Ill NGHIEN CUUSi UMG DUNG NHQNG YEU CAU CUA GIAO DUC KY NANG SONG CHO HOC SINH TRONG GIAI DOAN HIEN NAY TS Nguyen Xuan Thanh Tru&ng Dgi hpc Suphgm Hd Noi 1 Dat vande De tdn tai va phat trien frong xa[.]
Ill NGHIEN CUUSi UMG DUNG DUC KY NANG SONG CHO HOC SINH TRONG GIAI DOAN HIEN NAY N H Q N G Y E U CAU CUA GIAO TS Nguyen Xuan Thanh Tru&ng Dgi hpc Suphgm Hd Noi Dat vande De tdn tai va phat trien frong xa hdi loai ngudi, mdi ca nhan can hinh dugc cac ky nang sdng (KNS) phii hgp Cac KNS se giiip cho eon ngudi lam viec mdt each khoa hoc ban, tiet kiem dugc thdi gian, cdng siic va gdp phan nang cao chat lupng eudc sdng Ddng thdi ngudi cd dugc nhirng KNS co ban se franh dugc nhung riii ro, vudng mac khdng dang cd frong cude sdng Chinh vi vay, viec giao dye ky nang sdng (GDKNS) cho mgi ngudi la mdt nhung van de duac ca the gidi hien dang bet siic quan tam va dugc nhan manhfrongnhieu khuyen nghi mang tinh qudc te nhu: frong Dien dan giao due cho mgi ngudi, frong viec thyc hien Cdng ude qudc te ve Quyen tre em, frong Hdi nghi qudc te ve dan sd va phat trien giao due cho mgi ngudi, Trong khudn kho bai viet chiing tdi chi de cap den su can thiet phai GDKNS cho liia tudi HS THCS Khai niem vl KNS Ciing nhu bat ky mdt thuat ngii nao, cd nhieu quan niem khac ve KNS, d day chiing tdi xin dua mot sd quan niein nhu sau: Theo td chlie Y te the gidi (WHO) quan niem: KNS la nhirng ky nang mang tinh tam ly xa hdi va ky nang ve giao tiep dugc van dung frong cac tinh hudng hang de tuong tac mdt each ed hieu qua vdi ngudi khac, giiip eac ca nhan cd the ling xir hieu qua trade cac nhu cau va thach thiic cua cude sdng hang Theo Qui ciru frg Nhi ddng Lien hiep quoc (UNICEF): KNS la each tiep can giiip thay ddi hoac hinh hanh vi mdi Tiep can luu y den sy can bang ve tiep thu kien thiic, hinh thai va ky nang Theo td chlie Giao due, khoa hoc va van hda Lien hiep qudc (UNESCO): KNS gin vdi bdn try cdt ciia giao due thi ky XXI: Hge dl bilt - Hoc de lam - Hge de chung sdng - Hge de lam ngudi Theo KNS dugc dinh nghia la nhiing nang lye ca nhan de thyc hien day dil cac chire nang va tham gia vao cude sdng hang Nhu vay, KNS dugc hilu la nang lye ca nhan ma ngudi cd dugc thdng qua giao due hoac kinh nghiem tryc tiep, nd giiip ngudi cd each ling xir mot each tich eye va cd hieu qua, dap iing mgi bien ddi cua ddi sdng xa hdi de cd cude sdng khde manh va an toan han Ndi den KNS la ndi din kha nang lam cho hanh vi va sy thay ddi ciia mrnh phu hgp vdi each ling xii tich cue, giiip cho ngudi cd the kiem soat, quan ly cd hieu qua cac nhu ciu va nhihig thach thiic frong cude sdng hang Dieu Ngdy nhdn bdi 29/8/2012: Ngdy duyet dang 25/9/2012 26 • TAP CHI THIFT BIGlAO DUC-SO 86-10/2012 dd cd nghia la ngudi cd KNS khdng chi cd nang lye thieh ling vdi nhiing thach thiic cua cude song, ma cdn phai cd su thay ddi mdt each phu hgp va mang tinh tich eye KNS vira mang tinh ca nhan vi la kha nang ciia ca nhan, nhung ciing mang tinh xa hpi VI KNS phuc vu vao giai doan phat trien lieh sir, cac dieu kien kinh te xa hdi KNS eiia mdi ngudi dugc hinh qua mdt qua trinh xay dyng nhiing chuan myc hanh vi lanh manh, thay ddi hanh vi thdi quen tieu eye thdng qua qua trinh frai nghiem va giao due Trong boat ddng giao due la dudng ren luyen co muc dich va ngan nhit de hinh KNS cho HS GDKNS la giao due each sdng tich eyefrongxa hdi hien dai yeu cau ciia xa hdi hien dai dat ra, nd lien quan den viec lam, siic khde, den cac van de xung dot va bao lye cua ca nhan, ciia cdng ddng va xa hdi Nhu vay, GDKNS khong phai la ndi eho fre bilt lam the nao la dung, the nao la sai, ma la giiip fre nang cao nang Iyc de ty lya chpn nhiing giai phap khac dl iing dugc vdi cac tinh hudng thyc tl cude sdng Vi vay, viec GDKNS phai het siie gan giii vdi cude sdng hang ngay, giiip eac em y thiic dugc gia trj cua ban than va biet qui trgng ban than dd chinh la nen tang cho sy phat trien mdt nhan each NGHIEN CUU&LrNG DUNG lanh manh Viec GDKNS cd the dugc tien hanh bing nhilu dudng, song cd the ndi thdng qua hoat dgng dl HS ty hge, phat huy tinh tich eye va tinh than sang tao la nhan td de phat huy siic manh ngi lye va la dudng ca ban nhat dl GDKNS cho HS Dac diem tam ly Iiia tuoi HSTHCS va nhimg yeu ciu cua GDKNS cho HS 3.1 Mpt sd dgc diim tdm sinh ly lica tudi HS THCS Liia ,tudi HS THCS la liia tudi thieu nien bao gdm nhihig em cd tudi tii 11,12 tudi den 14,15 tudi Day la thdi ky vd cimg quan trgng cude ddi cua mdi ngudi, mot mirc phat trien ddi hdi phai dugc quan tam dae biet HS THCS cd mdt vi tri dac biet frong thdi \cy phat trien cua fre Vi tri dac biet dugc phan anh bing nhiing ten ggi khac ciia nd: "Thdi ky qua do", "tudi khd bao", "tudi khung hoang" Chinh nhiing ten ggi da ndi len tinh phiic tap va tam quan frgng eiia Ilia tudi qua frinh phat frien ciia fre Budc sang tudi HS THCS, cac em cd nhung bien doi d,dt ngdt, manh me, rd ret ve cau tao CO the va nhiing chiic nang sinh ly cung nhu tam ly nhan each, the hien d mdt sd dac diem nhu sau: HS THCS y thiic vl ban than minh phat trien manh me Do ty thay minh da Idn ban trade, ddng thdifronggia dinh ciing nhu ngoai xa hdi, vi tri ciia cac em da quan frpng ban trudc Cac em cd cam giac thiy minh da khdn Idn, khdng cdn la fre niia Ilia tudi HS THCS da bat diu xuat hien sy quan tarn den ban than, din phim chat, nhan each ciia minh Cac em da cd bieu hien so sanh minh vdi ngudi khac Cac em bat dau xem xet minh, vach cho minh mdt nhan each tuang lai, nhan biet dugc nhiing mat manh, mat yeu frong nhan each cua rninh Sy hinh va phat trien ty y thiic ciia cac em da gay nhieu an tuang sau sac den toan bd ddi sdng tam ly, den hoat ddng hpc tap va sy hinh eac mdi quan he vdi mpi ngudi Do sy phat trien mdi quan he vdi tap the, vdi ddi sdng xa hdi ma cac em da sinh nhu cau danh gia kha nang va tim kiem vi tri ciia minh frong tap thi Sy tu y thiic cua HS THCS dupe bat dau tir sy ty nhan thiic hanh vi rieng le va toan bd hanh vi ciia minh Sau dd cac em nhan thiie ve nhung pham chat dao diic, tinh each va kha nang cua ban than Cudi cung la nhiing net tinh each tdng hgp the hien nhieu mat cua nhan each nhu tinh cam, frach nhiem, long ty ,trgng danh dy, tinh nguyen tac, tinh muc dich Dac diem quan trgng vl ty y thiie ciia liia tudi la sy mau thuan giira nhu cau tim hilu ban than vdi ky nang chua day dii de phan tich diing din sy bieu Id ciia nhan each Tren ca sd dd sinh nhiing xung dot mau thuan giila miic ky vgng ciia cac em vdi dia vi thyc te cua chiing frong tap the, mau thuan giiia thai cua cac em ddi vdi ban than, doi vdi nhiing pham chat nhan each cua minh va thai ciia cac em ddi vdi ngudi Idn, ddi vdi ban be cimg liia tudi ciia eac em, nai ma nhilu mdi quan he se hinh d cac em long ty tin vao sy tu danh gia cua minh, la nhiing yeu cau cang cao ddi vdi hanh vi, hoat ddng ciia cae em, nguyen vgng tim kilm mdt yi tri he thdng nhihig mli quan he xa hdi dung dan ddi vdi cac em, ddng thdi giup cho su phat trien ve mat y thirc cua cac em Nhu vay fren co sd phat triln sy ty y thiic va thai dp nhan thiic thyc te, fren co sd yeu cau cang cao doi vdi chung, vi tri mdi cua cae em tap the, da lam niy sinh khat vpng sy ty tu dudng nham muc dich phat trien cho ban than nhiing net tinh each tdt dep, khac phuc nhihig net tinh each xau nhitng khuyet diem sai lam ciia minh 3.2 Nhitng yiu cdu cua viic GDKNS cho HS GDKNS,chp HS,la mdt nhiem vu rat can thiet nham gilip cho nhan each eua cac em phat trien toan dien, hai boa Viec GDKNS se thiic day nhung hanh vi mang tinh xa hdi tich cue d cac em Dac biet frpng bdi eanh hdi nhap q,udc te va phat trien nen kinh te thi tnidng ciia nude ta hien nay, the he tre thudng xuyen phai chiu nhiing tac ddng da dang nhieu chieu dan xen nhihig yeu td tich eye va tieu eye, ludn dugc dat vao hoan canh phai lya chpn nhung gia tri, phai duang dau vdi nhiing khd khan, thach thiic, va nhiing ap lye tieu eye Vi vay, viec GDKNS giiip cac em ren luyen hanh vi cd frach nhiem ddi vdi ban than, gia dinh va Y nghia quyet dinh nhit edng ddng, cd kha nanjg iing de phat trien ty y thiic d HS phd tich eye vdi eudc sdng va THCS la cuoc sdng tap thi sy loi keo, cam dd cua nhiing TAP CHI THIFTBI GIAO DUC-SO 86-10/2012 • Ill NGHIEN CUU & LTNG DUNG tieu eye qua dd giiip cac em ed cude sdng an toan va lanh manh Nhiing yeu cau cua viec GDKNS cho HS dugc xem xet fren cac phuang dien sau: a Xet theo yeu cdu cda su phdt triin xa hpi Budc sang the ky XXI, fren toan the gidi dang dien eudc each mang khoa hpc cdng nghe Sy chuyen bien sang nen kinh te tri thiic da tac ddng den tat ea cac linh -vye, lam bien ddi nhanh chdng va sau sac ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than cua toan xa hdi Sy chuyen biln to Idn la qua cua su ddi eac cdng nghe cao, toan cau hda va sy hdi nhap ve kinh te va van hda, da anh hudng rdng rai den timg ca nhan va toan xa hdi lam thay ddi phuang thiic hpc tap, lam viec va vui chai giai tri ciia timg ngudi Vdi nhiing dac diem eiia sy phat trien xa hdi hien dai viec GDKNS da frd mdt yeu cau dac biet quan frpng ciia nhan each ngudi Tai Hdi nghi giao dye the gidi hpp tai Senegan da thdng qua ke hoach hanh ddng Giao dye cho mpi ngudi gdm sau myc tieu Idn frong cd muc tieu da chi rd: Dam bao nhu cau hpc tap ciia tat ca the he fre va ngudi Idn dugc dap ling thdng qua binh dang tiep can vdi cac chuang trinh bgc tap va chuang trinh KNS thich hgp Muc tieu da yeu cau cac qudc gia phai dam bao cho mpi ngudi dugc tiep can nhung chuang trinh KNS phii hgp Ngoai chuang trinh ciing khang dinh: nang cao chat lugng tgan bd cac mat giao due va dam bao cd the nhan rd ya dugc nhiing ket qua ve ky nang ca ban cua 28 KNS Nhu vay chit lugng cua giao due dugc danh gia bing thudc ciia viec hinh va phat trien cac KNS eho ngudi hge b Xet du&i gdc dp gido dtic KNS cua ngudi hge la mdt bieu hien ciia chat lugng giao due Trong muc tieu cua ke hoach hanh ddng Dakar ve giao due cho mgi ngudi KNS duac coi la mdt khia canh cua chat lugng giao due, danh gia chit lugng giao due can tinh din nhiing tieu chi danh gia KNS ciia ngudi bgc Dieu dd CO nghia la tien hanh GDKNS dl nang eao chat lugng giao due Giao due Id nang sdng la thyc hien quan diem hudng vao ngudi hge, mdt mat dap ling nhu cau ciia ngudi hoc la cd nang lye de dap iing nhiing thach thiic cua cude sdng va nang cao chat lugng cude sdng cua mdi ca nhan Mat khac thyc hien GDKNS thdng qua nhimg phuong phap hudng den ngudi hge va phuang phap day hge tuang tac, cimg tham gia, de de cao vai frd tham gia chii ddng, ty giac eiia ngudi bgc Cac phuang phap dd se cd nhiing tac ddng tich eye den mdi quan he gifta ngudi day va ngudi hge, ngudi hge vdi ngudi hpc Ddng thdi ngudi hpc cam thay hp dugc tham gia vao cac van de cd lien quan den cude sdng eua ban than, hg se thich thii va tich eye hge tap hon Nhu vay GDKNS cho ngudi bgc ddng thdi the hien tinh khoa hge va tinh nhan van cua giao dye c Xet dual gdc dp vdn hda, xd hpi GDKNS cd nhiem -vu quan trgng la xay dyng mot trinh dg van hda cho toan xa hdi Khi mafrinhdd van hda dugc nang • TAP CHI THIFTBI GIAO DUC-SO 86-10/2012 cao ngudi se tiep thu, phat triln dugc cac gia tri van hda tdt dep, diu franh ngan ngua, xda bd dugc nhiing tu tudng, hanh vi tieu eye anh hudng din ddi sdng xa hpi GDKNS gdp phin giai quyet mdt each tich eye nhu cau va quyen ngudi, quyen cdng dSn gilip ngudi sdng an toan, lanh manh va cd chit lugng frong xa hdi hien dai vdi nen van hda da dang va nln kinh te phat frien Ddng thdi, GDKNS Cling lam thda man nhu cau dugc hge tap suit ddi cua mdi cdng dan, mpt quyen sdng tinh than ciia mdi ngudi frong xa hpi d Xet theo yeu cdu ciia sit phdt triin bin vimg GDKNS dua fren each tilp can nang lye Muc tieu ciia GDBGSfS kiidng chi dimg lai d viec lam thay ddi nhan thirc bang each cung cap thdng tin, tri thiic ma tap trang vao muc tieu xay dyng hoac lam thay ddi hanh vi theo hudng tieh eye, mang tinh xay dyng doi vdi cac van de dat rafrongcuoc song GDKNS giiip ngudi hpc hieu dugc nhung tac dpng hinh haiih vi va thai dp ma minh cd the gay ra, ed thai va hanh vi tieh eye ddi vdi mdi trudng, ddi vdi cac van de eua cude sdng Ngudi ed KNS bilt ling dung nhiing nguyen tic phat triln bin -viing vao cude sdng ciia minh GDKNS la trang bi cho ngudi hge mpt chile cau ndi giQa hien tai vdi friong lai, ^^iiip hg thicli iing vdi cuoc sdng hien dai khdng ngiing bien ddi Trong sd 15 ndi dung co ban ve giao dye vi su phat triln bin vUng da dugc UNESCO xac (Xem tiip trang 19) ... manh ngi lye va la dudng ca ban nhat dl GDKNS cho HS Dac diem tam ly Iiia tuoi HSTHCS va nhimg yeu ciu cua GDKNS cho HS 3.1 Mpt sd dgc diim tdm sinh ly lica tudi HS THCS Liia ,tudi HS THCS la... cau cang cao doi vdi chung, vi tri mdi cua cae em tap the, da lam niy sinh khat vpng sy ty tu dudng nham muc dich phat trien cho ban than nhiing net tinh each tdt dep, khac phuc nhihig net tinh... nhitng khuyet diem sai lam ciia minh 3.2 Nhitng yiu cdu cua viic GDKNS cho HS GDKNS,chp HS,la mdt nhiem vu rat can thiet nham gilip cho nhan each eua cac em phat trien toan dien, hai boa Viec GDKNS