VAN DUNG PHUOfNG PHAP NGHIEN CIJU TJNH HUONG TRONG GIANG DAY MON GIAO OUC HOC fi TRlTiG CAO OANG, OAI HOC ThS TRAN TH! TUA'''' Day hpc (DH) hudng vao ngudi hpe la xu the DH hien dai, phu hpp vdi thue til[.]
VAN DUNG PHUOfNG PHAP NGHIEN CIJU TJNH HUONG TRONG GIANG DAY MON GIAO OUC HOCfiTRlTiG CAO OANG, OAI HOC ThS D ay hpc (DH) hudng vao ngudi hpe la xu the DH hien dai, phu hpp vdi thue tiln Viet Nam giai doan ddt nude dang chuye'n minh de hdi nhap vdi xu the phdt trien ehung cua toan the gidi, Vi the, viec su dung cdc phuong phdp mdi, tich cue, sdng tao DH la dieu can thiet, do, nghien euu tinh hud'ng (NCTH) la mot phuong phdp ed nhieu uu die'm noi trpi, gliip eho chd't lupng day va hpe dat hieu qua eao Viec nghien cdu, lua chpn va xdy dung he thd'ng cae tinh huong(lH) giao due; xay dung quy trinh hc^ li de dua ehiing vdo giang day mon G/ao due/jpc Id mpt vd'nde thiet thueva CO gia tri ve mdt khoa hpc, Phuang phap nghien cuu tinh hud'ng (PPNCTH)trongDH /^/f/ia/mem.Theo Nguydn Hdu Lam, "P/jt/ffng phap TH la m gt kithuat giang day cac tochuyeu cua nghien euu TH dUOC trinh bay vdinhOng nguoi hgc vdi cae muc dich minh hga hoae cac kinh nghiem giaiquyet van £?e°(1) Oe thiet ke mdt TH can tien hanh theo budc: 1) Xac djnh muc tieu bai hpe va cdn nhde eac yeu to khdeh quan; 2) Chud'n bj TH: budc GV can len y tudng va viet cac TH ma minh d u kien se xay ra; 3) Kiem tra, chinh sua (2) 2) Tiin trinh tht/c hlin PPNCTH ' Qua trinh chuan bi: • Ve phia ngudi day: + Ddt nhung yeu cau vdi ngudi hpc; + Md ta cdu tnic cua mdt bud'i hpc TH vd chia nhdm; + Chua'n bi kien thde eho ngudi hpc - Ve phia ngudi hpc: Chua'n bi chu ddo kien thuc theo yeu cau ciia giang vien (GV) Trong thao luan TH, ngudi hpc se dua y kien, ddt nhung cdu hdi, xdy dung ludn ehung, ludn cdtren cdso nhdng luan die'm eua ed nhdn/nhdm, phdn tich, tong hap cdc y kien tranh ludn, tudieu chinh hudng thao ludn va hpc hdi kinh nghiem tu nhdng ngudi khde thdng qua trao dd\ tranh ludn quan diem • Tii'n trinh Uiuc hien mgt buoi hgc theo PPNCTH: Trong mot tiet DH dp dung PPNCTH, G V dong vai trd 36 Tap chi Gido due so 311 TRAN TH! TUA' nhu ngudi dieu phdi, ddn ddt va tra giiip [facil^toi), cdn sinh vien (SV) giu vai trd tmng tam 'Danhgiabuathaoban theo PPNCTH: Qua^nh ndy bao gom budc: 1)0pcTHva xac djnh nhung vain de cot yeu md ngudi quyet djnh dUOng dau; 2) Xac dinh nhung dulieu can dephan tich cacvan devat^g hpp cdc gial phap; 3) Oua phdn tich vd so sdnh nhdng gial phdp khac can phal duong dau; 4)Oexuatphuong hudng hanh ddng , Kaiser cung da dua mo hinh budc viec thue hien PPNCTH Od la mo hinh li tudng, phii hpp day hpc mon Giao due hgc {xem sdd6\ I Tiap ciin TH i 2.Thuth5pIh6ngun + 3, N^ienciiuTH Ra quyel djnh i Bao v^ quan diem i So sanh giai phap Ngirai hqc tiip cifn vdl TH Ngirai hgc ndm Ihong lin ve TH Ihu Ihgp Ihong tin glai quyet TH Nguoi hoc nghien cm phdn tich TH Ngir&i hpc dua quyel dinh vi cdch gidi quyel vdn di neu Ngiroi hqc giai lhi?u bdo vf quan diem vi gidi phdp cua minh Ngirai hoc so sdnh cdc gidi phdp, iuachQn gidi phdp toi uu Van dung PPNCTH giang day mon Giao due hoc Hay danh giaTH b§ng each neu rami^cdpdong y cua tjan vcfi nhihig nhan dinh sau (vdi Ihang diem Wong ling): • Xuat s i c ; • Tot; - Tam on; • Kem (xem bang tmng 37) Uu dil'm va han che (thach thiic) ciJa PPNCTH PPNCTH CO nhutig au dim noi bat nhu; - GiiJp ngi/cii hpc g j n li Hiuyet voi thuc lien DH, nang cao * TnAmg Cao daig Tiyii Qiaig -(kll-612013) Tinhfltftj qiui r,im TU ' H pdgc Vl) Mil ctio m u t M u b i i hflc Ihuc (jSy ngi/Si hpc n4m vung n f i TH eo huOng afln mgc U ^ M l hoc nhtmn khdng aii siic ihuc OSy n g u « Tlnri PhO iKfp CIM nflrtinriTH Vfin a * duoc nSu TH vOa phii liop vtJI nW dung b i l hijc, vtra p h j VSn 06 duijc n6u TH chu hgp vOi r j l dung OSt hqc nhung chua • Nhflng vfin mfi TH neu Khflng phCi hijp uiii nfli dung b^i hoc (qua cu Ihfi hav Bjfl chuna cflunnl TH khflna n£u duoc vfin a& nlio ca nWi Imno Mm aja TH ' TH chilfl di/ng dfiy diJ dU WSi " o n g d6 bao g6m nhiing chi lifil v4 (hojc) v( dg cg I h i ; nhflng aa kl«n kong TH g i j i Ihfch rS r i n g v4 lien quan logic v * vfin d6 hflu f B Z TH cd nflu dJdC vfin dS n h j n g chua thai sif hoSn chinh Nhiing dii kISn TH gliip ngUdl hgc nfic djnh rO hon vfin dfi ciia TH, nhung mfli sS dO klflr cfin thlfil cflo b| Ihlfiu i Nhlftig dO kien Irong TH khSng d u j c lldn hft rS r i n g vOi vfin dfi m4 TH neu khl£n nflU0l hoc c i m Ihfiv cO nhlSu chi Ufil khdna cfin Ihifil, VSn dfi mfl TH nflu tnnj tupng, khflng rO rflng, NguSI hgc khflng inSy duoc mfli Il6n hfl oiiJa klfln vfl vfin d * mfl TH nSu TInn iruna Ihi/e «JB bSI canh TH BBI c i n h cua TH p h i nfinhnhOng TH cO itiSl, vft nhiing ho^l dflng ttfln nfin b6\ cirUifiymfl phdng Igi duoc nhQng ho^t d^ng lhi;c cOa nhiing nhfl chuvSn mfin ITnh vuc mfl nauAl hoc danq nahlfin ci>u M4t aS y j u id bfl'l c i n h cfln thllutirinchinh xflc vfl sinh dflng Tuy nhlfln, bfil c i n h TK nhin ehung vfin chiia di/ng nhiing ySu 15 lhi;c giup cho naufll hoc cfl t h i xil IIfluoovSn a& m i l each hIBu a u i Sfil cfinh TH cfl v i nhu c h i n Ihi/c, nhung Igi khflng giup cho nguOi hoc cfl thfi hoc ifiD vfl Ihu nhfln klfin ihiic v i kT nana BSI c i n h TiH khflnn mane tinh c h i n Ihuc Tinh ensi eha eCa TH Nhihie chi liei Irong TH duoc s i p i f i p Ihso Irit 1^ logic, mach Igc i i ihiKmq duoc «So Iheo t r i t tu thirl gian Cd dfll ChS CflC chi tifil TH b| s i p xfip chua thfii hgp ll C i c chi Ufil Imng TH khflng duoc s i p xSp mflt cfich logic Khflng I h i iflc C i c ehi lifil s i p t.6a Ifln i f l n Ufl'l nen h« n\Oi c i c chi Ilfil khflnq rfl r i n g nh mach cOa TH TH h i i u , C i c ehl lifil dugc s i p iSp hgp 11 vfl ngfln ngii don giin Nhiing Ihufli nga chuyfln m6n duoc s i i dgng mfli cSch h j n chfi, h o i c n£u cfl dCing Ihi V nghra cue ch j o g cCng trinh bfly rfl rflng hofic cfl Ihfi SUV d o i n duoc > TH hoi khfl h i l u , Khflng p h i i l i t c i mgl chi IISl Ofiu Irinh b i y rO tflng v i b t n a nafln noi} don a i i n C i n h i i u ChS k h i tCil nghla ifong TH, H i u hfit cfle chi Ilfil dugc Iflm phiic tnc h o i mflt c i e h KhAno c i n Ihifit, CO g u i n h l i u Ihufll nqfl chuvSh mfln NqOn liJ khflnq don qian Ngudn: Penn State Schreyerlnstitue for Teaching Excellence, 2004 Case Evaluation Rubric tinh thuc tiln cua mon hpc, giam thieu rui ro cua nguoj hpc kh\ tham gia thuc tiln cupc song, thuc tiln nghe nghiep Sau t i ^ thu cac kien thuc ii thuyet, viec giai quyet cac bai tap TH se giup nguoi hpc cocai nhin sau hon va thuc tiln hon ve van de li thuyet da dupc hoc Thong qua vi|c glai quyet TH, ngucrt hpc se co dieu kien de van dung linh ho^t cac kien thut li thuyet; - PPNCTH gop phan nang cao tinh tich cue, chu dpng, sang tao va htmg thu hpc tap cua ngudi hpc.Trong DH theoTH cac nhom SV phaichudpng tim^ kiem vaphan tich thong tin detim cac giai phap co the tao TH Be dap ung duoc yeu cau nay, ngudi hpc phai chu dwig tu duy, thao luanrtranh luan nhom de tim hieu sau them veli thuyet cung nhuthuc tien va tim giai phap cho cac TH Chinh qua trinh suy nghT, tranh luan, bao ve cac gial phap, nguoi hpc da tham gia vao qua trinh nhan thuc Su tham gia tich cue da gop phan tao thu va niem say m e hpc tap, sang tao cua SV;- PPNCTH giup SV nang eao kinang lam viec nhom, kT nang phan tich, glal quyet van de, kT nang trinh bay, bao ve va tranh luan, phan bien y kien tardc tapthe.DegialquyetTH.SV thudng phal lam viec theo nhom Ca nhom cung phan tich va thao luan dedi den giai phap, sau trinh bay giai phap cua minh cho ea Idp, Vdi each hpc nhu vay, ngudi hpc hpc dupc each chia se kien thuc, thong tin de cung dat dupc myc tieu ehung Them nua, ngucrt hpc cung hpc dupc each ton trpng va l§ng nghe y kien cija ngudi khac qua trinh lam viec nhom hay tranh luan ve cac giai phap; - Trong PPNCTH, GV cung cd dieu kien trao dol, hpc hoi nhCmg kinh nghiem va each nhin, glal phap mdl tu phia ngudi hpc, thdng qua gdp phan lam phong phu hon npi dung giang day eung nhu hoan thien cac THDH; • THDH PPNCTH thudng la nhtJng TH mang tinh phuc hpp, de giai quyet nd, ngudi hpc can van dijng tong hop kien thi/c cija nhieu phan khac mot mon hpc, tham chi kien thue eua nhieu mon hpc Nhdvay, PPNCTH gdp phan giup ngudi hpe biet each lien ket, xau chuoi cac phan npi dung don le mpt bue tranh tong the ve kien thiic.Day lampt yeu cau rat quan trpng, vi SV qua trinh hpe thudng chi chu yden nhung bpphan kien thirc don le mait coy thuchaybletcach xau chuol,taoracacmoi lien ket cac kien thire phan pham vi mot mon hpc hay tCr nhieu mon hpc khac nhau, kh[dd viec gial quyet cac van de cua cupc song thuc tien eung nhu nghe nghiep phan Idn deu ddi hoi phai van dyng cac kien thu'c to'ng hop, lien nganh, Ngoai nhung uu diem da phan tich, phuong phap cung bpc Ip nhi/ng han che nhat dinh (Hen'eid, 1994) nhu: ddi lam ngudi hpc dOn gian hoa tinh phuc tap cua cae su kien, so lieu va nguyen tSc; - Odi hoi ea ngudi hpc va ngudi day phai cd nhung kT nang nhat dmh; - Viec ngai ap dyng nhung phuong phap mdi thay thecho nhung phuong phap giang bai truyen thd'ng cung la mpt can trd doi vdi viec phat trien loai hinh bai tap Ngoai nhiing han che tren, qua trinh thuc hien PPNCTH eung gap phal nhung khd khan, thach thuc nhat dinh, ea chu quan (GV va SV) lan khach quan (moi tn/dng, dieu kien vat chat): - PPNCTH lam gia tang khdng nhung khoi lupng lam viec cua GV ma cdn ddi hoi G V phal luon chap nhan ddi mdi, cap nhat Tap chi Gido due so 311 (ki 1-6/2013)- 37 eae thong tin, kien thuc va kTnang mdi.De cd nhung bai tap TH thuc te, sat vdi dieu kien, hoan eanh mdi cua xa hpi, GV phai dau tu thdi gian va tri tue de tiep can thue tien, tren ca sd cd the thu thap hay xay dung ducfc cac THDH mdi, mang tinh thdi su; - PPNCTH ddi hoi thuc hien nhung kT nang kha phuc tap giang day, nhucach td'chuc Idp hpe, bo tri thdi lupng, dat cau hoi, to chdc va khuyen khich ngudi hpc tranh luan, dan d§t mach thao luan, nhan xet, phan bien Day that sula nhiing thach thiie Idn doi vdi GV qua trinh dng dung phuong phap nay; -Bdi vdi ngudi hpc, thach thuc idn nhat la PPNCTH ddi hdi hp su nang dpng, sang tao, kha nang tu dpc lap, bdi the cd mot bp phan khdng nho ngudi hpc se cdnhung lung tiing nhat djnh dupe hpc theo phuong phap (do sdc y cua thdi quen hpc theo phuong phap thu dpng, thay giang • trd nghe, thay dpc - trd chep); - PPNCTH neu sudung qua lieu se lam giam hieu qua viec tiep thu cac tri thdc 11 thuyet va lam ngudi hpc nhieu iam tudng rang thuc te ludn ludn dien diing nhunhiing TH cu theda dupc hpc; -Moi tnidng, dieu kien vat ehat Day la nhQng thach thdc khach quan, bao gom cac yeu tdve dieu kien trang thiet bi vat chat, quy mo Idp hpc, su hop tac cua cac td'chdc xa hpi quatrinh cung cap thdng tin, Quy md Idp hpc ddng ngudi khdng thedam bao toehue thao luan mdt each hieu qua De bud'i thao luan cd chat lucmg, ngudi hpc phai tu trang bj cae kien thdc li thuyet va thong tin lien quan trudc len Idp Dieu ddi hoi cdthdi gian va cac phuong tien hpc tap nhu: thuvien, saeh giao khoa, tai lieu tham khao, bao, tap ehi, Intemet Hien cd tinh trang sinh vien phai hpc qua nhieu mdn hpe mpt hpe ki nen khdng eddu thdi gian can thiet cho viec tunghien cdu Saeh giao khoa va tai lieu tham khao cung het sdc thieu thdn; - Dau tu cua GV cho viec su dung PPNCTH rat Idn nhung hien khdng cd su dai ngp hay cdng nhan nao tdphia caenhaquan li giao due nen rat nhieu G V van quay ve phuang phap giang day truyen thdng Thupc venhdm cac PPDH tich cue, PPNCTH da Chung td tinh uu viet vupl trpi viec nhan manh nhan vat tnjng tam cua qua trinh DH, lam tang thu hpc tap cua ngudi hpe, eung nhu nang cao tinh thuc tien eua mon hpc, nit ngan khoang each gida dao tao nha tn/dng va nhu eau thuc tien xa hpi, thuc tiln nghenghiep.Cdthena, PPNCTH gdp phan khdng nhovao viec khaithactlem nang tri tuecua ngudi hpc, phat huy toi da tinh tich cue va sang tao cua ngudi hpc tap 38 Tap chi Gido due so 311 Tuy nhien, G V phai y thue dupc nhdng uu, nhupc dian cua phuong phap de biet each ap dung mpt each khoa hoc, hap li; mat khac cung can phdi hpp dong bp PPDH vdi cac PPDH khae cho phii hop vdi npi dung, muc dich bai day, vdi trinh dpSV va cac dieu kien hien cd Khi ay, qua trinh DH mdi dat den muc tieu va chat luang thuc su, Viec sudyng PPNCTH neu khdng kheo leo se delam mait di tinh he thdng cua kien thue ehuyen mon, • (1) Tir di^n Tiim li hQC NXB Khoa h