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KHAI THAC MO HINH TRU€ QUAN, NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HDC HINH HOC KHONG GIAN S TRDNG HOC PHO TDONG TS TRAN TRUNG" Trong thuc tien day hoc mdn roa''''ndtainghoc phothdng (THPT}, hoc sinh (HS}thuang gap khd[.]
KHAI THAC MO HINH TRU€ QUAN, NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HDC HINH HOC KHONG GIAN S TRDNG HOC PHO TDONG TS T rong thuc tien day hoc mdn roa'ndtainghoc phothdng (THPT}, hoc sinh (HS}thuang gap khd khan tuduy khichuyentucaicuthe len tnjfu tucfng va chuyen tu" cai truii tuong ve cu the Khd khan la khitri giac cai cuthe hien thuc, HS khdng phathien cai ehung ban chat an nap hole bj che lap nhieu cai rieng khdng ban chat; nguoe lai, van dyng khai niem, djnh li toan hoc vao nhi>ig trudng hop cy the, HS lai lung tung tim cai rieng bi|t don nha't, ddc dao mac du ehung deu cd cung ban chat Mat khac, khong phai bat cu'cai cu the, hien thi/c nao HS cung cothe tri giac tnJc tiep dupc Vi vay, giao vien (GV) can si} dyng mdt dang cua phuong ti§n day hpc dd la md hinh tn/c quan (M HTQ) de giup HS didang chuyen tuduy tircaicuthecam tinh sang tuduy tnhj tupng, khai quat hda Nang cao hieu quaday hpc hinh hpc khong gian (HHKG) thong qua thuc nghiem va quan satMHTQ Thong qua cac MHTQ, G V cdthe td'chuc cho HS thuc nghidm vaquan sat dedi td^ khaiquat hda; tirdo, HS mdi cd dd kien de tach cac thuoc tinh cua d a tupng nghien cuu, phan biet thupc tinh ban chait va khong ban chat, dudoan, phat hien cac moi quan he khong gian Thuc nghiem tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho quan sat (tut: la sutri giac co myc dich, co to chuc, cd ke hoach nhiing d a tupng hinh hpc dang nghien cuu) Qua trinh ^ u c nghiem va quan sat cua HS cd the ket hpp vdi nhau, giup cac em xac lap dupc nhung nhan djnh cd the mang tinh cam tinh hoae nhung bieu tupng rdrang vecae dukien hinh hpc G V can td'chuc t£it vipc quan sat hinh va xet cac mdi quan he khdng gian de ren luyen tri giac khdng gian nhay ben cho HS, tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho cac em viec hinh bieu tupng va tri tudng tupng khdng gian Tri giac khdng gan la mpt qua trinh phan anh tam li phuctap Co the ndi, cac hoat dpng phan tich khac la CO socua trigiac khong gian bdi khdng thecd dupc tri giac khong gian neu chidua vao mptvai chi tiet phan 52 Tap chi Gido due so 308 TRAN TRUNG" tich ta se khdng thay dupc y nghTa dae biet cua cac yeu to khdng gian Giup cho viec quan sat cac dd'i tupng hinh hpc cua HS trd mpt kT nang, m$t thupc tinh nhan each cua cac em (tu'c la cd dc quan sat).Viec ren luyen cho HSde quan sat thdng qua day hpe mdn roanndiehung, HHKG ndi rieng la mpt nhiem vy can thiet Bdi dc quan sat la mpt phlm chat khdng thethieu cua ngudi lao dpng Nhiiu cdng trinh nghien cuu tam li cho thSy, dtudl thieu nien, cac em cdthephat trien manh me dequan sat, d^cbi^t la quan sal kT thuat Vi vgy, de dua HS vao hogt d§ng san xuat, hoatdpng kTthuat ed ketqua eao, GV can tang cudng ren luyen cho HS nang luc quan sat Cac nha liluan day hpc danh gia r3t cao vai trd cua phucrng phap quan sat va coi dd la phuong phap quan trpng nhat TO" quan sat, HS di td^ tu truli tupng Chinh linh khuynh hudng, linh myc dich eua qua trinh quan sat da hudng HS tdi thao tac tu khai quat hda Qua trinh quan sat se Idi cud'n HS m$t each manh me de khai quat hda vsln de Tr&n cd sd cac du [(ien cam linh thu dupc nhd thuc nghidm va quan sat, G V can hudng dan HS thdng qua phep so sanh (doi chieu va do'i lap), ph3n tich, tong hpp va nhat la van dung tri tudng tupng khdng gian de khai quat van de Khi day hpc HHKG, neu HS g3p khd khSn viec hinh bieu lupng ve eac hinh khong gian thi sukhaiquathoaedthetien hanh nhusauitO'hipn thue giup HS nil quan he khdng gian gin tren MHTQ; tu'do CO the chuyen dd'i sang quan he hinh hpc khai quat {quan he giua cac d a tupng hinh hpc trOu tupng) Tiep theo, GV to chtic cho KS tgp bid'u didn cac d ^ tupng toan hpc cho trude md hinh biS'u dilncua nd Cung nhucae ngon ngi?khae, hinh bi§'u diln la mpt he thd'ng cac quy udc nen c i n dupc nghi&n ciJru tOmg budb, !a mot phuong ti^n hihj hipu qua trinh day hpc mdn Toan Mpt nhiing nhiSm vy quan trpng la day HS biet nhin hinh thuc va vi tri 'llybMlHitKCInbpbu -(ki2-4/2013) tuang doi cua cac yeu to cua hinh thi/c qua hinh bleu dtln Ooi vdi VIQC ren luyen kT nang ve hinh bleu dien cua hinh khong gian, tmdc het can cung cap cho HS mpt so kien thiic can thiet nhu: cac quy tSc, quy udc ve hinh khong gian dudid^ng Injc quan GV nen de HS tuve hinh, "dpc" hinh ti>dcfn gian den phiic tap tiinhung bai hpc dau tien va suot qua trinh hpc tap HHKG (khi nghe giang, luc lam bai tap d ldp, ciing nhu lam bai tap d nha, ) To chiic cho HS hpc tap va "dpc" cac ban ve kith ugt thee cacquy udc, neu cac em van dung them nhiing hieu biet ve HHKG se rat b6'ich NhiJng hieu biet so bp cua HS ve doi tucfng, su kien toan hpc nhd khai quat hca cac kien thiic thu ducfc tli thuc nghiem va quan sat budc dau dupc the hien tren mo hinh bleu diln Nhi(ng hieu biet so bp can dupc cung cdva dao sau them thdng qua viec ap dgngchung.WrfKkhigiang day HHKG dTHPT,GV cdlhetochiic cho HS ap dung kien thiic viia thu dupc vao viec lim kiS'm hinh anh Ihuc te d xung quanh, minh hoa cac do'i tupng, xet mdi quan he gli?a hinh hpc phang va HHKG dethay dupc su kliac biet, su lirong dong Viec ap dung cila HS cdn ia sunhan biet cac dd'i tupng, su kien hinh hpc tren cac hinh bie'u diln, cac ban ve kIthuSt don gian HS mdt cached hieu quama vemat tam li, CO sdcua cac tli thiic la qua trinh tu va tri nhdOdng thdi, HS se nSm dupc cac dd'i tupng va su kien toan hpc mdt each chJc chin hon van dung ehung Qua trinh hpc tap chiJa dung hai dang van dpng tri thiic: van dung tri thiic da thu lupm tu trudc de Tnh hdi tri thiic mdi va van dung tri thiic viia ITnh hdi xong de n l m vung Chung, thuc chat cua su van dung la giai Ihich cacbaitoan Khai thac MHTQ duoc thie't ke tu cac may tinh dien t i i ho tro day hpc H HKG Vd( nhiing uu the da dupc khSng dinh, viec sii dung may tinh dien tiise tao ddng co hpc tap tich cue dd'i ydi HS NhUng md hinh sinh ddng cu the dupc phd'i hpp nhuan nhuyin vdi am thanh, hinti anh, mau sac, van ban, dd hpa cd tac ddng tich cue vao cac giac quan ciia HS, nang cao linh tnic quan, lam cosd chp viec phat trie'n cac nang luc tu nhuphan tich, tdng hpp, so sanh, khai quat hda, tniu tupng hda, tuong tu hoa ; giup HS phat huy tinh tich cue, hiing thu hpc t i p , cd sutap trung cao dp vap ddi tupng can nghien ciiuva ludn nd luc khic pliuc khd khan hpc tap De tan dung td'i da nhiing tac dpng tren cua may tinh dien lu, can thie't ke cac MHTQ ba chieu thuc, cc mau sac, dp bdng, anh sang va phai dupc Irinh diln bing man hinh khuech dai cd Idn Idp hpc GV se dieu khien qua Irinh trinh diln cac md hinh, ddng thdi ket hpp vdi Idi ndi de tao tinh hud'ng cd van de, khuye'n khich HS nhan thiic va giai quyet Sau dd, dieu khien md hinh theo nhiing yeu cau tac dpng de kie'm chiing che nhirng nhan dinh maHS dua Trong qua trinh hpc tap, su ghi nhd cd hai hinh Ihiic: khdng chu djnh va chi! dinh Sughi nhd khdng chii djnh oac ddi lupng va si/ kipn toan hpc dien sau qua Irinh tri giac (thuc nghiem, quan sat), nha't la qua trinh suy nghT (khai quat, ve hinh bleu diln) Kllquaghi nhdkhdng chu dinh dupc nang cao HS dupc thi/c hanh, luyen tap thudng xuyen vdi cac kien thiic da hpc qua thuc nghiem, quan sat, Tam li hpc hien dai cung khang djnh rang, kha ve hinh bie'u diln, ap dung; hay ndi each khac, nhd nang tiep thu tri thiic cua HS se dupc nang cao ne'u cac hoat dpng dd ma tinh tich cue, tinh ddc lap cija cdsutac ddng ciia cac hinh thiic nhunghe, nhin mdt HS dupc bleu hien hpc tap, giup sughi nhdciia each sinh ddng Khi hpc tap vdi cac md hinh khdng cac em tci hon Khi st; ghi nhd la mdt nhiem vu gian ba chieu trinh diln tren man hinh Idn cua may tien trinh day hpc mdn Tcan a phd thdng dupc gpi la tinh dien tii, HS se dupc quan sat, so sanh giira cac ghi nhdcd chu dinh GVed the tdchiic cac heat dpng dd'i tupng Ne'u GV hudng d i n HS phan tich mptcach ghinhdchp HS thdng qua cac phuang tien day hoc toan dien cac dd'i tupng, dat ehung nhiing md'i Cac thdng tin tac dpng vap tri nhd cua HS dupc bieu lien he ban chat va suvan dpng xay tren man hinh thjmpi each don gian, rdrang dudi cao hinh thiic bie'u se giiip HS chuyen hoa tli cai cuthe'sang tniu tupng, diln, cd kem theo npi dung tdm tat bang Idi va cac ki tli tniu tupng lien len cai cu the d mdc cap hon Luc hieu dupi: siidgng.Tpch lie tdtviecnhan biet ddi tupng nay, tinh tnic quan dupc dung de chl md'i lien he Iren cac md hinh, hinh bieu dien cd tac dung Idn de'n phc'bien, lien trinh van ddng va phal trien cua cac dd'i vipcghinhdcilaHS tupng hinh hpc HS khdng chl tiep thu npi dung kien thiic ma ccn n l m dupc nhiing dudng de n l m Khi nh?n biel cac dd'i tupng toan hpc, GV can chu virng tri thiic dd Oe dat duoc nhiing tac ddng nhu yden vi^c tJp luyen cho HS hinh sii lien tudng tren, cac md hinh phai dupc thilt ke mdt each cd he giiia cac mdn hpc Viec tach "qhinhdfSianhmptnhiem thdng, phii hpp vdi npi dung day hpc va phai cd tinh vy hpc t$p khdng chl nham td'chiic tdt sughi nhdcho (kl2-4/2013)- Tap chi Giao due so 308 | 53 ddng, Tinh ddng khdng chi cho phep xem xet mo hinh dmpi gdc dp ma cho thay suvan dpng npi bpcua md hinh Nhieu edng trinh nghien cuu cua cac nha khoa hpc nghien ciJru ve tri nhd, tri giac cho thay: viec hpc tap vdi may tinh dien tuva eae Ihiet bi da phuong tien nhuvan ban, hinh ve, hinh anh ddng, hpa ket hc^ vdi am tiianh se lam tang kha nang va chat lupng cua viec ghi nhd kien thuc eua HS Thdng qua cac phan mem day hpc tren may tinh dien tu quari sat md hinh se giup HS eung mpt luc tiiuc hien dupe nhieu tiiao tac nhu: nghe, nhin, dpc va tu Cac M HTQ se gdp phan phat then kha nang Iinh hpl va ghi nhd kien thue cho HS mpt each ehlc chan De cd dupc nhi/ng uu die'm nay, cae md hinh can tiiiet ke g i n lien vdi kien ihitc trpng lam cua bai hpc, ^iup HS vua ghinhdnpi dung kien thiic, vira nim rdbieu tupng hinh hpc Khidayhpc HHKG, HSbjgidihan bdi khuon kho' ldp hpc nen chua c d s u kiem nghiem thue liln dd'i vdi cac nhan dinh cua cae em Chinh viec dua may linh dipn tl) vao M HTQ la GV da dua ca the gidi khach quan vao tn/dc m i l HS; cac em co the xem xet va dua nhan djnh hoae cung cd the dupe lac dpng vao cac mo hinh de xet cac mo hinh su van dpng, tha'y ro thupc tinh ban chat cua cac doi lupng, khing djnh tinh dung d i n hay phu djnh d e d u a nhan dmh khac Tlf dd.HScdthetuhinh von tri tiiut cho minh Che tao va sir dung cac thi nghiem (Tiep theo trang 56) soan thao tien trinh DH theo kieu DH va giaiquyet van de theo dudng thuc nghiem n h l m phat huy tinh tieh cue va phat trie'n nang luc sang t^o eua HS hpc tap cac kien thiJc ve su tu- hoa cua cac chat Cac TN che tao mdi cd gia re nen cd the cung cap nhieu bpTN cho cac tnidng phothdng Sudung nhieu bpTN de to'ehu'c cac hoat dpng nhan tiiut: cua HS se giup cho HS dupc hoat dpng ttiuc nghiem hpc lap cac kien thdc chat tiiuan tu, nghjeh tO", s i t tOf.a Tfii li$u t h a m k h a o I Nguyfin The' KhOi (ldng chu bien) - Nguyfin Phuc Thuin (chii biCn) - Nguyfin Nggc Hung - VO Thanh Khie't - Ph?m Xufin Qutf - Ph^m Dinh Thitft - Nguyfin 54 Tap chi Giao due so 308 Trong day hpc HHKG, neu GV khai ttiac hpp li, dung luc, dung cudng dp cac dang cua MHTQ lam phuong ten segdp phan phat huy tinh tich cue nhin tiiife cda HS; giup cac em vupt qua chudng ngai eac thao tac tu giiJa cai cu the va cai tofu tupng, nang cao hieu qua day hpc mon ToandJHPl.U Tai U$u t h a m kh&o NguySn B& Kim Phuvng phdp d^y h^c mOn Toto NXB 0(11 hpc suphgm H 2004 BQi van Ngh) Vfin d u n g U lufin vfio thyc tiin d^y b^c mfin Tofin a trucmg ph6 thOng NXB Dgi hgc su phgm, H 2008 D^o Tam (chu bien) - TrJn Trung T chih: ho^t d0ng nhfin thirc t r o n g d^y hqc mOn Todn d' trudng trung hQC phd th6ng NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2010 Trdn Trung (chu biSn) - D$ng XuAn Cuong - Nguy£n van Hdng - Nguy£n Danh Nam Ungdi^ngcdngngh$ thdng tin vdo d9y hpc mOn Todn d tnrimg phd thdng NXB Gido dtic Vift Nam, H 2011 SUMMARV The paper presents the exploitaUon of vtsuat models as a means for teaching spaUal geometiy contribute acUvety promote awareness ofstudents to help improve the effecUveness of teaching math in high school T r i n Trac Vfit \i 11 ndng cao NXB Gido dtic, H.2007 Nguyfin Diic ThSm (chu bien) - Nguyfin Nggc Hung - Pham Xuan Qutf P h i n m g phdp day h^c V$t H * t r u d n g phd thdng NXB Dgi hgc suphgm Hd N^i 2002 X Lucmg Duyfin Binh - Dir Tri COng - Nguyfin HOii Hd v a t u dai cuong (t?p 2) NXB Gido due H 2003 SUMMARY In the proffam 11 high school physics class, students have learnt the knowledge ofparamagneUsm diamagneUsm, ferromagneUsm and apphcaUons of these substances However, schools are not equipped with laboratory equipment to the teacher using to teach this knowledge New experiments made so cheaply can provide many of these experiments for high schools Using lots of experiments in teaching will help students to take part In experimental activiUes while learning the empirical knowledge of paramaffietlsm diamapietIsm ferromagneUsm and the appllcaUons of these sulistances -(ki2-4/2013) ... hinh khong gian, tmdc het can cung cap cho HS mpt so kien thiic can thiet nhu: cac quy tSc, quy udc ve hinh khong gian dudid^ng Injc quan GV nen de HS tuve hinh, "dpc" hinh ti>dcfn gian den phiic... ddng tich cue vao cac giac quan ciia HS, nang cao linh tnic quan, lam cosd chp viec phat trie''n cac nang luc tu nhuphan tich, tdng hpp, so sanh, khai quat hda, tniu tupng hda, tuong tu hoa ;... H 2008 D^o Tam (chu bien) - TrJn Trung T chih: ho^t d0ng nhfin thirc t r o n g d^y hqc mOn Todn d'' trudng trung hQC phd th6ng NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2010 Trdn Trung (chu biSn) - D$ng XuAn Cuong