Việc làm và thu nhập của lao động nhập cư

T H A N H TL/U H O A T D Q N G K H , C N V A M T V I E • C L A M V A T CUA LAO DONG NHAP CU H • U N H • A P • belt/ ThS Nguyen Quoc Nghi, ThS Huynh Tntitng Huy Khoa Kinh te - QTKD Trifdng Dai hoc Can Tho N ghien ctfu nham phan anh thu'c trang van de viec lam va thu nhap ciia lao dong nhap cu" tai TP Can Thd Sd' lieu sir dung nghien ctfu dtfdc thu thap ttf cudc dieu tra trtfc tiep 100 lao ddng nhap ctf tai TP Can Thd Phtfdng phap thd'ng ke md ta dtfdc stf dung de phan anh thtfc trang lao ddng va thu nhap cua lao dong nhap ctf va phtfdng phap hoi qui tuyen tinh da bien dtfdc stf dung de tfdc ltfdng cac yeu to' anh htfdng de'n thu nhap cua dd'i ttfdng nghien ctfu Ket qua phan tich cho thay ltfc ltfdng lao ddng nhap ctf cd tudi kha tre va it kinh nghiem, trinh chuyen mdn nghiep vu kha thap, mtfc thu nhap trung binh ciia lao ddng nhap ctf vao TP Can Thd du de trang trai chi phi cho cudc sd'ng va cd the tich luy Thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap ctf vao TP Can Thd cd mdi quan he chat che vdi cac yeu to nhtf: gidi tinh ciia lao ddng, trinh dd hoc van, cdng viec hien tai ciia lao ddng, kinh nghiem lam viec ciia lao ddng, loai hinh doanh nghiep ndi lao ddng dang lam viec va lao ddng cd ky ket hdp ddng lao ddng vdi doanh nghiep hay khdng D A T V A N DE Viec lam, thu nhap, ddi sd'ng ciia nhieu ngtfdi lao ddng van la nhtfng van de btfc xiic xa hdi hien Viec lam td't, thu nhap on dinh ddng nghla vdi viec kinh te'cua ngtfdi lao ddng se dtfdc dam bao hdn Dieu tra gan day ciia Tong cue Thd'ng ke cho thay, so' lao ddng di cu" cd ldi 2/3 la lao ddng tre (15-29 tudi), hdn 50% di ctf la de tim viec lam va 47% la de cai thien dieu kien sd'ng Ve cd ban, nhtfng ngtfdi di ctf deu tim dtfdc viec lam va ndi chon nhieu nhat la cac phd' ldn cac tinh cd nhieu khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat nhtf TP Ho Chi Minh, Binh Dtfdng, Can Thd, Theo thd'ng ke ciia Bd Lao ddng, Thtfdng binh & Xa hdi thi so'ngtfdi lao ddng nhap ctf den TP Can Thd nam 2007 la 7.300 ngtfdi, chiem khoang 6,3% va day ciing la ty le cao nhat so vdi eac tinh ddng bang sdng Ctfu Long V d i ltfu ltfdng lao ddng nhap ctf qua ldn da gay khdng it khd khan cho TP Can Thd nhtf tinh trang dtf thtfa lao ddng, cd sd tang khdng dap ting kip thdi, cac te nan xa hdi de phat sinh, Mac du vay, lao ddng nhap ctf cung gdp phan cung cap ltfc ltfdng lao ddng ddi dao cho cac phan kinh te, dac biet la cac khu cdng nghiep Thirc te, khdng nhieu nghien ctfu de cap den van de V i the bai viet se giai quyet cac muc tieu: (i) M d ta thtfc trang viec lam va thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap ctf tai TP Can Thd; (ii) Phan tich cac yeu td anh htfdng de'n thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap ctf vao TP Can Thd PHlJdNG PHAP P H A N T I C H Sd' lieu thtf cap dtfdc thu thap ttf Cue Thd'ng ke TP Can Thd, cac bao cao ve dan so' va lao dong ciia Sd Lao ddng Thtfdng binh va Xa hdi TP Can Thd So'lieu sd cap dtfdc thu thap tir 14 TAP CHI KHOA HOC CAN THO T H A N H TL/U H O A T P O N G K H , CN VA MT 100 lao dong nhap cu" dang lam viec tai TP Can ThO, do: 77 trirdng hpp la lao dong nhap cuf tir cac tinh khu vtfc DBSCL 23 tnrdng hdp la lao ddng di cu" phd Thdng tin thu thap bao gdm: dac diem nhan khau, trinh dd hoc van, chuyen mdn, cdng viec va thu nhap Nghien ctfu stf dung phtfdng phap thdng ke md ta vdi cac chi tieu nghien ctfu (sd trung binh, ti le, tan suat ) de phan anh thtfc trang lao ddng va thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap ctf vao TP Can Thd Ben canh do, phtfdng phap hdi qui tuyen tinh da bien dtfdc su* dung de tfdc ltfdng cac yeu to" anh htfdng den thu nhap cua lao ddng nhap ctf K E T Q U A N G H I E N CLfU V A T H A O L U A N M p t so'dac diem cua lao dpng nhap cu* t a i TP Can Tho* Theo ket qua nghien cdu, lao ddng nhap ctf tai TP Can Thd cd mdt so' dac diem sau: (1) Lao ddng nhap ctf da so'la nien, kha tre, tap trung vao dd tudi ttf 18 den 35 la chu yeu, chiem hdn 86% sd'lao dpng nhap ctf vi the kinh nghiem lam viec ciia ltfc ltfdng lao ddng kha thap, khoang 50% lao ddng cd kinh nghiem dtfdi nam (2) Ben canh do, phan ldn lao ddng nhap ctf chtfa qua dao tao chiem ty le kha cao 68%, ty le lao dpng qua dao tao nghe va dat trinh dp cao dang trd len eon rat thap chiem khoang 20% tdng sd' lao ddng Day la van de can quan tam ddi vdi lao ddng qua trinh dich chuyen va cai thien thu nhap; bdi v i , theo cac nghien ctfu cho thay trinh dp van hda, ky nang nghe nghiep gdp phan tich ctfc cai thien thu nhap ciia hp (3) Lao ddng nhap ctf vao TP Can Thd khdng cd stf khac biet ldn ve gidi tinh, cu the nam chiem 59% va ntf chiem % Dieu cho thay, TP Can Thd cd vide lam phong phii, da dang nganh nghe ma ca nam va ntf deu cd the tham gia dtfdc Khoang 70% la lao ddng ddc than de'n lam viec tai TP Can Thd v i day la nhdm ngtfdi khdng bi rang budc ve gia dinh, ho de dang rdi que de tim nhu'ng cd hdi td't hdn cudc sd'ng va de hda nhap vdi mdi trtfdng sd'ng mdi Cach thdc tiep can thdng t i n viec lam Qua trinh lao ddng dich chuyen can phai cd thdng tin chinh xac ndi de'n, cd hdi viec lam ciia ndi ma hp nhap ctf Cd nhieu each de ngtfdi lao ddng tiep can thdng tin viec lam nhtf ngtfdi than, han be gidi thieu, hay cdng ty thdng bao tuyen dung hoac ttf cac phtfdng tien truyen thdng, Qua khao sat cho thay, cd de'n 46% so' lao ddng cho rang ngudn thdng tin chii yeu ma ho tiep can la ttf ngirdi than, ban be v i day la ngudn thdng tin cd dp chinh xac cao Thdng tin ttf cdng ty tuyen dung cung chiem ty kha cao dd'i vdi ngtfdi lao ddng (khoang 22%), ngudn thdng tin se giiip ngirdi lao ddng hieu ro quy md ciia cdng ty, dia diem lam viec va ndi dung cdng viec can tuyen Qua ket qua khao sat lao ddng nhap ctf tai TP Can Thd thi hau het nhtfng lao ddng sau da cd dtfdc vice lam thi ho it tim hieu thdng tin ve cdng viec mdi, dieu cho thay lao dpng nhap cu* da tim hieu kha ky ve cdng viec trtfdc nhap ctf nen tinh chat thay ddi cdng viec la rat thap Cac yeu td anh htfdng de'n thu nhap eua lao dpng nhap cu* Thtfc le nghien ctfu cho thay, lao ddng nhap ctf vao TP Can Thd gitf vai trd quan ly hay cd chtfc vu thi thu nhap trung binh khoang 5.8 trieu ddng/thang, cao nhat la 10 trieu ddng va thap nhat hi 2,6 trieu ddng/thang Nhu'ng lao dpng ttf kinh doanh nhtf ban quan ntfdc, ban tap hda cd thu nhap trung binh khoang 3,7 trieu ddng/thang Nhdm lao ddng cd bang cap hay nhan vien ban hang cd thu nhap trung binh thap hdn ttf 3,3 trieu ddng va 2,3 trieu ddng/thang va cud'i cung la lao ddng gian ddn khdng cd trinh dp nen thu nhap trung binh ciia nhdm d mtfc thap nhat, khoang trieu ddng/thang TAP CHI KHOA HOC CAN THO 15 T H A N H TL/U H O A T P O N G K H , C N V A M T Bang 1: T h u nhap cua lao dong nhap ctf tai TP Can Tho" V T : D000 ddng/thang Nghe nghiep Nho nhat T r u n g binh L d n nhat T d kinh doanh 1.000 7.000 3.691 Lao dong gian ddn 1.000 3.000 2.043 T h t f k y , nhan vien ban hang 1.500 4.000 2.381 Chuyen vien cd bang cap 1.800 6.000 3.355 Chuyen vien quan ly 2.600 10.000 5.812 Nguon: Sd lieu dieu tra thifc te, nam 2010 Thdi gian lao ddng bat dau cdng viec cd anh htfdng rat ldn ddi vdi thu nhap eiia lao ddng vi nhieu kinh nghiem lam viec, stf tin nhiem ciia cap tren dtfdc tich luy dan qua cac nam se la can cd de lao ddng cd thu nhap kha hdn V i the lao ddng cd thdi gian lam viec cang lau thi cd thu nhap trung binh cang cao; cu the, nhtfng lao ddng lam viec ttf nam trd len cd thu nhap trung binh cao nhat khoang 4.2 trieu ddng/thang va giam dan, neu chi mdi bat dau cdng viec chtfa den nam thi thu nhap trung binh chi khoang 2,8 trieu ddng/thang V d i mtfc thu nhap thap, ngtfdi lao ddng nhap ctf thiidng phai doi mat vdi nhtfng khd khan nhat dinh cudc sd'ng sinh hoat hang Cung ttf ket qua nghien ctfu cho thay, mdt nghich ly la thu nhap ciia ngtfdi nhap ctf thap hdn ngirdi di cu" phd' mtfc chi ciia ho lai cao kha nhieu Chang han, qua khao sat nhtfng lao dpng cd bang cap thi thu nhap trung binh dd'i vdi lao ddng di ctf phd' khoang 3,4 trieu ddng/thang lao dpng nhap ctf la 2,8 trieu ddng/thang Thu nhap thap khien hp khong du tien de mua sam cac ttf trang can thiet cho minh de cd cac phtfdng tien di lai, de thue nha, de tiep can cac dich vu cdng cdng, v i rieng chi cho an udng da chiem hdn 70% thu nhap l/dc ltfdng cac yeu to'anh htfdng den thu nhap Md hinh hdi quy da bien dtfdc ap dung de tfdc ltfdng cac yeu td' anh htfdng de'n thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap ctf Mdt so'nghien ctfu ve di ctf lao ddng nhtf Mark va Oded (1997), David (1969), Herrington (1969), Yaohui (1999), Dang (1997), Huynh (2009) cung da tide ltfdng thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap chiu tac ddng bdi nhieu yeu to'khac Trong nghien ctfu nay, nhdm tac gia sd dung cac bien: tuoi ciia lao ddng nhap ctf, kinh nghiem lam viec, gidi tinh lao ddng, viec ky hdp ddng lam viec ciia lao ddng, trinh hoc van, tinh chat cdng viec, va loai hinh sd htfu ciia doanh nghiep de tfdc ltfdng mtfc dd anh htfdng ciia chiing de'n thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap ctf Bang 2: K e t qua tfdc lifting cac yeu to'anh htfdng de'n thu nhap Bien giai thich Giai thich bien He so' Sai sd' chuan Mdc y nghTa VIF Intercept He so'chan 4.405 1.197 0.000 Gidi tinh 1: nam; 0: ntf 0.512 0.266 0.058 1.142 Kinh nghiem lam viec Thang 0.012 0.005 0.012 1.653 Hdp ddng lao dong 1: cd; 0: khdng 0.571 0.384 0.026 1.934 Trinh hoe van 1: CD/DH; 0: khac 1.025 0.473 0.033 3.675 Cdng viec hien tai 1: Lao ddng gian ddn; 0: khac -0.751 0.392 0.059 1.757 Loai hinh sd htfu 1: Doanh nghiep ntfdc ngoai; 0: khac 1.877 0.552 0.001 1.147 Ghi chi,: N = 100 R = 0.516, adjusted R = 0,429, F = 5,960, Sig = 0.000 : 16 : TAP CHI KHOA HOC CAN THO T H A N H TL/U H O A T D Q N G K H , CN V A MT Ke't qua phan tich mo hinh vdi tin cay 95% cho thay, thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap cii phu thudc vao gidi tinh ciia lao ddng, trinh dd hoc van, cdng viec hien tai ciia lao ddng kinh nghiem lam viec ciia lao ddng, loai hinh sd hiru ciia doanh nghiep ndi lao ddng dang lam va lao ddng cd ky ket hdp ddng lao ddng vdi doanh nghiep hay khdng M d hinh tide lifdng chi rang 51,6% sif thay ddi ve thu nhap hang thang ciia lao dong nhap cu* difdc giai thich bdi cac bien md hinh cd y nghTa ve mat thd'ng ke (p-value = 0.000) Ben canh dd, gia tri F = 5,960, kha nhd, cang k h i n g dinh md hinh cd y nghTa Song song do, vdi yeu to'phdng dai phifdng sai (VIP) ciia cac bien md hinh nhd hdn nhieu so vdi 10 nen ta ket luan cac bien du*a vao md hinh khdng cd hien ttfdng da cdng tuyen Hau het cac bien dtfa vao md hinh deu tifdng quan thuan vdi thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap cu*, chi cd bien tinh chat cdng viec la ty le nghich vdi thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap cu* Dieu cho thay lao ddng gian ddn cd thu nhap thap hdn so vdi lao ddng lam nhu'ng viec nhu* chuyen vien bang cap, quan ly KET LUAN Ket qua nghien ciru cho chiing ta mdt cai nhin tdng quan ve van de lao ddng va thu nhap ciia ngirdi nhap cu* vao TP Can Thd, mdt sd' ket luan dtfdc nhdm nghien ctfu rut nhtf sau: (1) Lao ddng nhap etfed dd tudi kha tre va it kinh nghiem, trinh dd chuyen mdn nghiep vu cdn kha thap; (2) Ngudn thdng tin de tiep can viec lam chii yeu la ttf ngtfdi than, ban be hay nhtfng thdng tin tuyen dung trtfc tiep ciia cac doanh nghiep, va mtfc dd thay ddi cdng viec la rat it; (3) Mtfc thu nhap trung binh ciia lao ddng nhap ctf vao TP Can Thd khoang 3,4 trieu/thang, day la mtfc thu nhap dii de trang trai chi phi cho cudc sd'ng va cd the tich luy Tuy nhien, van cdn mdt so'lao ddng nhap eu* lam cac cdng viec gian ddn cd thu nhap thay v i the cudc sd'ng cdn kha nhieu khd khan; (4) Thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap ctf vao TP Can Thd cd mdi quan he chat che vdi cac yeu td' nhtf: gidi linh ciia lao ddng, trinh hoc van, cdng viec hien tai ciia lao ddng, kinh nghiem lam viec ciia lao ddng, loai hinh doanh nghiep ndi lao ddng dang lam viec va lao ddng cd ky ket hdp ddng lao ddng vdi doanh nghiep hay khdng TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Nguyen Qudc Nghi, ctv (2010), "Thuc trang va gidi phdp van de bdn hang rong cua phd Cdn Tha" Tap chi Khoa hoc Can Thd, So 02 (32) 2010 David F Bramhall; Herrington J Bryce (1969) "Interstate Population Industrial and Labor Relations Review" Mark R Rosenzweig va Oded Stanrk (1997) "Handbook of population Elsevier Science, V o l I B Ravensteins, E.G (1889) "The Laws of Migration X L V I I I Part Yaohui Zhao (1999), "Leaving the countiyside: Rural to urban migration decisions in China", The American Economic Review, V o l 89, No 2, Paper and proceedings of the one hundred eleventh annual meeting of the American Economic Association Cii Chi L d i (2005) "Rural to urban migration in Vietnam, Institute of Developing JETRO TAP CHI KHOA HOC CAN THO Migration of Labor-Force and family Journal of the Royal Statistical Age economics" Society", Economies", 17 ... quan thuan vdi thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap cu*, chi cd bien tinh chat cdng viec la ty le nghich vdi thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap cu* Dieu cho thay lao ddng gian ddn cd thu nhap thap hdn so vdi lao. .. tin cay 95% cho thay, thu nhap ciia lao ddng nhap cii phu thudc vao gidi tinh ciia lao ddng, trinh dd hoc van, cdng viec hien tai ciia lao ddng kinh nghiem lam viec ciia lao ddng, loai hinh sd... doanh nghiep ndi lao ddng dang lam va lao ddng cd ky ket hdp ddng lao ddng vdi doanh nghiep hay khdng M d hinh tide lifdng chi rang 51,6% sif thay ddi ve thu nhap hang thang ciia lao dong nhap cu*