NHUNG VAM DE CAN BAN CUA QUY TRiNH CHUAN Bl VA TIEN HANH BAI HflC OlfA THEN GIAI QUYET VAN BE NGUYEN THI H A N I '''' Hoe tap dua tren giai quyet vin rfe (GQVD) (Problem Based Leaming, viet t§t la PBL) l[.]
NHUNG VAM DE CAN BAN CUA QUY TRiNH CHUAN Bl VA TIEN HANH BAI HflC OlfA THEN GIAI QUYET VAN BE N G U Y E N THI H A N I ' H oe tap dua tren giai quyet vin rfe (GQVD) (Problem - Based Leaming, viet t§t la PBL) la mdl md hinh hgc tap lay ngudi hpc lam trung lam, dd, hoc smh (HS) hgc lap thdng qua trai nghiem GQ VD Oday, HS dugc hpc ca phuong phap tuduy va kien thue cua mdn hpe Muc dieh cua hoc lap dt/a tren GQVD la nham giup ngudi hpc phattrien kien thdc linh hoat, cae kT nang GQVD hieu qua, lu djnh hudng viec hpe, cac kTnang hop tac hieu qua va ddng CO ben Cd the ndi, viec nam bat nhQng y tudng can ban lien quan den md hinh luong dd'i d l dang, nhung de md hinh hoat ddng hieu qua lai la viec khd, ddi hoi su thuan thiJC, kha nang quyel dmh cutfie cua ngucrt day quatrinh lap kehoach (LKH) va dieu hanh hoat ddng day hpe (DH) LKH cho bai hgc dua tren GQVD Hgc tap dua tren GQVD cd dae diem la ngudi hgc lam viee theo cap hoae ttieo nhdm nho de nghien cuU cac van de mang tinh tht)thach, cd IhUc Kieu DH cd linh luong tac cao nen cijng cd y kien cho rang LKH ehi tiet la khdng can thiet, tham ehi la khdng kha thi Dieu khdng dijig LKH hgc tap dua tren GQVD, nhu quan diem lay ngudi hpc lam tnjng lam, quan diem su pham^ tuong lae, ddi hei rat nhieu no luc cdng tae chuan bj cua giao vien (GV) de tao thuan Igi xuyen suot eac giai doan eija bai hpc dua tren GQVO nham daldutJc muc lieu DH nhumong mud'n 1} Xac dinh mijc tieu Chung vamuc tieu cuthe Day la mdt ba diem quan trgng can luu y khau LKH Trudc het, can md ta hpc tap dua tren GQVD dugc thiet ke nhu the nao de dat duge cac muc dich nhu nang cao lu duy, suhieu biet cija HS, giup HS trd nhung ngudi hpc chtj dpng Du bai hpc tap tnjng vao mpt hay nhieu muc tieu nhung viee xae dinh muc tieu cho tuong lai ludn quan trpng, vi the can blen mue tieu eho ngudi hgc mdl each rd rang 2) Thietke cac tinh huong cd van defTHC VD) phu hgp Mdt THCVO lot phal dap ting it nhat lieu chi quan tn?ng: ^) Phai cdtinh thuc ^en.£i\iu nayed nghTa la, vain decan bam sat kinh nghiem thue tien eua ngudi hpc hon la theo nguyen tac cila cac mdn hgc cy the Lam thenao de ung vdi d nhiem dbien Quang 34 Tap chi Gido due so 305 Ngai la mpt vidu vevan dethuc tiin Tim hieu tac ddng cua anh sang mat trdi len cac dudng chait va nsng blen nudc am la mdt vi dii ve van de hpc thuat (khoa hpc) mdn Sinh hpe; 2) Van de it nhieu phai khd giai thich va tao cam giac mudn khim phi hoae cdphan ^uthich Cac van de khd glal thich khdng tuan theo nhi/ng cau tra Idi gian don ma ddi hoi nhieu gial phap khae nhau, mdi giai phap deu ed uu va nhugc diem rieng DT nhien, day la nhiing caied Ich cho dol thoaiva tranh luan; 3) Van de phai cdy nghia davdingu^hqc vaphu hgp vca trinh phit trien tri tue eua hg, 4} Cac vin decan durdng decho phep G V dat duge cic muc tieuDHnh\/ng dugc gidi han vtja phal de bai hpe khathi gidi han thdi gian, khdng gian vaphuong tien sin cd; 5) Phai huy dgng dugc ndluc tip the, chd khong phaibjcantrdbdinhdm Phan \bn caciinh hud'ng mang tinh thuthach nhim kham pha mdi quan he nguyen nhan • he qua pham vi mot chu de hoae dat cau hdl "vl sao" hay "&m gi xay neu " Cd vd sd cae tinh hud'ng mang tinh thd thach mpi finh vuc GV nen luu y nhiing diem sau: - NghTve tinh hud'ng chiJa dung mptvan de hay mdt ehij de cd tinh thach dd'i vdi minh Tinh hud'ng phaidat mdt cau hdl hay mptvan deyeu cau giai thich bang each phan tich nguyen nhan - he quava/hoac cho ngudi hoc CO datgia thuyet va suy luan; - Xac dinh xem tinh hud'ng cd gay thu cho ngudi hpe vaedphuhgp vdl trinh dp phattrien tri tuecua ho khdng; -Can nhac xem cdthetrinh bay THCVO bang each thuc de hieu dd'i vcfl ngudi hpc ya lam noi bat linh "Ihach do" cua nd khdng; • Can nhac tinh kha &ii eua viec GQVD Lieu ngudi hpc cdthetien hanh nghi§n cuu dat kel qua theo thdi gian quy djnh vdi cac nguon tham khao tiep can dugc khdng? Tien hanh bai hoc dua tren GQVD Giaidoan 1: Binh hudng ngudihoc vao van de: Khi bat dau bai hgc dua tren GQVO, cung nhu dd'i vdi cac Ioal bal hgc khae, G V thdng bao mdt each rd rang mue tieu cua bai hpc, tao mpt thai dp tich cUc hudng vao bai hgc va md ta nhimg viec ngudi hpc * He sail dai hoc - Hoc vien Chmh tri -(kil-3/2013) dugc yeu cau lam Vdi HS nhd hay nhimg ngudi trudc dd chua tham gia vao bai hpc dua tren GQVD, G V cung phal giai thich cu the quy trinh cua md hinh hgc tap Luu y nhQng diem sau: - Nhi/ng muc tieu Chung eiia bai khdrig nham linh hgi mdt lugng ldn thdng tin ma\manhim tim hieu cic van dequan trgng vi detra nhung ngudi hgc doe lip Od'i vdl HS nhd, quan diem cd the duoe giai thieh mpteach don gian la: l u minh kham pha, GQVD"; • Van de hoae eau hoi dang dugc lim hieu khdng cd cau tra Idi luyel dd'i "dung", va hau het cac van de phuc t^p ed nhieu gial phap, ddi cd nhung giai phap dd'i lap nhau; - Trong gial doan tim hieu van de, HS se dugckhuyen khich dat cau hoi va tim eau tra Idi GV se hd trg, nhung HS can co siJc lam viec ddc lap hoae vdi nhdm ban; - Trong qua Irinh phan tich va giai thieh, ngudi hpc se dugc khuyen khich the hien cac y ludng mdt each tu va edi md Se khdng ed y kien nao bj GV hay bein eung ldp che cudi MgiHS se cdcohgiddng gdp vao qua trinh tim hieu va bdc Id ytudng eua minh can dugc day each trdthanh mdt ngudi dieu tra nang ddng ya each si/dung cac phuong phap phu hcrp ddi vdi van de hpdang nghien euu nhu: phdng van, quan sat, danh gia, xin y kien chuyen gia, hay each ghi chep HS cung can dugc day ca phep giao tiep lich su dieu tra -Bit gia thuyet, giai thieh vide xua't giai phip:Sau da thu thap du dii lieu va tien hanh cac thu nghiem tren hien tugng dang dieu tra, HS se dua cac gia thuyet, each luan glai va eac giai phap Can luu y rang, su hd trg cua G V ddi vdi viec trao ddi y tudng va chap nh^an cac ytudng la cdtinh bat budc gial doan tim hieu ciia md hinh hgc lap dya tren GQVD Trong giai doan nay, GVnen trg giLipchdkhdng xam nhap vao cdng viec cua HS Ddi vdi mdl sd duan va mdt so HS, GVse can phai sat canh giup dddjnhvi cae ndi dung va nhac nhdnhlemvu phai hoan thanh.Tuy nhien,ddi vdi mdt sd'duan khac vanhung HS khac, GVed thedung sang mot ben va eho phep HS di theo eac phudng hudng va quyen chu dpng cOa rieng ho Giaidoan 4: Phattrien vi bao cao, trinh bay, Dieu quan trgng gial doan la viec dinh cdng bd'cac san pham Ke'tlep glal doan dieu tra la hudng vao THCVD setao CO sQfchoqua trinh llm hieu viee^tao lap cac sin phih (artHacls) va eong bdsan lien luc, dd phan trinh bay cuaGV phai ldi euon dugc pham (exhibits) Cac san pham la dang cao hon van ngudi hgc va kich thich sutd md, pha'n khcfi ban bao eao Chung gom nhi/ng thd nhu bang ghi Giaidoan 2: To cht/c cho ngudihoc nghien hinh thehien THCVD hay glai phap eho THCVO,eac cdu: Hgc tap d t ^ tren GQVD ddi hoi GV phat trien chuong trinh vitinh va cac dang Irinh bay da phuong cac kTnang hgp tae giiia cac HS de cijng tim lien Dt nhien, muc dp linh vi cda eac san pham cu ^ e hiS'u va'n de va LKH Ihuc hien nhiem vu dilu tra, bao phij, thupc chat che vao dp tuol va kha nang ci/a HS cao Cac nhdm nghien euu cd the dugc hinh Chan^ han, mdt ap phieh cOaHS 10 tuol trinh bay ve mpt each tu nguyen theo md'i quan he ban be hay d nhiem nudc se lihac biet Idn so vdl ban thiet kempt theo mpt sd' cacti sap xep can cd vao ye'u to xa hdi phuong tien mu'c dp d nhiem nudc cija mpt HS 16 ludi hay mdl sinh vien hoae nhan Ihiie Giaidoan 3: Hdtrgedng vfSc dieu tra cua ca nhan vacae nhdm:Q\eu tra, bat luan la dieu tra ddc lap, theo ddi, hay theo nhdm nho, la phan cot ldi cua mdhinh hgctapdi/atren GQVD Macdu moi THCVO ddi hoi nhiing kT thuat dieu tra khac biet nhat dinh, song phan ldn deu bao gom quatrinh thu th?p dulieu vathu'nghiem,dat gia thuyet vaglai Ihich,dexuat cac giai phap - Thu thap ditlieu va thunghlem: Day la cdng viee rat quan trgng GV khuye'n khich HS thu thap d i i ligu vatien hanh cac thi} nghiem cho de'n nao hieu day ducac chieu kich eua THCVO Muc dich eua viec la de HS thu thap du thdng tin va thiel lap cac ytudng cija rieng minh Glai_doan khdng chi don gian la dpc sach G V can hd trg HS viec tap hgp thdng tin hJcac nguon da dang, va can dat cau hoi khien HS suy nghTve van de cung nhu ve cac Ioal thdng tin can thietdetiendS'n cac giai phap cdthebaovedugc.HS Sau cac san pham dugc phattrien, GV thucffig td'chuc tn/ng bay cdng khai qua cua HS Viec edng bo can ed su tham gia cua eae khari gia (nhu: HS,GV, cha me, va nhung ngucrt khac) de moi ngudi quan sat va danh gia; hoae edng bo d dang thuyet trinh, tn/c quan qua dd trao ddi y tudng va t i ^ nhan y kien phan hoi Cae trang w^eb eung eho phep HS tn/ng bay kel qua cdng viec cua minh tn/e tuyen va tham gia thi dau vdl nhiing HS khae neu eac em tht/c sumong mud'n Qua trinh cdng bd'dugc dua len trang thai cao hdn neu nhueha me, HS vacae vien cdng dong cung tham gia cung nhu neu phan cdng bo ehiing to su am hieu sau sac cua HS dd'i vdi cac chu de eu the Giai doan 5: Phin tich va danh gia qua trinh GO I'f?; Budc cudi cung hgc tap dua tren GQVD bao gom cac hoatdgng nham mue dieh giiip HS phan tieh va danh giaqua trinh tuduy cua chinh minh ciJng Tap chi Gido due so 305 (ki 1-3/2013)- 35 nhu cac kT nang dieu tra, kT nang tu ma hp da su dyng Trong sudt giai doan nay, GV de nghj HS dung lai hoat ddng cac em da lam eae giai doan khac cua bai hpc Khi nao cac em bat dau hieu biel ro rang ve THCVD ay? Khi nao cac em bat dau cam thay tu tin vao nhirng gial phap cu the? Vi cac em chap nhan mpt socach luan glal mdt each san sang hon nhiing ngudi khac? Vi cac em phij nhgn mdl socach luan giai? Vi cae em thdng nha't duge glai phap cudi cting? Cac em ed thay dol each suy nghT ciJa minh vetinh hudng ddkhiquatrinh dieu tra dang dien khdng? Dieu gi gay nen su thay ddi nay? Lan sau eae em se lam gikhacdi? Tdm lai, quy trinh ehuan bi va tien hanh bai hgc dua tren GQVD can sunghien ciiu ki luwig, cdng phu ctia GV Tat ca cac cdng vipc ma GV lam deu phai the hien duge vai trd ngutji hudng dan, ngudi cd'va'n cho hgc trd Thuc hien lot quy trinh tren GV ed the thu dugc nhiing ket qua kha quan van dung md hinh day va hpc tieh cue nay.Q Tai li^u tham khao I NguySn Lang Binh Day vA hoc ti'ch circ Di/anVi^l-Bi,HaN6i.20]0 Doroihy H E v e n s e n Cindy E Hmelo Cindy E Hmelo-Silvcr Problembased Learning: \ Research Perspective on l e a r n i n g I n t e r a c t i o n s Taylor - Francis Publishing Company, 2000 Kenneth T.Henson Ben F Etler Education P s y c h o l o g y for E f f e c t i v e T e a c h i n g Wadsworlh Publishing Company, 1999 Mpt sO' trang w e b : I http:// www.acs.edu.au/enrol-ment/prohlem-basedlearn ing/de Fault, asp X hup:// en.wikipedia org/wi ki/ProhIp based learning SUMMARY Problem - Based Leaming fPBL) Is astudent-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject through the experience of problem solving The constructs for teaching PBL are very different from traditional classroom/lecture teaching This article describes problem-based lesson planning and conducUon It focuses on the tive phases of problem-based leaming and required teacher behaviors for each phase 36 Tap chi Gido due so 305 Thirc trang va mot so giai ptiap (Tiep theo trang 8) dong, TTGDTX va eac co sdday nghe, vdl cac eo sdsan xuat, cae doanh nghiep tao "dau ra" cho hgc vien dao tao xong Viee dao tao tai cae co sd san xuat, cae nha may xl nghiep la glaiphap hiiu hieu eho bal loan PLHS sau THCS va THPT PLHS thdng vao he thdng day nghe la van de can duge quan tam giai quyet, khdng the mot sdm mdt chieu va cung khdnp phai la viec cua rieng nganh GD-DT Suphoi hgp cua ta't ca eac co quan, ban, nganh lien quan, dae bi|t nganh Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi la rat quan trpng, nhani dubao nhu eau xa hdi vedao tao nghe, tang quy md vdi CO cau hgp 11 phat trien dao lao nghe, lay dd lam can cti de PLHS thdng (sau THCS va THPT) vao he thd'ng day nghe.thuchien lot Chien lugcphal trien Day nghethcriki 20112020; dao lao nguon nhan luc lao dpng cd tay nghe phuc vu phattrien KT-XH caciinh Bae Trung bd ndi rieng vaca nudc ndi ehung, tao nen tang quan trong cdng cudc cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qude le • (1) v a n kien Dai h^i B a n g U n thu- IX NXB Chinh trj qud'c gia H 200], XT.\09 Tai lieu (ham khao Thli luong Chinh phii Quyit dinh s/f 630/QD-7Tg, ngdy 29/5/2012 Phe duyet Chiin liwc phdl Iriin Day nghi ih&i ki 2011-2020 Bao cao H6i ihao Cdc phuong phdp phdn ludng hpc sinh •!au trung hpc ca.savd Irung hoc phd'thdng 11/9/2009 cua Bo Giao due & Dao Tao UBND ifnh Ha T^nh D^ dn Ndng cao chdl lupng ngudn nhdn luc tinh Hd Tinh giai doan 2011-2020 NguySn Van Le - Ha The' Truyfin - Biii Van QuSn, MOt stf va'n de huirng nghidp cho hoc sinh phd thdng NXB Dgi hpc supham, H 2004 Phiing Dinh M5n - Phan Minh Ti^n - Trircmg Thanh Thiiy Mdt s^ vSn de ca b i n v^ boat ddng gido due hvi6ng n ^ ^ p d' t r u v n g trung hoc phfi thdng NXB Gido due, H 2005 SUMMARY Over the past few years, ramification of secondary and high school graduates in vocaUonal training system In Northem Centra! provinces in particular and nationwide in general has noi gained good results There are several causes of this situation, but mam reasons are that students themselves and their parents prefer university and college educaUon to vocational training: provincal vocational training network has not met the scale and quality requirements; treatment policy for VocaUonal training and post - graduate employment has not received proper consideration In order to improve the quality of weU - skilled human resource It is necessary for provinces to take measures: to raise the awareness of community and society, to provide useful guidence for students at the last form of secondary and high school, as well as to develop appropriate policies and mechanisms -(kil- 312013) ... hay nhimg ngudi trudc dd chua tham gia vao bai hpc dua tren GQVD, G V cung phal giai thich cu the quy trinh cua md hinh hgc tap Luu y nhQng diem sau: - Nhi/ng muc tieu Chung eiia bai khdrig nham... sd''duan khac vanhung HS khac, GVed thedung sang mot ben va eho phep HS di theo eac phudng hudng va quyen chu dpng cOa rieng ho Giaidoan 4: Phattrien vi bao cao, trinh bay, Dieu quan trgng gial doan... tra dang dien khdng? Dieu gi gay nen su thay ddi nay? Lan sau eae em se lam gikhacdi? Tdm lai, quy trinh ehuan bi va tien hanh bai hgc dua tren GQVD can sunghien ciiu ki luwig, cdng phu ctia