the, tre d tudi mim non, hpe d l Idm Ngddi Id ehinh, phddng thde cham sdc tre ngdy ddi hdi xu hddng gido dye tich hgp nham phdt huy hdt nang, nang khidu, ky ndng mdi tre em Idm ed sd vQng chic eho nhdn cdch van hda sau ndy Gido dye, eham sdc tre i u thd hien vdi phddng thde kdt hpp gia dinh - nhd trddng nham khae phye nhQng phddng thde nudi dgy truydn thdng cQ, phdt huy thd mgnh eiia ddi mdi gido due ngdy tao nen mpt Idp tre ed the chd't tdt, dgo ddc tdt, chu dpng, nang dpng, thdng minh, gidu tinh sdng tgo D l phdt huy vai trd ciia van hda ddi vdi sy hinh thdnh nhdn cdch tre em la trdch nhiem thupc vd todn xd hdi: ede bde cha me, cdc nhd gido dye - van hda, cdc td chdc cd quan, dodn t h l td Trung Odng den dja phddng vl mdt tUOng lai td't dep eiia tre tho Viet Nam - ngudn nhin lUe quan trgng cho di't nUde vOng bUde tidn vio thd ky XXI ... tudi m i m non theo eac ehu dd vd td chOc ede hoat dpng mang tfnh tfch hdp Id xu the ehung eua gido dye m i m non d cdc nddc tren thd gidi, khu vyc vd d Viet Nam Ddi mdi gido dye m i m non dya tren... ban diu Ddl mdi phddng phdp gido dye m i m non Id v i n de cap bdch xu t h l ddi mdi phddng phdp gido dye d tat ca cdc b$c hpe Phypng phdp gido dye m i m non theo hddng ddi mdi edn cd vdo nhu cau... ddi mdi dd dung thidt bj Ddi mdi hinh thde chdm sdc gido dye tre m i m non nham thyc hidn tdt hdn myc tieu gido due m i m non Mue tieu Id hinh thdnh d tre nhong chOc ndng tdm ly, nhQng cd sd ban