Eto/mHpc SO7 2012 , ^ • •fiSisSi, , imM&mw^^m Gop phan nang cao chat lirdhg tif hpc thong qua dpc sach va tai lieu tham khao hien nay NGUVKN NGOC DUNG He sau dai hpc Hpc vien Chinh tri TU hpc la mdt h[.]
Eto/mHpc SO7-2012 •fiSisSi,:, _,^ • imM&mw^^m Gop phan nang cao chat lirdhg tif hpc thong qua dpc sach va tai lieu tham khao hien NGUVKN NGOC DUNG He sau dai hpc - Hpc vien Chinh tri T U hpc la mdt hinh thflc hoat ddng hoc tap ddc lap cua ca nhan ngfldi hpc nhim n l m vflng va gdp phin nang cao chal lUdng ITnh hdi kien thflc, ren luyen ky nang qua trinh hoe tap d nha trUdng, TU hpc cua ngUdi hpc ed quan he va chju sfl ehi phoi bdi muc tieu, noi dung, phuong phap dgy hpc ciJa nha trudng, mang tinh tich cflc ca nhan cua ngudi hpc, the hien rd d ddng cd, thai 60 trach nhiSm va phuong phap tfl hpc cua tflng ngudi Trong c^c khSu, eac budc cua qua trinh day hpc, IU hoc dUde coi la khSu trflc tiep quyet dinh de'n ke't qua hpc tap cua ngUdi hpc, ta dudng de phat huy Iinh nang dpng, tich cUc cija chu the ngudi hpc, gdp phan thflc hien phUdng cham "bien qua trinh dao tgo cua nha trudng qua trinh tu dao tgo" cua moi ngUdi hpc, Nang cao chat lupng tfl hoc vfla la nhu cau, vfla la yeu cau khach quan de ngudi hpe phat huy vai trd chij Ihl efla minh qua dd, tflng bUdc thpc hien lot myc lieu, yeu clu dao tgo cua nha IrUdng, Hi^n nay, ngudi hpc ed the tfl lo chflc, thuc hi§n hoac Iham gia vao nhieu hinh thflc Ifl hoe khae nhau, nhUng tU hpc thdng qua dpc sach va Iai lieu tham khio dang la mot logi hinh dupe nhieu ngUdi hpc sd dung vi tinh phd bien dem iai kgt qui tfl hpe kha eao, nhat la dieu kien he thong sach, bcio, t^i ii^u va thdng tin mgng phat trien nhU nay, TU hpc thdng qua dpe sach va tai lieu tham khio dupe hieu mdl Ctich dpn gian la Iren cP sd kie'n thflc dfldc ITnh hpi d nha trudng v^ kien thflc sach giao khoa, bai gilng cua giao vi&n, ngfldi hpc tfch cflc chu ddng tim kiem them cac kie'n thflc, thbng tin ed lidn quan den ndi dung hpc tap thong qua sdeh, bdo, lai lieu chuydn nganh va cac tai iieu khac Tu hpc Ihdng qua dpc sach, tai lieu tham khio la phudng thflc rat quan trpng giup ngUdi hoc n l m chle tn thflc, bd sung, phal Inen vk lam giau tri thflc ciJa minh dap flng yeu cau hpe lap, Thflc tS cho Ihay, vdi sfl phat then mgnh me cua mpi mat ddi sdng xa hpi hi^n nay, neu ngfldi hpc khdng ed y thflc tim tdi, b6 sung kien IhUc thdng qua dpc sach, bao, Iai lieu Iham khio se rat khd nfing cao chat lupng hpc tap loan dien cua minh, Khi dflng trfldc cac van de \h\fc tien xa hdi, ngfldi hpc dS rot vao tinh trgng ly thuye't, khdng biet van dflng nhflng kifin thflc dupc hpc d l nhgn thflc va lugn gilt nhflng van de Ihyc li4n xiy Hon nda, nhdng kien thflc dupc ITnh hdi d nha tnidng vk sdeh giao khoa chl la nhijrng kien thflc nen ting, Cd bin, ngudi hpc mudn phat triln tn thdc, tim hieu nhQng vfin de chuydn s3u lien quan de'n npi dung hpc tgp nhlt thifit phai ihdng qua h^ thong sdeh, tat lieu tham khao tai lieu chuyen nganh, Vi vgy, cd the khang dinh, tfl hpc thdng qua viec doc sach, lai lieu tham khao ia mdt nhiem vu tal yeu, mpl nhu eau IhUdng xuyen qua trinh thuc hien nhiem vu hoc tap cua ngudi hoe De loai hinh ty hpc dat hieu qua cao, ngudi hoc can phai lUu y tdi mpt sb van de sau Phai biet lUa chpn sach, NgUdi hpe phli chpn dung saeh, bao, tai lieu ein thiet eho ndi dung hoc tap va phyc vu ed hieu q u i cho bb mon minh dang nghien cflu Trong dieu kien saeh, bao, Iai lieu da dang, eb nhieu lUa ehpn nhU hien nay, ngudi hoc cang phai lflu y den vln de nay, day la khau dau tien nhung se quyet dinh den chat lUOng, hieu qua eua c l qua trinh hoc De chpn dflng saeh, lai lieu ngudi hoc trUde het can phai nlm chac ndi dung hpc tap eua minh, dmh hudng chinh xac nhflng van de lien quan hoac nhflng van de can md rdng xung quanh npi dung hpc lap de lay dd lam cP sd, dfl lieu ma Ifla ehpn, tim kiem tai lieu Ddi vdi Iflng npi dung hoc cu the, ngubi hpe ed the tham khao y kien eua giao vien, cua cac chuyen gia va nhd hp dmh hudng giflp ve tai lieu tham khao, tai lieu nghien eUu, chuyen sau,.,, Trong qua trinh lUa chon sach, tai lieu tham khio, ngUdi hpc nen cb mpt eudn sd tay neng ghi ten, ngudn cua eac lai lieu de qua trinh hpc tap gap lai cac van de lien cb quan, cb the tiel ki§m dupc thdi gian va nhanh chong tim thay tai lieu minh can tim De tu hpc thdng qua dpc sach va tai ligu tham khao cd hieu qua, ngUdi hpc phai tra ldi dUdc cau hdi; "dpc sach nhu the nao?" Viec doc sach nhu the nao cbn tfly thupc vao nhieu yeu td nhung cP ban nhat vln la d myc dieh cua ngUdi doc No; each khac, d m tren tay mot cudn sach hay dang tiep can vdi mot tai lieu nao dd, ngudi hpc can xac dmh ro muc dich dpc "dpc de lam gi?, can tim kiem ndi dung, thong tin gi Irong do?' Xac dinh ro muc dieh dpe se giup ngfldi hoe cd dmh hudng va khdng bi phan tan vao nhflng chl tie! khdng can Ihiet long the cudn sach Mat khde, dpe saeh, tai lieu tham klilo, ngUdi hoc cflng nen tim hieu khai qua! npi dung quyen sach blng each xem ten tac gil, ten sach, myc luc, Idi ndi dau va Idi gidi thieu Tfly Iheo myc dich ma ngfldi hpe cd the doc nhieu lln hay doc ludt qua, dpc loan bb hay mpl phin cb lien quan, ghi chep nhieu hay it, ghi tdm l i t hay ghi de cUOng, ghi luan de,., Ddi vdi sach, bdo, tat lipu tren mgng, ngUdi hpc ngoai vigc phli lfla ehpn ky cbn phli cb dinh hudng rd rang bdt ngudn tai lieu tren mgng vd cung phong phfl nhung khdng phli tai ligu nao cung eo ndi (Xem tiep trang 73) 73 DgifmJifC 307-2012 y ^ ,;-.;;,?;•» : VAN HOA - KHOA HOC THUONG THUC Chi so phat trien PGS TS NGUVtN THI ANH TUYET N hGTig dai li/dng bieu thj su phat trien mot mat nao cua ngifdi nhif chf so tri thong minh IQ (Intelligence Quotient) IQ the hien mifc dp thong mmh dU0c Binet va Simon {Phap} lan dau tien cong bo nam 1905 de phan biet tre em hpc kem binh thudng v6i tre em hpc kem trf tue cham phat trien Nam 1916, Terman (My) cai tien trac nghiem Stanford - Binet, Qua nhieu lan c&i tien, nam 1960 thang Stanford - Binet dUdc xay dUng tren cd s& phan tich cac ket qua cua 4,498 ngUcJi tif 2,5 den 18 tuoi IQ theo quan niem phd thong, thijcJng dUOc mac dinh song hanh vdi kha nang tU duy, Chi so thdng mmh dUdc tinh theo cong thUc: IQ = MA/GA x 100 (trong dd MA bieu thi tuoi tri khdn va CA bieu thj tuoi thdi gian) Sau da cai tien trac nghi&m Stanford - Binet, D, Wechsler (My) da lap bang h§ sfi thong minh: (Xem bang) Sau nay, Howard Garner da md rdng khai niem IQ va chifng minh them nhieu dang thUc thong mmh khac, deu co anh hudng den Ihanh cong cua ngUdi, Nam 1995, Daniel Goleman (Phap) da gidi thieu khai niem mdi "tri lue xuc cam" (Emotionnal Intelligence) nhu mdt yeu to co ban dlin den th^nh cflng Si,f phat hien giai thich tai mot so ngiidi khong thdng minh ly tinh (IQ), nhUng cd stf nhay cam, c6 chl s6 xuc cam EQ (Emotional Quotient) cao, lai cdng hpn nhiJng ngudi c6 chi so IQ cao, Chi sd EQ cua mdl ngudi dupc tinh theo cac tieu chr (1) Lam chu xuc cam cua minh; (2) Hieu xuc cam ngudi khac, (3) Truyen xuc cam lam yen long ngudl khac Nam 1997 Paul Stoltz (My) lan dau tien de xuat khai nifem mdi "ch? so vupt khd khan" (Adversity Quotient/ AQ), the hien kha nang bien trd ngai cd hpi Ong giai thich tai cd nhi^Jng ngudi cd chi so IQ va ca EQ deu cao ma lai khdng cdng bang nhiing ngUdi co chf so AQ cao Chi so AQ dUdc tinh theo bon mCrc mUc dp: (1) Ddi dien vdi khd khan; (2) Xoay chuyen cue dien; (3) Vupt len nghich canh; (4) Tim dUpc ifii Theo Paul Soltz, IQ va EQ la nhQng khai niem "fix", nghla ta phan nhieu thudc ve 'Ihien phu", khd cd kha nang thay doi, dd AQ la chi sd cd the dUdc ren luyen de "cai thien, nang cap", Ngoai AQ, khoa hoc tam ly de xua't chi sd dam me {Passion Quotient/ PQ), chl so sang tao {Curiosity Quotient/CQ),, IQ Phan lo^i 130 va cao hon 120- 129 110- 119 90 - 109 80 - 89 70-79 69 va thap tioii Rat xuat sac Phan tram phan so 2.2 Xual sac Thong minh Tiung Binh Tam thirong ICein Ngu dpn 6,7 16.1 50,0 16,1 6,7 2,2 ghi tdm tat, ghi chep tu do,., Viec ghi chep nhu the nao thudc vao myc dich cua ngUdi hpc Hdn nQa cdn phg thudc vao tQng Ifnh v\fc chuyen nganh ma ngUdi hpc dang hpc tap, nghien CL/U, Tuy vay, dii lya chpn each thdc ghi chep dung dCing va chuan mi.fc Tot nhat la ngudi hpc n&n tim nao di nQa thi ngUdi hpc cung phai de y ghi ro ngudn lai li?u, nhQng tai li^u, sach bao cua cac tac gia cd uy tin lien quan nen sQ dung cac ky hieu rieng de danh dau nhQng ngi dung, d^n nfii dung, chuyen nganh hpc tap cua minh hoac tim doc, nhQng van de can luu y, Ghi chep mdt each khoa hgc, phu tham khao nhQng an pham cac cd quan, nha xuat ban hdp chinh la budc cuoi cung de xac djnh hieu qua dpc saeh chlnh thfing phat hanh Khi dpc, tham khao nhQng tai li^u cua ngudi hgc, la cO sd de ngUdi hpc SLf dung, phat huy nhQng n^y cung cin xac djnh ro myc dich, dgc tap trung vao nhOng tri thQc thdng tin da thu IQdm dupc tQ viec dgc sach, phyc vy nfii dung, nhQng van de ma ngUdi hpc dang quan tam can mpt each hQu hieu cho qua trinh ty hgc cua ban than nghien cQu, tim hieu, tranh sa da hoac dm dom nhQng ndi Tdm lai, dgc sach va tai lieu tham khao la mdt loai hinh lu dung khdng can thiet, hpc rat hldu qua, h6 trp dfic lUc cho ngUdi hgc qua trinh Phil CO each ghi chep tai li$u dpc, Ngudi hgc neu thuc hien mue tieu, yeu cau dao tao cua nha trUdng, Trong dgc mfit cudn sach ma khdng ghi chep thi dCi tri nhd cd tdt dieu kien hien nay, trudc su phat trien manh me ciia he thdng dfin dfiu cQng khdng the lUu giQ het dupc nhu'ng ndi dung can sach, bao, tai lieu va thdng tin mang, ngUdi hgc can phat huy nhd, Hdn nCfa, qua trinh hpc tap nghien cQu se cd lijc hdn nUa hieu qua ciJa loai hinh ty hgc de bien no ngudl hpc phai tra cQu ho^c sCf dyng lgi nhQng ndi dung da mdt nhu cau thudng xuyen qua Innh thi.fc hi^n nhigm vy dgc, Vt v$y, phki het sUc quan tam den vi©c ghi chep tai lieu hgc tap va cudc sdng ddi thudng De vigc dpc sach va Irong qua trinh dpc, DSy 1^ c^ch thifc tot nhat de tdm IQpc ndi tai lieu tham khao cd hieu qua, ngUdi hoe ngoai viec biet IQa dung vfi he thfing hda thong tin phyc vy dkc lUc cho ngudi chpn sach xac dmh rd myc dich dpc va biet each ghi ch6p hgc tQng mdn hpc, dong thdi, cd hieu qua tra cQu, sif can phai cd mem say me dgc, tim hieu, md rdng tri IhUc, vdn dyng lfiu dfii qua trinh hpc tap, nghien ciru sau hieu biet cua minh Tat ca nhQng dieu dd se dupc xky dyng Dfi ghi chdp tfil li^u dpc cd hifiu qua, ngudi hpc cd the sif va hinh day du ngUdi hgc cd y thQc va quan tam dfin dyng nhifiu cfich thQc khfic nhu: ghi chdp de cUdng dan van hda dgc ciia chinh ban thfin minh bSi hay ghi chi tiet, ghi chfip kilu trich dSn, ghi theo lugn de, Gop phan (Xem tiep trang 63) ... nghiem Stanford - Binet, Qua nhieu lan c&i tien, nam 1960 thang Stanford - Binet dUdc xay dUng tren cd s& phan tich cac ket qua cua 4,498 ngUcJi tif 2,5 den 18 tuoi IQ theo quan niem phd thong, thijcJng... khoa hgc, phu tham khao nhQng an pham cac cd quan, nha xuat ban hdp chinh la budc cuoi cung de xac djnh hieu qua dpc saeh chlnh thfing phat hanh Khi dpc, tham khao nhQng tai li^u cua ngudi hgc, la... de ma ngUdi hpc dang quan tam can mpt each hQu hieu cho qua trinh ty hgc cua ban than nghien cQu, tim hieu, tranh sa da hoac dm dom nhQng ndi Tdm lai, dgc sach va tai lieu tham khao la mdt loai