Nghien cuTu trao ddi Mu6n giao due doi moi can ban , toan dien nhAt th i^ t phai thay doi each nghi , each lam giao due • NGUYfiN THI BINH Nguyin Phd Chil tich nu&c Hon hai chue nam qua, Dang da n§u r[.]
Nghien cuTu - trao ddi M u n g i a o due doi moi can b a n , t o a n dien nhAt t h i ^ t phai t h a y doi each n g h i , each lam giao due • NGUYfiN THI BINH Nguyin Phd Chil tich nu&c H on hai chue nam qua, Dang da n§u mdt loat quan diem ve giao due theo dubng loi ddi mdi kinh te xa hpi Khang dinh: "Giao due va dao tao, cimg vdi khoa hpc va cong nghe, la qudc sach hkng dau", "coi dau t u cho giao due lk mpt nhiing huong chinh cua dau t u phat trien tao dieu kien cho giao due di trudc va phue vu dac luc su:phat trien kinh te - xa hpi" (1) Nhung nhin lai, nhiing quan diem diing dan dd mdi dimg o nhan thuc ban dau, chua dupc cu the hda vk quan triet day du hknh dpng Vi vay, giao due chua thue su chuyen bien Tinh trang yeu kem, lac hau ve giao due dang lk ndi buc xiic cua ca xa hpi vk lk nguyen nhan sau xa dkn den su yeu kem, lac hau phat trien kinh te - xa hpi ndi chung Vira qua, Dai hpi XI dat van de: "Ddi mdi can ban, tokn dien nen giao due", qua dd cd the ndi, Dang da thay su cap bach vk hue xiic eua v ^ de iNhung tdi va nhieu nhk giao, nha khoa hpc cho rang, muon chuyin biin cdn bdn vd todn dien thi nhdt thiit phdi cdi cdch gido due Ddi mdi hay cai each, trubng hpp nky, khdng don thuan lk khac biet ve cau chu Doi mdi chap va, thieu mpt tam nhin tdng the, mpt ke hoach dong bp, nhu nhiing nam qua vk nhu hi§n nay, thi cbn xa mdi cd tinh can ban vk tokn dien Cbn cai each giao due, theo de nghi cua cac nhk giao, nhk khoa hpc, khdng chi nham khac phue nhiing thieu sdt cd tinh cue bp mk la chuyen he thong gido due sang mo hinh m&i nham dap ung yeu cau phat trien da't nude boi canh mdi Vdi quan diem dd, de gdp phan trien khai chu truong "ddi mdi can ban va toan dien nen giao due", tdi xin neu mdt so van de cd tinh cot loi nhieu van de can quan tam Sau Dai hdi XI, dang ed mpt cupe thao luan ve triet ly giao due Quan niem mpt each don gian, triet ly giao due la he thd'ng quan diem chi phdi, dkn dat, tao nen cho hoat dpng thuc tien ve giao due, mk quan trpng trudc het la quan diem ve siir mang vk muc tieu giao due Tat nhien, tinh hinh vk nhiem vu cua da't nude h timg giai doan, triet ly giao due cd the sua ddi, bd sung, phat trien Trong giai doan dan tpc phai tap trung vko nhiem vu "diet giac ddi, diet giac dot, diet giac ngoai TUYSN G I A O SO 10 - 2011 1.5 Nghien cuTu - trao ddi xam'' thi sir mang vk muc tieu cua giao due la dko tao ngubi cd tinh than yeu nude, san sang hy sinh vi ly tuong dpc lap-tu do, duong nhien, cung la ngubi lao dpng (tri dc vk chan tay), phue vu cho cdng cudc khang chien vk kien qud'c Su nghiep giao due giai doan dd da lkm trbn su mang vk muc tieu cua minh Ngay nay, bdi canh toan cau hda vk hdi nhap qud'c te sau rdng, giira mdt the gidi day bien dpng, nhieu eo hpi vk nhieu thach thiic, mdi ngubi Viet Nam vk ca dan tdc Viet Nam dang ddi mat vdi nhiing yeu cau gay gat ve kinh te, van hda, khoa hpc, cdng nghe, qud'c phbng, an ninh thi ra't can nghien cuu, bd sung de cd mpt xac dinh eu the va day du ve sir mang vk muc tieu cua giao due Ddi chieu vdi thuc trang giao due eua nude nhk vk nhirng yeu cau mk da't nude vk dan toe ky vpng a he thdng giao due, tdi thay dieu ed't ldi rait can phai nhan manh liic lk day vd hoc lam ngudi, chu khdng the lay thi eu vk bang caip lkm cuu canh, che lap ca sir mang vk muc tieu phat trien nhan each cua nhk trubng Du moi cap hpe ed muc tieu cu the khac nhung muc tieu so mdt phai lk phat trien nhan each, cdt ldi eua ngudn nhan luc cd chat lupng Bdi vi nhiing pham chat nhu Ibng nhan ai, tinh trung thue, tinh than trach nhiem, y thuc edng dan, luong tam nghe nghiep, thai dp hpp tac lao dpng '6 I TUYEN GIAO S 10 - 2011 chinh la nhung yeu td het sue ein thidt d mpt ngubi, bat ke la lam nghe gi, a vi the nko xa hdi Di nhien, xay dung va hoan thien nhan each eon ngubi Viet Nam la nhiem vu cua tokn xa hdi, nhung nhk trubng phai ddng vai trb tien phong vk nin tang Day lk sii mang khdng thi thodi thde cua nhk trubng Xem xet ca he thdng giao due, thi van de het sue cap thiet la tinh trang mat can ddi giira ba bd phan chinh: giao due phd thdng, giao due nghe nghiep vk giao due dai hpc Do dd, can phai soat, xac dinh rd vi tri vk muc tieu eu the eua timg bp phan, cung nhu timg cap hpe, tir dd co cau lai he thd'ng giao due nghia la dieu chinh ve td chiie vk hoat ddng eua moi bd phan vk ca he thdng Giao due phd thdng lk nen tang eua ca he thdng giao due qud'c dan vk lk pha dau cua qua trinh hpe sudt dbi Hien nay, vdi chat lupng yeu kem va each tien hknh phd cap cbn nang tinh hinh thiic, hai cap tieu hpc vk trung hpc co sd chua bao dam cho mpi edng dan dat dupc mdt trinh dp giao due tdi thieu can thiet de hudng su cdng bang ve co hpi phat trien De giai quyet van de nay, da cd nhieu y kien de nghi cau tnic lai de tieu hpc vk trung hpe co sd gan ket thknh mdt tdng the hoan chinh, ed tinh chat bat bupe ddi vdi mpi cdng dan vk khdng thu hpc phi Cbn sau giao due CO sd, de thuc hien phan luong, thi cd the md nhieu loai trubng trung hpc cd dko tao nghe, dd tnmg hpc phd thdng tap trung chuan bi cho viec hpc tiep d cap sau trung hoc Nhiing dl nghi caii tnic lai giao due phd thong nhu thd xu^it phat tir ydu clu phat trien giao due dieu kien kinh te- xa hdi cua mot nude ngheo lai mudn di nhanh, ddng thbi can nhac den nhiing dieu kien mdi: su phat trien tam sinh ly, dac biet lk tri tue eua tre em Ve giao due nghe nghiep, lk bd phan cd nhiem vu dao tao nhiing ngubi lao dong ed tay nghe, trai qua may lan thay ddi ve td chiic vk ciing dupc quan tam dau tu, nhung vIn chua khdi tinh trang bat cap Viec nhieu cdng trinh xay dung phai su dung lao ddng nude ngoki, ca doi vdi nhung edng viec khdi^ dbi hdi ky thuat cao, tat nhien co khuyet diem, sai lam quan ly lao ddng song khdng the khdng thay la sir yeu kem cdng tac day nghe Chiing ta ndi rat nhieu den viec phan luong sau trung hpc co sd va sau trung hpc phd thdng, nhung den nay, hang nam van co 90% hpc sinh tdt nghiep thdng ehd chue d ngirong cua dai hpc Ro rang, cimg vdi viec md mang kinh te, tao them viec lkm, rat can nang cap he thd'ng giao due nghe nghiep de dat chat lupng cao dko tao va ed sue thu hiit th§ he tre Ve giao due dai hpc, khong the eat nghia ndi sir gia tang at ve sd' lupng cac tnrong m§iy nam vira qua Chi ttr 2006 den 2010, da ed them Nghien cuTu - trao ddi 64 trubng dai hpc vk cao dang (2), cac tnrong hien cd van thieu giang vien cd du trinh dp de bao dam chat lupng Hon niia, khdng it giao su, phd giao su vIn phai "chay sd", vdi sd' gib day vupt xa mire quy dinh, khien khdng the cd thbi gian nghien eiru khoa hpc, ma nghien cuu khoa hpe lai la yeu cau bat budc d cap hpc nky Budc vko thbi ky ddi mdi, da timg cd chu truong "md rdng dau vko, skng lpe qua trinh dko tao, that chat dau ra" nhung rdi quy trinh bi dd bd va cac tnttmg dai hpc, cao dang dang thuc hien mdt quy trinh dao ngupc: "that chat dau vko, da vko lk tdt nghiep" Den nam hpc nay, ca dau vao ciing phai ndi rdng vay mk cac trubng dai hpc van thieu sinh vien, den ndi ed trubng dang tinh chuyen bd bdt mdt sd ngknh dao tao Ben canh nhirng van de neu tren ve ba bd phan chinh cua he thdng giao due, vdi quan diem "hpc sudt dbi", "giao due cho mpi ngubi" vk mong mudn "xay dung xa hdi hoc tap", khdng the bd qua vi tri quan trpng cua phuong thiic giao due khdng chinh quy ciing nhu khdng the khdng giai quyet cac van de ndi com ve xa hdi hda giao due Hien nay, giao due khdng chinh quy van ddng vai trb phan phu cua giao due chinh quy, cdt tao co hdi cho nguoi hpc lay van bang, chiing chi bat chap yeu cau chait lupng Con ve chu truong xa hdi hda, cac trubng ngoki cdng lap, phan Idn deu vi Ipi nhuan, loai trubng khdng vi Ipi van chua dinh hinh Chu truong phd cap hda giao due da dupc trien khai nhung tre em den tudi cu trii tai cac cac khu edng nghiep vk thknh phd' vkn thieu cho hpc mau giao Rd rkng, nha't thiet phai CO cau lai he thdng giao due chu khdng the chi chinh sua mdt vki bd phan hoac mdt vki mat nko dd edng tac giao due Tat nhien, viec cau tnic lai he thd'ng giao due theo md hinh nko phai dupc tinh toan ky ludng tren eo sd xac dinh diing yeu cau phat trien kinh te- xa hdi, xu the phat trien cua giao due vk khoa hpc- cdng nghe, dac biet la edng nghe thdng tin vk truyen thdng Hien nay, ngknh giao due dang chuan bi xay dung chuong trinh giao due mdi Day lk cdng viec het sue khd khan Bdi vi mudn ed chuong trinh mdi can phai ddi mdi quan niem ve sir mang vk muc tieu giao due, ve kien thiic vk ky nang, ve each day vk each hpc, de ehpn dupc nhung ndi dung dich thue la phd thdng, dich thue lk co ban iNhiing quan niem mdi khdng chi phu hpp vdi hokn canh vk yeu cau hien tai mk cbn phai phu hpp vdi hokn canh vk yeu cau tuong lai, chuong trinh dupe trien khai Mudn the phai cd tam nhin xa vk du bao dupc xu the phat trien Trong chuong trinh giao due phd thdng, tat nhien cac mdn hpc vk boat ddng deu gdp phan phat trien nhan each cho mdi ca nhan, phat trien vd'n ngubi cho da't nude, song tieng Viet vk lich su ed vai trb cue ky quan trpng viec luu giii vk lkm giku ban sac dan tdc d the he tre Trudc ket qua qua kem ve mdn lich su ky thi tuyen sinh dai hpc nam (va cd le ca ve ngii van niia), du luan lai biic xiic vk Bd Giao due vk Dko tao van chua cd cau tra ldi thuyet phue Tdi day, xay dung chuong trinh mdi, rat can cd su thay ddi can ban ve viec day vk hpc tieng Viet, ciing nhu day vk hpc lich su, dac biet la lich su dung nude, giii nude vk phdt trien vdn hoa cua cdng ddng cac dan tdc Viet Nam Ve phuong phap day vk hpe, cdn phdi rU bo moi hinh thiic dp ddt, thay vao dd, het siic coi trpng viec boi duong nang lire tu ddc lap, sang tao cho hpc sinh Chi ed nhu vay nhk trubng mdi dko tao dupe nhiing cdng dan tu tin, tu chu, tu lap de ed trach nhiem ddi vdi ban than, gia dinh vk xa hdi Yeu cau ddi mdi phuong phap theo hudng dd khdng chi dat ddi vdi thay, cd giao mk phai dupc the hien chuong trinh vk sach giao khoa Vi cd su khac biet ve trinh dp phat trien giiia cac viing mien (chua the thu hep mdt thbi gian ngan) vk su da dang ve van hda cdng dong 54 dan tpc anh em (can bao ton vk phat trien), cho nen cupe cai each sap tdi, phai cd nhiing phuong an xu ly khac ddi vdi chuong trinh giao due phd thdng TUYeNGlAOSO 10-2011 Nghien cuTu - trao ddi ciing n h u can cd nhieu bd sach giao khoa Ve npi dung dao tao dai hpc, cao dang, rdt edn loai bd nhiing kien thiie lae hdu, bao dam de chuong trinh, giao trinh cap nhat vdi nhung tiru mdi khoa hpc (ca t u nhien va ky thuat, ca xa hdi va nhan van) Ve phuong phap dao tao, phai lay t u hpc la chinh, dong thbi tao CO hdi de sinh vien tham gia cac boat dpng nghien cuu, giai quyet nhiing vain de xa hdi dat "Tdn trpng vk phat huy t u t u tudng hoat ddng nghien cuu, sang tao" (3) can phai trd thknh cdt ldi van hda ling xu d cac trubng dai hpc, cao dang Chi ed thue su ddi mdi mdt each can ban ndi dung vk phuong phap dko tao thi cac trubng dai hpc vk cao dang mdi ddng gdp cd hieu qua vko viec thuc hien chu truong "phat trien nhanh ngudn nhan luc, nhat la ngudn nhan luc chat lupng cao" va "gan ket chat che phat trien nguon nhan luc vdi phat trien vk ling dung khoa hpc, cdng nghe" (4) Mac dau cung biet nhk giao cd vai trb quyet dinh ddi vdi chait lupng giao due song nhiing cudc cai each trudc day vk ddi mdi vira qua, van de lam de cd dupc mdt dpi ngii nhk giao cd chat lupng van chua giai quyet dupc Den gib, chang nhiing chiing ta phai lo ve chat lupng dpi ngii nhk giao hien cd mk nhin ve tuong lai, ehi mpt vki nam niia, ra't ed the chat lupng dpi ngii nhk giao cbn thap hon neu n h u khdng cd TUYeNGlAOS6'lO-2011 giai phap diing vk thuc hien mdt each quydt liet Hien nay, cac trubng s u pham khdng thd hien ro tinh chuyen nghidp cua mdt trubng nghi Tinh trang bk't cap viec bdi dudng, phat trien nang luc giao due tre em cho giao sinh su pham la nhung han che ve thbi lupng vk chk't lupng giang day d cac bp mdn tam ly hpc, giao due hpc, phuong phap day hpc, dong thbi gap rk't nhieu khd khan viec td chiic kien tap, thuc tkp Cbn viec bdi dudng giao vien (bdi dudng thubng xuyen, bdi dudng dat chuan, boi dudng thay sach v.v ) thi tir lau da cd y kien cho rang viec td chue vk quan ly boat ddng nky khdng dupe chu dao vk chat lupng rat thap Dieu gay can n h a t hien thbi la chuyen thu nhap eua thay, cd giao Trong phai lkm viec cang thang, vat va (phd bien lk so gid lao ddng nhieu hon quy dinh cho can bd, vien chiic) nhung t h u n h a p tir luong yk phu cap theo luong lai rat t h a p (5) Tinh trang nky d i n den mdt bd phan khdng nhd nhk giao phai day them d trubng t u hoac kem cap hpc sinh ngoki gib day chinh thiie (it nhieu cd tinh ap dat) hoac phai lkm cdng viec khac ngoki nghe nghiep eua minh de cd them thu nhap Neu tien luong vk phu cap khdng bao dam nhk giao vk gia dinh hp cd mdt muc sdng hpp ly thi khdng the dbi hdi thay, cd giao toan t a m tokn y vdi nghe Ckng dang lo ngai hon, thu nhap ciia thay, ed giao cbn thap nen trubng s u pham vk nghe day hpe dang trd thknh kem haip d i n trudc gidi tre Thuc te la, hpe sinh k h a gidi ngky cang khdng mudn vko hpc cac trubng s u pham de theo ngU t h a y vk chinh cac trubng su p h a m thi phai tim each mo nganh dko tao khac de cd diiu kien tdn tai Rd rkng, de giai quyet tan gde van de giao vien, khdng cd gi khac lk phai phai sdm bSt dau cai each cdng tac dao tao, bdi dudng nhk giao va phai thay ddi chinh sach dai i^fi de nhk giao sdng dupc bang luong vk cac khoan phu cap nghlnghi§p Chiing ta chu truong, de ddi mdi giao due can ban va tokn dien thi khau dot pha la ddi mdi quan ly giao due Nen nhd rang, Chien lupc phat trien giao due 2001-2010 Chinh phu ban hknh each day 10 n a m cting da timg ghi y n h u the, vay m a khdng he cd dot pha Sd di n h u vay vi h t r u n g uong, trudc het la Bo Giao due vk Dko tao roi d§n cac bp, ngknh lien quan, da khdng dot pha de dia phuong va CO sd cd the dot pha Tinh t r a n g thieu minh bach quan ly, thieu chuyen nghi# tac nghiep, khdng chiu t r a c h nhiem co sai sdt la phd bien d mpi nganh, mpi cap n h u n g rieng'trong linh VUC giao due, neu muon dot pha tir k h a u quan ly ma khdng bat dau sua chiia mot each quydt liet nhiing thieu sdt ttr cap vi md thi khd ma ddi mdi can ban, tokn dien dupe Cupe thtr nghiem "noi Nghien cuTu - trao ddi khdng vdi benh t h k n h tich" da cho mdt bki hpc rait cd gia tri Khi tha'y cap t r e n cung thich t h k n h tich lk cap dudi lap tiic noi guong vk lkm theo Den n a m nay, da cd b a n 11 tinh thda t h u a n cimg sua hudng dan cham thi cua Bd de bao dam tinh nko ciing dat t h k n h tich cao ky thi tdt nghiep Cai nguy hai d day lk, cac cap quan ly ngknh giao due mk bao cao khdng diing s u t h a t thi cac trubng hpe se khdng tdn trpng sir t h a t vk neu the thi lam dko tao dupc ngirbi trung thuc? O cap eo sd, Chinh phu da ban hknh Quy che thue hien dan chu boat ddng d co quan (6), ap dung ca vdi cac nhk trubng, vay mk thuc te da xay r a khdng it s u viec chiing td cd sir lam quyen, ddc doan khien cho cac quyen vk loi ich hpp phap cua nhk giao khdng dupc cac cap quan ly tdn trpng vk den lupt minh, cac thay, cd lai khdng tdn trpng quyen vk Ipi ich hpp phap cua hpc sinh, sinh vien Luat giao due ciing da quy dinh cac trubng hpc (d tait ca cac cap) phid cd hdi ddng nha trubng (7) n h a m tao lap co che chdng lam quyen, ddc doan de nhk trubng cd dieu kien thue hien chu truong dan chu d eo sd, vay mk dieu dd khdng dupc trien khai thuc hien vk den nay, d u thao Luat giao due dai hpc khdng cbn quy dinh Mudn thuc hien muc tieu dko tao hpc sinh, sinh vien thknh nhiing cdng dan cua mdt xa hdi dan chu, cdng bang, van minh thi khdng the khdng dan chu hda giao due, dan chii hda nha trubng Thay ddi can ban vk tokn dien mpt nen giao due la mdt edng trinh Idn cua qudc gia, khdng the mdt vki nam mk xong Tinh the rat biic thiet, phai k h a n truong nhung lai phai can co, bki ban, khdng the rieng mdt minh ngknh giao due lkm noi Trudc mat, Trung uong can bkn vk nghi quydt, xac dinh muc tieu, yeu cau va nhiing van de trpng t a m can tap trung de nen giao due thuc su ddi mdi can ban vk tokn dien Trong dd, r a t quan trpng lk quydt dinh thknh lap mdt td chiic lkm nhiem vu xay dung de an tdng the, neu dupc giai phap vk Id trinh, de trinh Trung uong vk Qud'c hdi theo quy dinh cua phap luat Td chiic nky, cd the lk Uy ban Cai each giao due, can bao gdm cac nhk khoa hpc, cac chuyen gia nude vk nude ngoki, am hieu vk cd kinh nghiem ve giao due vk cac linh vue lien quan den giao due Bd Giao due vk Dao tao cd vai trb quan^ trpng boat ddng cua Uy ban nen can chan chinh, kien tokn, ddi mdi that s u ve nang luc vk cung each quan ly Vdi CO quan tham muu ciia T n m g uong ve cdng tac giao due, cu the la bd phan khoa giao (hien dang n a m Ban Tuyen giao), can duoc tang cubng de du siic vk du d i i u kien giiip Trung uong Ddi mdi can ban vk tokn dien nen giao due khdng ehi n h a m nang cao chat lupng nguon luc ngubi ma ket qua se gdp phan quan trpng vko cdng cudc chain dao diic va van hda xa hdi Mdt cdng cudc ddi mdi cd tam vdc to Idn n h u vay, chac chan ed rat nhieu khd khan Ma khd khan Idn nhat liic la chua cd su nhait tri cao nhan thiic ve vai trb quyet dinh cua giao due ddi vdi su phat trien da't nude vk van menh dan tdc, dd chua that su co quydt tam tien hanh cai each de ddi mdi can ban vk tokn dien n i n giao due qudc dan Ndu nha't tri vk quyet tam, chac chan se lam dupc vk thknh cdng./ (1) Nghi quyet Trung uong (Khoa VII) (2) Theo thong he cua Bo GDDT, ndm 2006 co 139 trucmg dai hoc, 183 tru&ng cao ddng; ndm 2010 co 149 trudng dai hoc, 227 tru&ng cao ddng (3) - Bdo cdo Chinh tri tai Bai hoi Ddng Idn thu XI (4) Trich "Chien luqc phdt trien kinh te-xa hoi 2011-2020" (5) Theo ket qud khdo sdt ndm 2010, th&i gian lao dong su pham cda gido vien (co chiing chue ddu viec ngodi gi& len lap) thi & tiiu hoc Id 62,95 gia I tuan, THCS Id 68,82 gi<udn, & THPT la 72,48 gi<udn quy dinh ve so gi& lao dong cda cong chiic, vien chiic Id 40 gi<udn (Bdo cdo ve thuc trang lao dong supham ciia gido vien phd thong hien nay, PGS.TS Va Trong Ry trinh bdy tai Hoi thdo Quy HB vd PT Viet Nam to chiic ngdy 101312011) (6) Nghi dinh s6 7111998 CP-ND ban hdnh ngdy 08 thdng 09 ndm 1998 (7) - Dieu 53 Luat gido due TUYENGIAOS6IO-2011 ... dudng thay sach v.v ) thi tir lau da cd y kien cho rang viec td chue vk quan ly boat ddng nky khdng dupe chu dao vk chat lupng rat thap Dieu gay can n h a t hien thbi la chuyen thu nhap eua thay, ... gia dinh hp cd mdt muc sdng hpp ly thi khdng the dbi hdi thay, cd giao toan t a m tokn y vdi nghe Ckng dang lo ngai hon, thu nhap ciia thay, ed giao cbn thap nen trubng s u pham vk nghe day hpe... dbi hdi ky thuat cao, tat nhien co khuyet diem, sai lam quan ly lao ddng song khdng the khdng thay la sir yeu kem cdng tac day nghe Chiing ta ndi rat nhieu den viec phan luong sau trung hpc