Giải pháp giải quyết vấn đề việc làm và thu nhập của thanh niên nước ta hiện nay

GIAI PHAP GIAI QUYET VAN DE VIEC LAM VA THU NHAP CUA THANH NIEN NUOC TA HIEN NAY TS Truong Xuan Cif Ban Chi dao Tdy Bdc TOM TAT Viec Idm vd thu nhap la mot nhimg van de quan hdng ddu doi vdi ihanh nien nude ta hien nay, neu khong ndi Id quan nhdl Ket qud khdo sal thuc te cho thdy, chdt luong lao dong cua nien cdn kha thap So nien chua duac ddo tgo cdn chiem ty le Idn, dac biel a khu vuc ndng thon Ty le nien lam viec thudc lao ddng gian dan cdn khd cao Thu nhgp cua nien Id khd thdp Tir khoa: Viec Idm; Thu nhgp: Thanh nien; Gidi phap Ngdy nhdn bdi: 18/4/2017; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/4/2017 ABSTRACT Job and income are of great importance for youth in Viet Nam nowadays Findings show that the quality of young labour force is quite low A big number of youth lacks education and vocational training, especially in rural areas The rale of unskilled workers among youth is high Youth's income is generally low Keyword: Job, Income: Youth Solution Dat van de Ve van dc nghe nghiep va viec lam ctia nien, so lupng va ty le nien o nuoc ta tham gia hoat dong kinh te tang dan Theo ket qua dieu tra lao dong va viec lam loan quoc ciia Bo Lao dong, Thuong binh va Xa hoi: nam 2008, so nien hoat dong kinh te ciia ca nuoc la hon 16 trieu nguoi, chiem 67,2% tdng s6 nien (38.7% luc lupng lao dong xa hoi) (6) Nam 2009, s6 nien hoat dong kinh te la g4n 18 trieu nguoi, chiam 75,4% tdng s6 nien (36,6% luc lupTig lao dong xa hoi) Trong thang d^u nam 2010, tdng s6 nien tham gia hoat dong kinh te la 17,6 trieu ngudi, chi6m 76,0% tdng sd nien (36,6% luc luong lao ddng xa hoi) C o c i u nganh ngh6 cua nien cd sir thay ddi theo xu hudng tang d^n luc lupng lao ddng nganh dich vu va ndng lam, ngu nghiep; giam dan luc luong lao dong nganh cdng TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So'5 (218), - 2017 nghiep, xay dung Nam 2008, ty le nien lao dong ITnh vire dich vu la 25,5%;' nong, lam, ngu nghiep la 47,3% va eong nghiep, xSy dung la 27,2% Nam 2009, ty le nien tham gia linh vuc djch vu la 23,8%; nong, lam, ngu nghiep la 48,5%; cong nghiep, xay dung la 27,7% Trinh chuyen mon, ky thuat nghiep vu cua nien tham gia hoat dong kinh te cang gia tang Thanh nien co trinh trung ckp chuyen nghiep tang tir 4,1% (nam 2008) len 6,2% (nam 2009) va 6,5% (6 thang dku nam 2010) Thanh nien co trinh cao ding, dai hpc tang nhanh tit 5,5% (nam 2008) len 7,8% (nam 2009) va 8,7% (6 thang dliu nam 2010) Tuy vay, viec lam va thu nhap hien cua nien vkn la v§n di ckn dupe quan tam Ty le nien tot nghiep dai hoc va cao dang khong tim duge viec lam dilng nganh nghe dugc dao tao van chiem ty le cao Do trinh dp chuyen mpn khong eao nen thu nhap ciia nien van kha thdp, dac biet nien lain viec tai cac khu cong nghiep Van de doi hoi Nha nuoc can co nhung giai phap giai quyet van de viec lam va thu nhap cho nien hieu qua, phit ht;ip hon Dir bao bien doi viec lam va thu nhap ciia nien den nam 2020 Bdi canh kinh te - xd hdi qudc te Ve kinh te, tir nam 2010, cupc khung hoang tai chinh the giai da dupe kiem soat nho Chinh phu cac nuoc can thiep kip thoi biing nhieu bien phap tich cue khien nen kinh te loan can tro nen khii quan hon Tuy vay, hau qua sau sac cua khiing hoang van Ion tai voi sir hien hiju cua nhung nguy co giiy bat on dinh vT mo nhu lam phat, that nghiep, tham hiit ngan sach tang cao, no cong va no doanh nghiep a mire kho kiem soat, sir bien dong kho luong cua gia dau, gia vang va cac mat hang co ban Ve chinh Iri - xa hoi, ben canh nhOng vkn de noi bat ve kinh xi, nhung nam toi, tinh hinh chinh tri - xa hoi the gidi va khu vuc ti^p luc dien bien phire tap, tae dong nhieu mat den moi truong an ninh va sir phai trien ctia eac quoc gia Hoa binh, hop lac va phat trien vkn la xu Ibi Ion nhung chi^n iranh ciie bp, xung dot vfl trang, khung bo quoc te, bSt 6n chinh tri - xa hoi a mot so nutre tiep luc dien bien phtre tap Boi eanh kinh le - xa hoi qudc li tac dong nhdl dinh din vkn di lao dpng, viec lain va thu nhap ciia nitjn Ci mpl s6 qu6c gia ma chung la van xujl khau lao dong voi so lupng Ion hang nam thi nhi6u doanh nghiep cua eac quoc gia co xu hudng than trpng viec thuc lao ddng Diju lam cho viec xuat khau lao ddng vdi ddi tugng la nien gap khd khan Bdi cdnh kinh te, chinh Iri, xd hdi nude Ve kinh te Irong bdi canh kinh tj loan cku dang ed dSu hieu phuc hdi Viet 20 TAP CHI'TAM Vi HOC, Sd5 (218), 5-2017 Nam la mot nhOng nude a khu vuc chau A co toe dp tang truong kha nhanh sau cupc khung hoang Co dugc k6t qua la Dang, Nha nude va Chinh phu da kip thai dua nhOng giai phap quan trpng nhjm dua nin kinh te dat nude thoat khdi tinh trang suy thoai Chinh phu da dua nhimg giai phap bao dam dn dinh kinh te vl mo, khdng di lam phat cao Tuy nhien, nin kinh ti nude cdn gap kho khan nhu: mpt sd can ddi kinh ti vT mp trpng nude cd bieu hien chua on djnh, cung vdi han han keo dai va djch benh xay tren cay trong, vat nudi, gay anh hudng nhieu den san xudt va ddi sdng dan eu - yi phia nien, dan sd ihanh nien cCing la mpt yeu td tae dpng true tiep den van de viec lam va thu nhap eua hp Thep sp lieu eila Tdng cue Thdng ke, dan sd nien tinh din thang 6/2010 la 23.158.416 ngudi, chi6m 26,6% dan sd ca nude; dd, nam chiem 50,1% va nil chiSm 49,9% Ca can dan sd nien theo khu vuc cd xu hudng tang dan sd luong nien lam viec, sinh sdng d khu vire dd thj va giam dan sd lugng nien khu vite nang thdn Sd lieu thong ke ctia Bd Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xa hdi va Bd Giao iuc va Dao tao cho thay, ben eanh sd ddng nien true tiep tham gia lam viec cac phan kinh te (chiem 76%), eon lai la sd nien dang qua trinh hpc tap van hda, nghe nghiep (chiem 24%) Ket qua dieu tra lao dpng va viec lam nhung nam gan day cho thay, ty le nien tham gia hoat dpng kinh te cang lang Theo thdng ke cua Bp Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xa hoi, ty le Ihanh nien dp tudi lao dpng thieu viec lam tang tu 3,0% (nam 2008) len 5,6% (nam 2009) va trpng thang dau nam 2010 lii 4,8% Tinh trang that nghiep ciing ed xu hudng tang manh va tap trung ehii yeu d nhdm nien dd thi Ty le nien thiit nghiep lai Ihanh thj la 8,2%, eao gan giip hai lan ndng thdn la 4,4% Mat khac, nen kinh te phuc hdi, cac khu cdng nghiep, cac nha may hoat dpng Ird lai mpl each binh Ihudng va tiep lue phai trien eac doanh nghiep, CO sd san xuat mdi nen ngudi lao dpng da cd nhieu co hdi de lira chon Hon nu'a yeu eau ve vice lam (nhu dieu kien, mdi trudng lam viec, iuong, nha d ) eua ngudi lao ddng hien eiing cao hon thay vi chap nhan moi dieu kien lam viec (ke ca lucmg thiip mien la cd vice lam) nhu trude day Dieu ly giai tai thai gian gan day, d mpt sd noi, thi trudng lao ddng phat Iriln, tham chi nhieu doanh nghiep, co sd san xuat roi \ao linh trang thieu lao ddng nghiem trpng nhung ty le nien that nghiep van cao Hau het nien hien cd xu hudng di hpc dai hpc cao ding, xu hudng di lam lao dpng phd Ihiing lii khdng nhiju (21,3%) I'htrc It} Iheo Ihdng ke ctia Bp Ciao due va Dao tao nam hpc 2009 - 2010, loan qudc cd 600.000 TAP CHi TAM It HOC, Sd (218), - 2017 thi sinh thi tnigt dai hoe va 112.838 hoc sinh thi frupt trung hoc thong nhung nhigu hpc smh vkn khdng mudn theo dudng hoc nghe Thanh nien hiSn cd xu hudng lija- chon nhdm nghg kinh doanh thuong mai, djch vu nhiSu nhit (67,9%), bi6u hien ro net hom d nhdm nien hpc sinh (80,5%) va sinh vien (71,7%) Rit it nien lira ehpn cong viec nghien ciiu khoa hgc (11,5%) va hoat dpng chinh tri (12,4%) Ve chinh saeh dao tao nghi cho nien, nam 2012 la nam tiep tue thue hiSn Bi an "Dao tao nghS cho lao ddng nong thdn den nam 2020" ban hanh theo Quylt djnh sd 1956/QD-TTg 27/11/2009 eua Thu ludng Chinh phil Vdi Bi an nay, hang nam chung ta se dao tao nghe cho trieu lao dpng ndng thdn, dd, chu yiu la nien Vice thue hien de an se gdp phin quan trpng vap viec dap tao nghi, tao cdng an viec lam cho nien ndng thdn thdi gian Idi Giai phap giai quyet viec lam va thu nhap ciia nien hien De cd them co sd de xuat eac giai phap giai quyet van de viec lam va thu nhap ciia nien hien nay, chung loi da lim hieu danh gia cua nien ve nhirng khd khan ve viec lam va thu nhap ciia minh, danh gia cua cac can bd quan ly d mtpt sd dja phuong ve viec thirc hien eac chinh sach ddi vdi nien hien nay, dac biet la nhirng khd khan viec thue hien chinh saeh 3.1 Ddnh gid viec thuc hien cdc chinh sdch ve viec Idm vd thu nhap cua nien Tu ket qua khtio sat vice trien khai thuc hien cac chinh sach ve viec lam va thu nhap ctia Ihanh nien chung toi thu dupe ket quti nhu sau: - Nhirng chinh sdch ve viec idm vd thu nhap cua nien da duac time hien cd hieu qud Theo danh gia eita cac dia phuang thi nhttng chinh saeh sau vi viec lam va thu nhap cua nien da dupe thue hien cd hieu qua: 1) Chinh sach Dao tao nghe cho Ihanh nien ndng thdn 2) Chinh saeh ciia Nha nude ddi vdi nien xung phong 3) Chinh sach ddi vdi nien cd tai nang 4) Chinh sach cho nien vay vdn de lap than, lap nghiep 5) Chinh sach cho nien ngheo vay vdn hoc tap 6) Chinh sach Tin dung uu dai cho nien vay vdn lao vice lam 7) Hdi cho viec Itim eho Ihanh nien 8) Gidi thieu va dao tao nghe miln phi TAP CHI'TAM Vi HOC, Sd5 (218), 5-2017 - Nhimg chinh sdch vi viec lam vd thu nhap ciia nien thuc Men chua that hieu qua 1) Chinh sach Tao ngudn vdn cho nien phat trien kinh te tai dia phucmg thuc hien chua cd hieu qua cao thiSu ngudn vdn cho nien de hp phat trien kinh te tai dja phuang 2) Chinh saeh Lap lang nien d nhQng viing sau, viing xa, viing ddng bao dan toe chua hieu qua, vi qua trinh diu tu chua ddng bd, cae dieh vu xa hdi ca ban chua duge dap ung 3) Cae hdi nghi tu vin gidi thieu viec lam chua dugc thuc hien hieu qua, bdi vi eac eg quan, don vi tra luong thip, chua phii hgp vdi nguyen vpng cila nien 4) Chinh sach Day nghe va tap viec lam cho nien chua hieu qua vi dau tu nho gipt va it nen hieu qua khdng cao, vi chuong trinh dao tao nghe chua sat vdi thuc td, nhirng nganh nghe dao tao khd xin viec lam va thu nhap thap 5) Chinh sach Tao viec lam eho nhung ngudi noi giai phdng mat bang thu hdi dit cdn khd khan, vi hau nhu nhung ngudi lao ddng d day deu chua qua dao tao ngh^ nen hp khd tham gia vao cae hoat ddng dich vu d cac khu vuc 3.2 I^ot sd khd khdn cua nien lien quan den viic Idm vd thu nhap - Mot sd khd khdn ca bdn Hien va cd the vai nam Idi, nien gap mpt sd khd khan co ban lien quan d6n viec lam va thu nhap Nhirng khd khan gay trd ngai cho Ihanh nien viec tiep can eac co hoi tim kiem viec lam va nang cao thu nhap cua minh Cd the neu mot sd khd khan sau: 1) Khd khan vi; Irinh dp chuyen tndn 2) Khd khan ve nang lire lam viec 3) Khd khiSn ve nang lire canh Iranh 4) Khd khan ve tiep can tri thirc, phuong phap lam viec mdi 5) Khd khan ve trinh dp ngoai ngir 6) Khd khan ve thay ddi thdi quen 7) Khd khan ve mdi truiyng lam viec, dieu kien lam vice TAPCHITAMLVHOC, Sd5(218), 5-2017 23 - NhOng khd khdn ve phia nien Qua khao sat thirc tien, chiing tdi nhan thiy, cd nhirng khd khan sau tir phia ban than nien giai quySt vin de viec lam va thu nhap: 1) Nhan thirc va trinh dp eiia da sd nien cdn thap 2) Thanh nien ti6p can vdi cai mdi, tri thuc, trinh dp nhan thuc vi khoa hpc ky thuat cdn han chi, nhit la nien ndng thdn 3) Tac phong lam viec cdng nghiep ciia nien chua cao 4) Trinh dp ngoai ngu eua da sd nien cdn thap 5) Thanh nien cd sue khde, ed trinh do, nang lire nhung cdn thieu kinh nghiem thuc tien 6) Nhiiu nien khdng ed nhu eiu tham gia lao ddng, san xuat cae nghi nang nhpc, hp ludi lap ddng 7) Nhiiu nien sdng phu Ihupe vao cha me, khdng chii ddng nang eao trinh dp de tiep can vdi vice lam 8) Van eon mpt bd phan khdng nhd nien e