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i H i i HAD TAD i HOP TRDNG DAD TAD DQl D iNG Ki NANG NGHl v u THAI G I A N G '''' NGUYEN HOAI N A M * '''' 1 Khai niem ve dao tao ket hop (DTKH) Theotfldien Longman Online, TD lend" dflOc djnh nghTa la lo[.]
i H i i HAD TAD i HOP TRDNG DAD TAD DQl DiNG Ki NANG NGH v u THAI G I A N G ' - N G U Y E N H O A I N A M * ' Khai niem ve dao tao ket hop (DTKH) Theotfldien Longman Online, TD lend" dflOc djnh nghTa la lo combine different ffiings in a way that produces an effective orpleasantresult'(ke\hqp n h leu ttiflkhaenhau ttieo mdtcaeh nao dd detao ketqua tot hon, de chju han) Trong tfl dien Cambridge Online,T)lend''ldtrpnhoackethc'p cung (to mix or combine togetfier) Theo djnh nghTa cua Tfl dien tieng Viet online, ket hop la g§n vdi de bo sung, hd trd cho nhau; tich hcjp la lip rap, ndi ket cac ttianh phancua mot hettidng detao nen mdt hettidng dong bo; hdn hep la gom cd nhieu ttianh phan, dd mdi ttianh phan v i n giflduoe tinh chat rieng cua minh Tfl each diln giaitheo ca tfl dien tieng Anh va tieng Viet, chottiayS/e/jderf/.eam/n5xetveban ehat dflOc hieu la md hinh hpe tap ket hgp, qua dd viec hoc tten Idp va viec hoc frirc tuyen duoetienhanh ttong sir kethgp va bd tro eho Sfl khac biet cua md hinh DTKH so vdi cac md hinh khae duoc chi rdfrong ma fran hinh ve{Knewton, 2015): fii^m U m(s hlnh k^hop? A Khong ph3i B Khdng phil C C6thS D Oung Kit hqp Oung Vidy HQC lai tnJdng hlnh thilc Qi^p m^t HQC t9i nhi qua tai li@u vk hiidng dSn chuy€n phat tdi nd (qua (Tia CO ) Lijp hoc ao (SHQC xem nhi/ OT ket hOp neu ngu'di hgc k^t hgp v6\ vi|c hQC tai InJOng) Hoc tai tnrdng tnJC tuyin vi kit hgp vdl viec trd giijp vi giim sit tai tn/dnp Kit hdp nhiiu DT (trong ca khdng gian gida dinh ve vi tri vi cich thitc) Hinh 1.M6f}inhdayhgcl(elhppvacacmohinh dayhgcl(hac (Knewlon, 2015) 28 Tap chi Giao due so 359 Cac dang thflc (DT) DTKH 2.1 Hien tai, cd6DTDTKH65ng dfloc nghien cflu vaap dung, ttiudc vao vaitrd ngu'di day, hinh ttiue chuyen phat tai lieu, hinh thflc vat chat Idp hoc, va lich trinh hoe tap (Friesen, 2012; Dreambox, 2015; knewton,2015): 2.1.1 DTKH vdi DT mat ddi mat chij dao (Faceface driver); day la DT gan vdi dao tao (DT) tnjyen thd'ng nhat Ngucfl giao vien thuc hien viee giang day chu yeu tren lop, ttjy nhien cd ket hep si) dyng lie thdng tn/c tuyen de hd troviec day hoe i/ng dung: Tardng Tmng hpc phd'ttidng High Tech, SanDiego, bang Califomia Tnrdng sfl dung hinh thflc mat dd'i mat chu dao Si) dung he tiidng quan li thdng tin hpc sinh (HS), sd' d\em, he ttidng kiem tra danh gia Phan Idn HS tfl Idp 6-12 sfldung eh fldng trinh ALEKS - la he thd'ng quan li hpc tap va bai tap thdng minh, de hdtrp hpe tap mdn foanva Ngoai ngd HS Idp duac ehia ttianh nhdm hpc tap: mdt niJa hpc ALEKS va nfla cdn lai hpc tiieo ttuyen thd'ng Ket qua DT: ttieo thd'ng ke nam 2010,100% HS td't ngliiep photiidng duac nhan vao hpe dai hpc va cao dang Hon 93% HS thi dd ki thi tot nghiep lan so vdi 80% eua HS cac trfldng khac cung bang 2.1.2 DTKH vdiDTIuirj chuyen (Rotation):ttieo thdi khda bieu dupc dinh san, ngucrt hpc chuyen dd1 gifla hinh til flc hpc ttirc tuye'n vahinh thue hpc tap mat doimattrong ldp hoc.Day lahinhthflcdflOCSfldung bie'n d tieu hpc, vcA 80% trfldng tieu hpc d bang Califomia (Mi) ap dung, theo so lieu cua Dreambox Cung ttieo nghien cflu nay, HS Idp cua Trfldng eong IDEA cua bang Texas (MT) luan chuyen hpe gifla phdng may - noi cac em cdtiiehpc khai nidm ve toan hpc nhd cac phan mwn toan hpc thdng minh.va ket hop vdi viec hpc dtren Idp tnjyen tiidng Ke't qua cho tiiay HS hoc tap chu ddng, eham eh I hon, va fipc tap duoe nhieu tri thfle han - nhflng dieu chfla kjp gidi tiiieu dldp hpe ttuyen thd'ng * Khoa Cong nghe tbong tin, Tnrdng Dai hoc sir ptiaoi Hd N6i * * Khoa Sir pham Id tbaat, Tnrding Oai bgc sir ph^m Ha Npi Oil - 6/2015) Lfng dung- HS ldp San Jose, bang Cafifomia gia DT cho phep HV Iua chpn ttiem mdt so khda hpc ttieo hpc dang thue Cd sfldung he thd'ng quan li tn/e tuye'n ngoai cac khda hpc tnjyen thd'ng matgiap ttidng ttnHS, so diem, hettidng kiem tra, danh gia mat dfrung hpe eo sdva frung hge phottidng DT ket hep gom cd 75% ttidi luang hpc ttuyen ttidng 2.1.6 DTKH vdiDTtnJC tuyen la c/Jt/rfao (Online va25% hoc tn/cttjyen H S siidLing cae phan m em va driver): ngudi hpc hpc tap chuyeu ddang tore tuyen maytlnhdehpcdocvahpetoan.Ketquachottiay,so vdicacttJiieu duac phatehuyenthdng qua hettidng sanh giffa tn/dng cd va khdng hpc theo DT: hieu quan li hpc taptiircfrJyen.Mac diJ dang ki hpc tap tn/c qua vol 93% hpe toan va 75% hpc ngdn ngfl tiep la tfly ehpn, ngudi hpc trao doi,ttiaoluan vcfi ngudi 2.1.3 DTKH vdi DT mem deo (Flex): ti/ lieu hpe day chu yeu dudi dang true frjyen DT phu hpp tap ehu ye'u 6\iqc phat chuyen qua mang Giao vien vdi ngudi hpc mudn chu ddng hpc tap khdngttieoljch ttuc d phdng sin sang ho tra hpc vien (H V) can trinh hoc tap cd'dinh ttidng thudng Ihjet,tijynhien ngudi hpc chu dpng hpc tapttieohudng Ongdung HS Idp 8-12, Albuquerque, bang New dan vdi mdi tnj'dng hpc tap da phuang tien Mptvi du Mexico tiieo hoc DT nay, vdi sdluong 1.500 HV tham dien hinh eua hinh thflc hpc la cua Hpe vien gia Mac du viec gap mat dau tien latiuctiep,song Advance Path, vdi khoang 90% HV ttiam gia da tot nguc* hpc hoanttianhkhda hpc dUtSdangonfine.Giao nghiep phottidng, chuyen tardng detie'ptyc hoc tap vienttucfrongtiidiglanlam viec vasan sangfrogiupkhi hoae mptsd'H V cd the'tiep tye hpc chtj ddng theo ke can neu ngudi hpc mud'n dupc trao dd1 tn/c ti^ hoach cuaminh Mdtsd'HVt6tnghiepdddtud'i25 22.M6hinhDTKHcd4DTchudao(Hea\\\et, phai tam diimg hpc iap phd'thdng nhieu li DT 2012) OT duoc li/a chpn vdi nhflng ngudi khdng ttieo So vdi mo hinh DT, md hinh DT luac bd di ke hoaeh hpc tap vdi thdi gian bd bupe DT la mat dd'i mat chu dao (Faee-to-faee driven) va Ong dung HS Idp 9-12, Williamsburg, bang lab tnA; tuye'n ((Dniine lab), dong thdi them mdl DT Virginiattieohpc DT nay, vdi so lucmg tfl4.000-4.500 nhieu ao(Enfich-virtuai),vachiti^hda DT luan ehuyen HVttiamgia 23 chflong trinli DT Tuy theo kha (Rotation) va ed dinh nghTa lai DT mem deo (Flex) nang cua ngudi hoc kiem tra dau vao, hettiong de Cac tac gia li giai viec bd cfi DT nhusau: DT mat xuat giup ngudi hpe lua ehpn ke hoach hpe tap phu ddi matchudao (Faee-to-face driven) ve mattinh chat hop Ketqua ehottiay,1.350 HV tdt nghiep nam 2010 khdng khac biet nhieu so vdi dang mem deo (Flex) frUdeva1.250HVtd'tnghiep nam 2010-2011 sau hay luan chuyen (Rotation), ngoai tnJ" thdi gian lam 2.1.4 DTKH v&DT sddung cac phong lab Uuc viec vdi ndi dung tn/c tuyen it hdn DT lab true tuye'n ft/yer? (Online lab): H V hpcttuchjyeh nhung tdi phdng(Lab online)cQng bi luoc bdvi kha gid'ng vdiDTh/ket lab ed trarig bj may tinh ket nd'i vdi hetiid'nghpc tap hpp (Self-blend), vi hinh thflc lab \x\sc tuyen, ttuctijyenva hpc dudi st/giam sat cua ngudicdttich ngudi hoc ttiam gia khda hpc taittudng,edn DT ti/ket nhiem khdng phai la giao vien DT DT phu hop hap ngudi hpc tham gia khda hpc khdng tai tnidng V(^ cac CO sd DT khdng dt) giao vien hoae cd nguon Tren ttiiie te, ngudi hpc ttiam gia ca loai khda hpc va nhuvay, cac tac gia djnh nghTa DTtt/ket hop mdi la li/chanche i/n^ dung: HS Idp 6-12, Orlando, bang Florida bao ham DTtt/kethop cuva lab true tuyen ttieo hpc dangttiuenay, vdi so luong 7.000 HV ttiam Djnh nghTa cua DTmem t/eocung duoc mdrdng gia.VdiDTnay.sd'luongHVtiiamgiamptldphoela hon so vdi djnh nghTa cu, va bao ham mdt phan chi it hon so vdi Idp hpc ttidng Uiucffig H V den ldp cdsi/ tiet cua DT labttuctuyen Sukhae biet cua DT mem quan Ii, giam sat nhunp han che td'i da viec giao tiep deo (Flex) tnrdc day va lab tn/c hjyen (Lab online) la ttuc ti^ kieu tmyen thdng DT lab tmc tuyen, cd it su hd trp giap mat tn/c 2.1.5 DTKH vdiDTti/kethqp(Se\i-h\end): ngoai tiep cua ngudi day vdi ngudi hpc hon so vdi DT mem khda hpc chinhttiongthdng tiiudng, ngiidi hpc tham deo - ma ttieo cae tac gia la khdng coban Theo cac gia ttiem vao nhflng khda hpc tmc hjyen bd'trp cho tac gia, suhdttpeua giao vien duae ghi lai, mac dtJ sti nhung Unh VLIC ma hpquan tam.DT dahoingudi hd trp giap mat la it han so vdi klida hpetixrcttJyen hoc phai cdtinh chu ddng cao, ttiich hpp cho cac dd'i (xem/j/n/j^ tuiing da cdsutn/dngttianhtrong nhan ttiflc nhuHS DffiiA:ft/yen;Sc/it/(fao(OnBne driver) duocmang tmng hpe thdng trd len " ten mdi la nhieu ao (Enrich virtual) vdi II cae tac gia Ung dung HS Idp 6-12, Lansing, bang Michigan cho rang DT cua HeatiierXnsc tuyen ehij dao d l gay theo hoc DT nay, vdi so IflongtiJ"15.000 HV ttiam nham lln vdi DT toan Uidi gian tn/cfrjyen(mditardng Oil 1-6/2015) Tqp chi Gido due so 359 29 day (theodangmatdamittnjc^ tmng cac budi hqc d tn/dng theo thoi khoa d/iaz/va viec tunghien ciiu ll T r v c n i y i n p h i j r v c l u y i n e h E n h ftuc I chjnh tnuc J hpc lieu (tai lieu da phuong aien, truyin th in g || d^ng nhii u cfing ngh J hudng dan theo dang buc tuym) D w hQC k^tttTp (blended) ^ Trong DT nay, ngudi hpccdttiechij dpng lua chpn nai nhan hpc lieu (d Ti^ki'thTp \\ NhJAuBO d i o ^ i j (S«1l.fflBnd) \) (Enrich-VimiatI P fri/dng, d nha mien la ed ket ndi mang) va nhjp dp hpc tEpkhlnghien T r f m luin diuyan il (StoOonitotillanl P cflu hpc lieu dd; -Luan chuyen ca nhan hoa (Individual-rotation): Lab luAn chuyon 1 (LabAmiionl P ngudi hpe hpc tap, luan chuyen mdt khda hay mpt mdn hpc Ldpli9cdio i Hinh2 Mo hinh d^y hoc ket hap theo cac dang tuan theo fridi khda theo phan toai Lidn d i u y t n c< nhin h6a M bieu CO djnh, djnh san da dupc ea I PndlvldiuUbMtfoa} P nhan hda ttieo yeu cau eua ngudi hpc ao) Vdi DT nay, ngudi hpc bat dau tham gia khda hpe, dd cd it nhat mdt ndi dung duac te'chflc dudi dang hpc tap tive tuye'n DT de eao suddc hpc theo hinh thflc tn/c ttjye'n, sau dd tiiam gia hinh tiiflc hpc tap ket hpp cdviec hpc tap tai cae Idp hpc DT lap cua ca nhan ngudi hpe so vdi cae DT luan chuyen khac vdi DT Idp hpc dao (Flipped-classroom) d khac: ngudi hpc khdng nhat ttiiet phai chuyen dSqua chd ngudi hpc it ttiam gia hpc tai cac Idp tmyen eac tram hay cac dang hpc tap cdsSn ttidng (trong cac tda nhatafrudiig hpc)vao eae Nhuvay, du cd cac quan diem khac veviec hpe frong tuan DT cung khac vdi DT tuket hop phan chia cac dang day hpe ket hpp, viec lua ehpn DT (Sefl-blend) d chd ngudi hpc Uiam gia toan bp eac nao phai tten eo s d phan tich chu dao ve ngfl canh lihda hpc theo DT, chfl khdng chi tiing khda nhu hpc tap/day hpc, bao gom dac diem npi dung mon trudng hap tuket hop hpc, dieu kien ca sdvat chat, nen tang kTthuat, edng £?r/i/anc/7t/yen(Rotation)duoc chitiet hda tiianh nghe, dac die'm van hda vung mien, trinh dp kitiiuat, toaitiJyttieocach ttiue ttiuc tiii: - Tram luin chuyen cdng nghe cua nhung dditflOng lien guan (ngudi hoc, (Station-rotation): ngudi hpe hpc tap luan chuyen tiieo ngudi day, ngudi td'chflc va hofra) de lua chpn DT ket cac ttBm/dang frjan tiieo thdi khda bieu cddjnh dinh hpp, ket hop ttieo nhflng npi dung, hoatddng givali/a s i n hay ttieo ke hoach djnh s i n cua ngudi day ttieo chpn phuang phap day hpe^pe tap tii ieh hap dedat djnh hudng md hinh ttong mot Idp hpc Ngudi hpe duoc hieu qua ^ Day tiQC theo l^(brick-and-iiiotar) ISS" il "" -~|' D^y hpc trvc tuy^n (online) ' J luan chuyen gifla cac tram dflOc td'chflc hoatddng dflcfidanghudngdlnjheonhdm nhd,toan Idp,duan ttieo nhdm, hudng d i n ca nhan, lam bai tap , 3.Nguyent3ccuaviecthietkedangthflcBTKH Nhuvay,tiiletke'mdhinhDTKHkhdngehilaviec ket hop don gian giuamdittiidng hpc tap matdd'im^t ddcd it nhatmdt ttam duac idchue hpc tap dudi dang ttuyen tiidng va mdi tnidng hpc tap ttuc ttjyen ma phai tnjC tuyen DT khac vdi luan chuye'n ea nhan hda xem xet cac yeu to lien quan mdt chinh ttiettiong (Individual rotation),vdiviec ngudi hpe phai tham gia nhatva toan ven Thiet ke khong chl la tang eucfligkT tatcacactram/hinhtiifle.chflkhdngchittjan ttieo ke ttiuatvahdttcfcua hinh tiiflcfructijyenvdimdittfldng hoach cua rieng minh; - Lab luan chuyen (Lab- tnjyen tti^g (Ganison, 2004), va viec lua chpn npi rotation): ngudi hpc hpc t£^ luan chuyen theo eac lab dung, each ttiflc ket hpp khdng phai la mptviee nhe tuan ttieo ttidikhda bieu cddjnh djnh s i n haytiieo ke nhang va don gian (Hofmann, 2002) Ve mat giao hoach djnh san cua ngudi day ttieo dinh hfldng md due hoc, day hpc chi xem la ttianh cdng neu Idi cudn hinh cac lab SflkhacbietcuaDT so vdi DT fram duoc ngudi hpc va tao viec day hpc cdhieu qua luan chuyen la viec ngudi hpc phai luan ehuyen gifla Menlll de cac nguyen t i c ciJa viec thiet ke day hpc cacphdnglabfrengtiudng,thayvichihpcddangket tao hflng thfl cho ngudi hpe n h u s a u : • Ngfl^hpc hop ttong cung 11dp nhfl Station rotation;-L(^ Ape duactiiam giagiaiquyetcacva'ndettiflctecuatti§' dao (Ftipped-classroom): ngudi hpc hpe tap, luan gldittii/e;-Nhung kien ttiue da eddupc huy ddng chu chuyenttieo_cac dang tuan ttieo tlidi khda bieu ed ddng de lam ca sd nen tang cho tri ttiflc mdi; - Kien djnh, djnh san giua hinh ttiflc hudng dan cua ngudl thflc mcS dupc chi rd cho ngudi hoc; - Kid'n tiiflc mdl 30 Tqp chi Gido due so 359 (kil-6/2015) ducfc ngucri hpc van dyng; - Kien thiJc mcfi duoc tich hop vao the gicfi quan cua nguoi hpc Viec GD-DT deu nh5m tdi dpi tugng ngudi hpc Viec thiet l