SCIENCE FORUMl DANH GIA TIEM NANG TIET KIEM DIEN TAI TRl/GFNG DAI HOC CONG NGHIEP HANOI ThS Ha Xuan Quang, ThS Nguyen Van Thien, ThS Ninh Van Nam, ThS Nguyen Quang Thuan, TS Trjnh Trong ChUdng TrUcfng[.]
SCIENCE FORUMl DANH GIA TIEM NANG TIET KIEM DIEN TAI TRl/GFNG DAI HOC CONG NGHIEP HANOI ThS Ha Xuan Quang, ThS Nguyen Van Thien, ThS Ninh Van N a m , ThS Nguyen Quang Thuan, TS Trjnh Trong ChUdng TrUcfng Dai hpc Cong nghiep Ha Not PHUcrNG P H A P L U A N vt KIEM TOAN N A N G LU'ONG (KTNL) 1.1 Khai niem KTNL KTNL la hoat dong ichao sat, thu thap va phan tich dQ lieu tieu thu nang luong cda doi tUcfng can KTNL [ca quan hanh chinh sU nghiep, hay mot quy trinh s3n xuat ) Muc tieu cua KTNL la tim cac co hpi tiet kiem nang lu'png, xay dimg cac giSi phap stf dung nang li/ong tiet kiem va hieu quShc^n [1] 1.2 Cac doi tuomg cOa KTNL 'Ooi vdi chieu sdng: Can p h i i liet ke chi tiet tat cS cac den va cac khu vac can daoc chieu sang Kiem toan vien ti^n hanh dac chi tiet cac thong so vi loai den, cong suat, tuoi thp moi loai; sau sOrdung thiet bi anh sang de ghi lai citdng dp sang mpt so vj tri dac bi^tva so sanh vdi cac thong sd chuan - Doi vdi thiet bi thdng gio va lam mdf;Ghi lai cac loai thiet bj, cong suat, tuoi thp, dac diem ky thuat ve tieu thu nang lu'png, thdi gian van hanh Kiem toan vien tien hanh dac chi tiet cac thong so va phan tfch hoat dpng cua thiet bj nham dua nhCrng ldi khuyen v^ van h^nh, sCra chCta he thong nham mang lai hieu quS sCf dung nang lu'png mdt each tot han - Doi vdi dong ca: Can cac thong so kythuat, tuoi tho, thdi gian van hanh va cac dac diem ky thuat khac cCia tat ca cac loai dpng cd Tien hanh dac chi tiet de phan ti'ch hoat dong va dua nhiJng g i i i p h i p ve hi$u qua sCr dung nang lu'png cho dpng ca Cac doi tapng khac co muc dich sCf dung va dac thu ti^u thu nang lu'ong khac nhau.Tuy tCrng ITnh vpc va tifng doi tu'ang cCia don vj ma kiem toan vien co the tien hanh phan tfch, danh gia, de nhan dinh cac ca hoi cOng nhu dUa cac giii phap tiet kiem nang lupng PHU'ONG P H A P KTNL OOI VOl TRU"0NG HOC 2.1 Nhilrng dac thu chung cua cac trudng hoc Trudng hpc la mpt cac dan vj tieu thu dien dac thu vdi nhieu dang nang lUOng Ung vdi nhieu muc dich sU dung khac fia phan cac trUdng hpc deu CO cac khu vUc nhu khu hanh chinh, khu viic phong hoc, khuon vien, phdng thi nghiem, khu thUc hanh, cangtin Moi khu vUc khac seed cac doi tupng sU dung nang luang theo cac muc dich khac Vi du: khu viic hanh chinh sU dung dien cho cac muc dich chieu sang, dieu hda khdng ; khu vUc phdng thi nghiem co the sU dung dien cho ca cac thiet b| thi nghiem Cac trudng co dao tao nghe cd the SLf dung dien phuc vu nhieu loai thiet bj dac thu khac cac trudng hpc khac cd the chi dung dien cho cac muc dich cd ban nhu chieu sang, quat mat Thong qua viec nhan djnh ve dac thiJ cCia trUdng, kiem toan vien se nhan biet dupc nhUng dac trung cua doi tUpng can kiem toan 2.2.ThUc hien KTNL cho trudng hoc De tien hanh KTNL cho trudng hpc, kiem toan vien cung phai thuc hien theo cac hudng dan ca ban ve KTNL cho mpt dan vi theo mpt quy trinh bao gom cac giai doan sau: 2.2.1 Giai doan kiim todn sabp Trong giai doan nay, kiem toan vien se gap gd, phdng van nhUng ngudi can phdng van trudng hpc de t h i o luan ve cic noi dung, thong tin can thu thap Tien hanh khio sat so bp ve cau true, kien true, quy md cua tru'dng ciJng nhu dang thiet bi sU dung dien hien CO trudng Ddng thdi cung cap b i n mau cau hdi de thu thap cac thong tin can thiet ve tieu thu dien nang, so lieu kien true cy the eua tUng khu vUc (phdng hpc, hpi trudng, eae khoa, trung tam.,.), cac so lieu ky thuat van hanh cua tUng thiet bi theo cac khu vuc va theo tUngmucdfch sUdung dien nang Thdng qua cac sd lieu thu thap dupc tien hanh phan tich so bp de danh g i i , nhan dang cac cd hoi tiet kiem dien nang Kiem toan vien thuc hien dac true tiep va phan tich cu the de nhan djnh ve hien trang sCr dung dien va cu the hda cic ca hdi tiet kiem 2.2.2 Giai doan kiem todn chi tiet a Giai dogn phdn tich - Xay dUng bang can bang nang luang: D^ xay dUng b i n g can bang nang luang, can thu thap eae thong tin sau cho mdi dau vao, dau so van hanh nhU: san luong dien nang (kWh tieu thu mpt ngay) va ehi phi (vi So 17.2013-TapdiiKHOAHpC&CONGNGH^ MEHngStgl KHOA HOC du: gia mdt kWh) Cic dac tinh khic (vi du: nhiet dieu hoa, thdi gian sCf dung ) mUc ly tudng, can phai cd thdng tin djnh lUpng va chi phi cho nam va tCfng t h i n g de theo ddi dupe xu the Viec thu thap cic thdng tin dUpc thuc hien thdng qua phdng van c i n bp, sd lieu ddng hd ghi, qua quan trSc va dac (dac biet la nhUng so lieu da dupc chdng thuc) - Xac dinh cic nguyen nhan gay t6n that: Tren thUc te mdt phan nang lUpng bj ton that cau true mang dien, van hanh Cd nhUng ton that khong the kh^c phuc dupe nhung cd nhdng ton that cd the giam dupc thdng qua van hinh hieu qua thiet bi, thiet bi tiet kiem ning lupng Cich tot nhat de phin tich cac nguydn nhan la thong qua cic buoi t h i o luan giUa cic vien cua dpi tiet kiem nang lupng va eae bd phan trpng tam ve tieu thu nang lUpng va ton that day ed cic nguyen nhan gay ton that q u i n ly thiet bi va eae nguyen nhin gay ton that he thong dien Ngoai ra, cdn eo eae nguyen nhan ton that he thong dieu hda khdng khi, he thong chieu sing, cac ddng ca bdm nude, thang miy, may congcy - Nhan dang cic giii phap: Sau tim dupe cic nguyen nhan gay ton that, cac khu vUc nang lUpng trpng tam cCia he thong tieu thy nang lUpng cho tda nha, thi kiem toan vien thao luan de tim cac giai phap tiet kiem nang lupng, phuang an cii tao he thong, q u i n ly ti^u thy nang lupng tdt nhat - Sang Ipc cic giii p h i p kha thi: Dpi danh gia can quyet dinh nhQng giai phap nao can dupc danh gia k h i thi Cich de dang nhat la sang Ipc cae giai phap va phan loai nhu sau: • Cic g i i i p h i p cd the thUc hien ngay: Chung dan gian ve mat ky thuat va khdng ton tien hoac chi can chi phi rat it Vi du: khac phuc cic rd ri, thay doi quy trinh van hanh, giam nhiet dd dat cCia dieu hoa khdng khi, thay doi mot so thiet ke neu cd the • Cic giai phap can tien hanh phan tich them: NhQng giai p h i p phUe tap han ve mat ky thuat hoac doi hdi phai cd dau tu Vi du: thay doi cau true he thdng cap dien, l i p dat he thong t u ddng dong/ngat he thong chieu sang va bom nUdc cac toa nha b Giai dogn ddnh gid - D i n h gia ky thuat, kinh te va mdi trudng cua cac giii phap - Trudc het, phai quyet dinh lUa chon giai p h i p nao la kha thi, bao gom: Khi thi ve ky thuat: Nhu eau ve thiet bi mdi, dieu kien khong gian nha xUdng, yeu cau thdi gian lam viec ciia can bp Khi thi ve kinh te: Chi phi dau t u ban dau, cac chi phi van hanh hang nam, tiet kiem ehi phi hang nam, thdi gian hoan von Kha thi ve mdi trUdng: t i c ddng den phat thai nha kinh, SLf dung nudc, nguyen lieu, chat thai, nudc thai • ThU hai, can xet tdi rao ein ed the cd doi vdi thuc hien cac giai phip Vi dy, mpt giii phap cd the tiet kiem dupe rat nhieu chi phi va cd thdi gian hoan von ngan, nhutig co quan lai khdng dCi vdn dau tu Thieu thiet bj quan trie cd the lam cho qua trinh theo ddi k^t q u i gap nhieu khd khan Can xem x^t den tat c i cac giii p h i p cd the - Xep thU t u Uu tien cic g i i i phap kha thi: Can xem xet, ed hpi nao se dUpc thuc hien trudc tien, thU hai, thUba ; can td chUc cac buoi danh gia KTNL de xep hang cac CO hdi P H A N T I C H CHI PHf I £ N N A N G VA S U A T T I E U HAO NANG L U O N G TAI DHCNHN TU ket qua thong ke dU lieu nam 2012 cho thay, lupng dien nang tieu thu phu thupc nhieu vao mua va cac hoat dong dien trudng Qua trinh tiSu thy dien tUthang din t h i n g hang nam thudng giam manh vi day la thdi gian nghi Tet Nguyen d i n Tieu thu dien vao thang hang nam cung giam vi day la ky nghi he ccia sinh vien 82|TapdiiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE So Oien nang ti^u thu manh nhat vao quf II hang nam Thdi ky n^.y vio miia he, he thdng quat m i t va dieu h6a nhiet dp hoat ddng het cdng suat; cao diem vao t h i n g hang nam (hinh 1) Hinh Dien bien tieu thu dien nang nam 2012 Qua p h i n tich chl so BEI (suatti^u hao nang lUong vua toa nha)[2] cac toa nha d khu A va khu B da cho thay, da sd cac toa nha cd suat tiSu hao nang lUdng d mUc trung binh (hinh 2) Chl CO cic n h i AT, A8, A9 cd suit ti^u hao nang luong mUc kha (tU86-126).Dac biet la Trung tam Ky tue x i , nha Al 0, A7 cd suat tieu hao nang lUpng dmUcylu, dieu cho biet cie thiet bj toa nha da tieu thu mpt luong dien nang rat Idn, viec thiet ke, bd tri va qua trinh lam viec cac thiet bj toa nhi chifi thuc su hieu qua va tiet kiem Nha A8, A9 cd chi so BEI nhd, dieu co nghia chat luong chieu sang chua dat tieu chuan Cic toa nha khu B ndi chung c6 suat tieu hao nang lupng cao han khu A, dien hinh la nha B3, B8 TQ ket q u i so sinh mUc tieu thu dien nang d nam q u i khU2006va 2012 (hinh 3) cho thay, ty le chi phf dien nang cilia nhdm phy tai chieu sing giim tir 49% nam 2006 xudng 34% n i m 2012 Ngupc lai, ty le chi phi dien ning cOa nhdm phu t i i dieu hoa lai t i n g tU 27% len 40%.Trong vdng nam, tong c6ng suit phu t i i dieu hoa tang l i n , chl^u sang t i n g lan Cic bien ddng vSn tiep tue thay ddi thdi gian tdi.Tuy nhi^n, eung ed the khSng djnh rSng cho du phu t i i ed bi^n ddng thi tJ l( chl phi dien nang eua nhdm phu t i chieu sang v i dieu hda khdng khivSt chiem t^ le eao nhat Do vay, viec tie SCIENCE F O R U M l giam dien nang d nhdm se mang 1^1 hieu q u i kinh t e cao han B^ng l.Tong h ^ chi phi va then gian thu hoi ap dung giii phap thay the he thong chieu sang cho khu A va khu B (ap dung cho he thong chieu sang) TT Chi tieu Dtfnvi So luong bp chuyen adi T5 -28W bd Bun gia bo chuyen doiTS- 28W VNB/bd Chi phf nhan cong tliay the Tong dau tiT ban dau Dien nang tiet kiem thang Oien nang tiet kiem haig n am Bieu giaffiencho ho kmh doanh tfieo gicr lam viec blnhthutmg Chi phi dien nang tiet Itiem hang nam Thcii gian hoan von Chi phf vong Sdi vdi he thdng cu TIO, T8 Chi phi vong doi vdi TS VN6/bd 10 11 NHAN XtJ VA KET L U A N Hlnh Diln bien thay doi t^ ie si!r dung cac nhom Bang cic phan tfch ve mat ky t h u i t : j)lHiliinam2006vanam2012 va kinh te cung nhU cac kha nang ap 4.T6NGHOPK£TQUATfNHTOAN dung cCia cac trudng hop, bai bao tap : TlilVINANGTI^TKl|MDI$N trung vao tim kiem cie eo hdi tiet kiem Tren CO sd phan tich hieu q u i kinh te, dien nang mang tinh k h i thi nhat i p ky thuat eung n h u tiem n i n g tiet kiem dung dieu kien thue te trudng dien d g i i i phap t o chUc q u i n ly, OHCNHN Moi giii phap dUa deu phan trinh bay t d m tat ket qua tinh dupc phan tieh chi tiet, Udc lUpng mUc loan tiem nang tiet kiem dien eua cac tiet kiem dien nang va chi phi dien giSi phap cho cd sd chinh cua trudng la nang, hon the da Udc tinh dupc chi phi khu A va khu B Ket qua cho thay, neu ap phai bd ban dau de thu dupe luong dung triet de va dong bp thi tiem nang tiet kiem nhU Udc tinh tren Qua qua ti^t kiem tai khu A len den 25,24% va khu trinh thuc hien viec kiem toan nhdm B l i 28,67% (hinh 4,5 va bang 1) kiem toan cd mpt so de xuat nhusau: Hinh Tong hcfp tiem nang tiet kiem dien khu A Hinh Tong hflp tiem nang tiet kiem dien khu B - Nha trudng nen tien hanh xem xet thUe hien cac g i i i p h i p de thuc hi^n nhat (cic giai phap ve quan ly khdng tdn chi phf dau tU), sau tien hanh danh g i i hieu qua cua cdng viec da thuc hien de lam cd sd thuc hien cac giai p h i p khic - Hien tai, tiem nang tiet kiem nang lupng Idn nhat cCia trUdng la he thdng chieu sing v i dieu hoa Nha trudng can sdm tien hanh nang cap de giam lUpng tieu thu dien dong thdi nang eao he so an toan eho t o i n h i - Ben canh dd thi viec dao tao, tuyen truyen den can bd cdng nhan vien va hpc sinh sinh vien t o i n trudng VND Giii phap thay the sang bdng d^nJS 7.316 2S0.000 3.000 1.850.948.0II0 IcWh 28 782 kWh !4S.!81 VNB/kWh 2.074 VND nam 716.320.443 Vdng 3,47 Vdng 2,58 ddi vdi viec sU dyng nang luong tiet kiem v i hieu q u i l i cin thiet va quan trpng viec nang cao hieu q u i sd dung nang luong Vdi cac ket qua phan tich dupc d tren ta thay, d cic khu vUc cua trUdng hoin toan cd khci nang tiet kiem nang lupng tieu thu Cac phuong an dupc de xuat cd mdc tiet kiem dat dUpc khac nhau, cic don vj theo kha nang eOa minh cd the cd nhUng bien p h i p dau t u hop ly de cd dupe hieu qua cao hon viec sU dung nang lupng lAlLlEU THAM KHAO [1] Tong cuc nang liffflig (6p Cong ThUtmg); Bao cao kiem toan nang luong Viet Nam, Ha Npi 2012 [2] Frank P Bleier; Fan handbook - Selection, Application and Design Mac Graw - Hill USA 1998 [3] T Dickenson Pumping manual Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1995 [4].TCVN;5051:2011:Tieu chuan chieu sang Wet Nam 2011 [5] Tnnh Trong Chtfcing; Su' dung dong cO ffien xoay chieu khong dong bo diTcd goc dp tiet kiem dien nang; Tap chi Dien Viet Nam, so 35/2009 So 17.2013-TapdiiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHe 8^