TO CH0C HOAT DONG Tlf HDC GHO SINH VIEN TROnQ DAY HOC 6 DAI HOC TS TON Q U A N G C L f O N G '''' 1 Tuhpc (TH) la mdt hoatdpng cua ngudihoc can thuc hien theo nhiem vu dupe thiet ke vdi nhi/ng "chl dinh"[.]
TO CH0C HOAT DONG Tlf HDC GHO SINH VIEN TROnQ DAY HOC DAI HOC TS T O N Q U A N G C L f O N G ' 1.Tuhpc (TH) la mdt hoatdpng cua ngudihoc can thuc hien theo nhiem vu dupe thiet ke vdi nhi/ng "chl dinh" rdrang (vemuc tieu, ndi dung, kiem tra, danh gia), dudi su hudng dan ve phuong phap nhung khdng c d s u ean dutruc tiep cua ngudiday Hoat dpng dupe thuc thi cac dieu kien, bd'i canh tam li ey the, mang tinh dinh hudng npi dung ehuyen mdn eao va tinh ca the hda cao dp cua ngudi hpe(1}.TH td'tsethucday viee dao sau, md rdng kien thire d ngudi hoc, hinh md'i quan tam, dpng co hoat ddng nhan thii'c de chiem ITnh tri thirc va phat trien nang lue tu duy, hanh ddng, huy dpng dupc tiem nang tong luc d ngudi hpc Ben canh dd, TH cdn giiip ngudi hpc phat trien nhan each, hinh tinh ddc lap,tuchu, tuchiu trach nhiem vdi ban than cung nhu vdi cac quyet djnh da de xuat, biet vupt qua cac thach thdc, phat trien cae kinang mem, kTnang sd'ng Nhuvay, hoat ddng TH eua SV dDH cothe dupc xem xet dudi gdc dp: - Mgt dang hoat dgng DH (nim he thd'ng cac hinh thdc to chdc DH duoc quy djnh b d co sddao tao DH); - He thong cac hoat dgng, thao tac va dieu kien de thuc thi qua trinh lanh dao su pham cho eac hoat ddng ma chinh ngudi hpc thyc hien Mot so dang td'chuc TH d D H Oe tang tinh chu dpng, tich ei/ccua ngudihoc, TH d DH la mpt hoat ddng bat bude, dam bao su can doi, hpp li gida tai trpng kien thdc va thdi gian tiep xiic giira GV va SV Day dupe coi la mot hinh thde DH b^ng chinh cae hoat dpng hpc tap eua ngudi hpe Trong thuc tien DH d D H , cd the to ehdc mdt so dang hoat ddng TH sau: 1) TH gid li thuyit, gidthuc nghiem tai phdng thi nghiem, gid thao luan, lam viec nhdm; 2) TH cd hudng din, dudi su tu van cua ngudi day; 3) TH tu do, lam bai tap ngoai gid len Idp, TH md rpng, nang cao, thue hien eac nghien cdu doc lap lioac theo nhdm Nhuvay, hoat dpng TH seed quatrinh dupe trien khai dong thdi, cd tac ddng tuong hd lan nhau, 16 Tap chi Gido due so 304 dam bao cho viec thuc hien cdng muc tieu DH: viee tochdc cua ngudiday (de ngudi hpc TH) va tl/ td'chdc cua ngudi hgc (de TH) Yeu to mS'u chd't quyet djnh tinh hieu qua, cong cua TH chinh la viee kiem soat, thdc cua ngudlhgcve muc tieu va ket qua cae hoat dpng cua chinh hp Ban chat cua TH la viec nhap lam mdt glifa ehu the va dd'i tuong quan li, tao mpt cap dp td' chdc xa hpi mdi ve mat nguyen t^c, mdt cau true mdl gida cae mat thd'ng nha't va dd'i lap Hoat dpng TH cua SV bao ham ca edng viec: - Chuan bj cho cae gid len Icp (li thuyet, seminar, lam viec nhdm, thyc hanh ); -TH dudi suhudng din, quan li, theo doicua Gl/(nghien ciru, dpc tai lieu, hoan eac nhiem vy hoc tap, lam bai tap tuan, bai tap nhdm thang, bai tap cud'i ki ) Muc tieu chinh la ren cho SV kha nang tu nghien ciru, hpc hoi, kha nang dpc lap phat hien va giai quyet van de vdi cac nguon tai lieu, kinh nghiem va nhiing kien thdc, kT nang duoc trien khai d tren Idp, Viee trien khai TH cd hudng d i n eho SV can dam bao cac yeu cau sau: - Tinh logic, he thong va gin ket vdi cac hinh thdc DH tren Idp; • Ngi dung co tinh thiie tiin cao (bai tap quan sat thuc te, kien tap, thuc tap, viet bao cao thu hoach /' - Co cac dieu kien, nguon lue hotradaydu(VJ lieu tham khao, hpc lieu, trang thiet bj thuc hanh, thi nghiem /' - Cosuchuan biehu dao eatuphia GVlin SV sc tong quan ve qua trinh lociitic day t]OcTH ' TnlOng t a i hgc giao dae - Bai hoc qioc iia Ha Mgi -(ki 2-2/2013) Mdt so goi y ve each tiep can to chuc TH cho sy 1) Ap dung each ti^ can nang h/c trien khai cac hoat dgng TH Cac ket qua dat dupc {Quput\ qua tiinh trien khai dao tao cd ttie dupc nhin nhan nhu su eu the hda 'Ihanh td' cau thanh" cua nang luc (chuyen biet hoae cot ldi - khai quat) Nang lue eua ngudi hpc dupe hinh dua tren viec thyc hien eac nhiem vu nh^m den nhung ket qua mong mudn theo cac myc tieu dinh ta/dc, nhung dieu kien eu the ciia chuong trinh dao tao Thuc tiln va li luan da chirng minh: he thd'ng cac nang lue (tn nhan, hanh ddng, phat trien nghe, giao tiep xa hdi ) dupc hinh phan Idn TH, bdi ngudi hgc phdi giai quyet ma quan hegiua nhan thue (kien thdc) va tinh huong, boicanh Ihuc tiSn (2) Do dd, qua trlnh TH, ngudi hpc se dupc eung cap eac dieu kien va nhiem vucy the, giup hp hinh eae nang lue (DH dupc coi la CO chat iupng neu ngudi hpc tieh luy va hinh dupc nhiing nang luc d mdc chap nhan dupc, nghTa la thuc hien dupc nhung myc tieu hpc tap) Sa dSqua trinh TH va ning IL/C hinh 2) Cac nguyen tic, tieu chi lua chgn ngi dung TH, bao gom: - Stf phu hgp gida ngidung vdi yeu cau nhu cau hien tai cua xa ftp/(khoa hpc, kinh te, van hda, nhan each, v.v ); • Sti thd'ng nhat giua ngi dung vdi cac hoat dgng eua qua trinh DH cdtinh den nhdng diem dae thii eua mdt qua trinh (khau) dao tao, DH cu the; - Tinh thd'ng nhat ve m St cau tnic cua ngidung dcae cap khac nhau: li luan Chung, mdn hpc cu the, hoat ddng, tien trinh su pham hay nhan each cua rigudi hpc cu the; Tinh nhan v^n.ndl dung tiem an dinh hudng phat triS'n nhan each, nang luc ca nhan, he thd'ng cae ki nang song, ki nang mem hudng den dich eudi Cling la siitu trai nghiem tuthehien cua ngudi hpc - "cd lam mdi hieu" (DUD - doing and understanding • mdc cao nhat thang bae nhu cau eua A Maslow^ (3); - Suphan hda: su phu hop giua yeu cau cua ndi dung vdi nang lue, trinh dp nen cua tung ngudi hpe (tinh kha thi vda sue); - Tinh tieh hap tinh Sen mdn lien nganh:t^\ia trinh va ket qua cuaTH can dupc nhin nhan nhu mdt the thdng nhat de ngudi hpc dat duiK mye tieu ciia mdn hpc, khda hoc hay chuang trinh dao tao dd, ngudi hpe cd CO hpi ap dung kien thuc cua cac mdn hpc khac cung nhu he thdng cae phuong phap ehung hay dae thii cho tiing mdn hpc Nhung luu y lua chpn, thi^ ke ndi dung trien khai TH cho ngmhoc:-Ndi dung phai mang tinh thuc tiSn, kha tfj/thdc day viec hinh va phat trien nang kic nghe nghiep- mang tinh img dung cao g§n vdt viec hinh he thong ki nang (tu duy, hanh ddng) cu the'; • Hoc lieu, nhiem i/u/rtyc/iencuaTH phai trdthanh cdng cu de hinh va phat tnen cac ki nang, nang Iyc nghenghiep;- Viec thietke eae nhiem vudinhhumgki nang ch duoc tinh toan ba canh mdn hge eu the, nghe eu thetien c o s d tham chiaj vdi eae chuan quoe gia ve nghe nghiep, chuan dao tao, chuan dau cua nhatrudng, muc tieu mdn hpc, 3) Td'chuc qua trinh TH Trong thuc te, viec to chuc DH TH o D H thudng mang tinh "don tuye'n": ngudi day dua nhiem vu, dinh hudng to chdc hoat ddng nhan thdc de ngudi hpc thuc hien; sau dd, ngudi day nhan xet, danh gia Mat khac, cac hoat ddng thuc hien nhiem vy TH thudng bam sat theo tuye'n npi dung li thuyet, yeu eau ngudi hpc van dyng li thuyet vao thuc thi, van hanh eae kT nang ey the' Cae hinh thdc to chdc TH cdn kha don dieu, nham chan; each danh gia ket qua TH cdn mang nang tinh chu quan, khien ngudi hpc khd hinh dupc ddng co, tinh ehu ddng hpctap Do do, viec xay dung ke hoach tong the, tien trinh thyc hien cae nhiem vy va cac cdng cy kiem tra, danh gia phii hpp se thiic day tinh ehu ddng va trach nhiem tu ca phia: - Xay dtmg kehoach, lich irinh dao tao cu the, dd cd nhiing quy dinh "cimg" ve thcri gian long ghep hpp li cac hoat dpng TH tnidc - - sau cac gid len Idp li thuyet; - Xay dung lich trien khai TH md'i tuong quan vdi cae hinh tiiuc to chuc DH khae (tren the gidi, ti le phd' bien la 1/3,5; nghia la gidlithuyetva 3,5 gioTH; cac dPn vi dao tao cua OHQG gia Ha Ndi, ti le la 1/3); - Xay dung eac nhom hgc tap mang tinh thue day de TH cd chat lupng, hieu qua, giiip glam thie'u tinh chu quan eua ca nhan ngudi hoe thuc thi va danh gia ket qua TH; - Xay dung cac modub chuyen biet danh cho TH; • Tochdc cae duan hgc tap: DH theo du an (project based learning - PjBL); • Xay dung cac hosa hgc tap (portfolb): bd san pham logic the hien ket qua qua trinh TH ciia ngudi hpc theo mye tieu, npi dung chuong trinh dudi su hudng dan eua ngudiday Tap chi Gido due so 304 17 (ki2-2/2013)- 4) Phuang phap trien khai a) Phuang phap thuc day tinh tich ctx dngudi hge Cach tiep can phd' bien nhat hien doi vdi ngudi hpc la ea nhan hda cac nhiem vu TH Trong trudng hop to ehiJc hoat ddng nhan thdc theo nhdm, ed the ap dyng DH theo dl/ an (PjBL) Cac nhiem vu c6 the dupc to' chuc dudi dang sau: - Toehue hoatdgng tiep cin hoc Seu (tren Idp hoae ngoai gid len Idp) dpc cd van de, nghien ciru tai lieu, trao ddi ndi dung tai lieu, trinh bay nhimg vain de cdl loi, ndi dung chinh cua !ai lieu ; Giao cac nhiem VIJ mang tinh md, sang tao, tinh co van de yeu eau SV de xuat cae phuong an giai quyet; - Long ghep cac thach thuc (ve phuong dien tam li, kien ttidc trai nghiem ) cac bai tap, nhiem vu djnh hudng; - Toehue eac ca hgi dengudi hgc dugc^ trinh bay san pham da thuc hien, tren co sd dd cd the danh gia dupe qua trinh thuc hien va san pham cud'i cua nhiem vu hpc tap; - Sudijng cac eong cy khac dekiem tra, danh gia ngudi hgc (bai tap ldn, trac nghiem khach quan, Rubric.,.}; - Td'chuc kiem tra, danh gia ket qua Oiijc hien thdng qua danh gia eua ngudi day, tt; danh gia eiia ngudi hpc va ngudi day, ngucA hpc ciing danh gia b) Tochdc tnen khai Giaidoan Hinh Oimh dngudi hgc suquan tam ddng eatieh cue ve TH, cung cap cac each tiep can va kinang caban tochdc TH Viee trien khai ed the duoc thuc hien khudn kho mdt khda hpc rieng ve kT nang TH hoae long ghep vdi cac hinh thi/c td' chdc DH khac (gid len Idp li thuyet, lam viec nhdm, thao luan, ) Cae dang nhiem vy ma ngudi hpe can thuc hien giai doan gom: lap bang, viet tdm tat bai dgc, lap y tuang, dan bai, lap danh muc tailleu ^am khao, lap phieu tra cuu Budc tiep theo, GV cd the'lt^ chpn eac ndi dung phii hop cua mdn hpe, xay dung danh mye eae van de nghien cdu (cac bai tap nghien cdu, tinh hud'ng, du an, de an ) mang tinh thuc tien cao; tap hpp cae nguon tai lieu tham khao; hudng d i n , gpi y SV lua chon van de nghien edu; ehi ro cac ngudn luc can thiet phyc vy nghien ciiu; cdng bo eac yeu cau ve san pham can nop (ndi dung, hinh thde, thdi han hoan thanh}, hinh thuc va tieu chi danh gia; giai dap nhung khuc mSc, giup SV tap ke hoach thue hien; ki hpp dong, cam ket tht/c hien vdi SV/nhdm SV Thdng thudng, cd xu hudng lua chpn ndi dung TH, tu nghien eiitj cua SV: ngidung khong day tren Idpva ngidung cd tinh mdrgng, thach thuc cao Giaidoan Hinh cac kinang TH hudng den viec huy ddng b&n nang, cac nguon luc, si/dinh 18 Tap chi Gido due so 304 huc^g, tap tmng cao sin sang tham gia »iuc hien eae nhiem vu hoc tap Cac dang nhiem vy giai doan ma ngt/di hpc cdttie thue hien la: viet bao eao, tham ban trinh bay tai cac buoi thao luan, tien hanh cac M nghiem va viet bao cao thi nghiem, dieu tra, khao sat, lap duan, de tai nghien edu, thuc hien hoat ddng trao dot, tu van, viet nhan xet khoa hoc Day la phan hoat ddng ehinh cua SV de dat dupc muc tieu da de Trong cdng doan GV van phai tri hoat dpng theo ddi, dmh hudng va trp giiip SV (cd the phdl hop thuc hien dan xen vdi cac hinh thde DH khac nham dam bao hdtrp ngudi hpc muc td'i da) SV cd nhiem vy thuc hien dung eac cam ket da ki; bao cao dinh ki ket qua nghien cdu, ket qua lam viec nhdm ed mat theo tich da dang ki vdi GV, ljch seminar, Cdng doan keo dai nhieu tuan hoae tham chi sud't thdi gian trie'n khai mdn hpe, thuoc vao khoi lupng cdng viec, ndi dung van de TH, tu nghien cdu va yeu cau ve san pham hoan (3-4 tuan dd'i vtS bai tap nhdm/thang, 12-13 tuan ddi vol bai tap cud'i ki) Giaidoan Hoan thien cac kTnang TH: ti/dal van de, dexuat va ffiuc thi cac giai phap degiai quyet theo each rieng tdng boicanh eu the Sau tap hpp cae ket qua, san pham cua SV, GV can to ehdc, td'ng ket, danh gia (cd the long ghep trie'n khai dudi eae hinh thde len Idp khac nhu seminar, gid li thuyet td'ng ket ) nh^m dua nhung nhan xet, danh gia viec thuc hien nhiem vy mdn hpc ciia SV/nhdm SV; mat khac, viec edn mang y nghia su pham tich cue: day SV each phan tich qua trinti thuc hien va eae ket qua ciia san pha'm nghien cdu, danh gia eha't luting san pham eua minh va nhom ban, each bo tri, s^p xep hpp li, khoa hpe trien khai edng viec TH la mdt hoat ddng hpc lap cd the dupc nhin nhan dUdi nhieu gdc dp khac nhau: mdt hinh thuc to chuc DH dong tiidi la phuong phap DH man^ tinh djnh hudng ca nhan hda cao dp Viec thiet ketd chdc hoat ddng DH TH can dupc GV nghien ciiu phii hgp vdi dd'i tupng, muc tieu, npi dung DH, spng song vdi viee ren luyen ya hinh kT nang TH eho SV Mat khac, su g i n ket hop li gii^a gid li thuyet tren ldp vdi TH la yeu tdtao nen tinh hieu qua, Ihuc day ngi/cH hpe eiing tham gia vap qua trinh DH Qua trinh to' chdc hoat dpng TH bd'i eanh DH hien cd su trp giiip cua cdng nghe dang dat nhieu thach thtjc mdi cho cac nha hoat ddng thi/c tien va nghien edu giao due, su pham Cac nen tang, -(ki2-2/2013) md hinh DH mdi da cho phep trien khai DH Handbook of Education Volume 12, 2004 eac mdi trudng rdng md hon; theo dd, TH la each td'i Guofang Wan # Dianne M Gut (Editors) Bringing Schools into the list Century Springer Dordrecht uu nhat de hpc tap va phat trien, Heidelberg London New York, 2011 (1) riejiarorHica yHeSHoe noco6ne Uoa pea ri H, 3nMHHH M.A Kiioieebie riHiiKacHCToro M.; POCCHHCKOC neaararHiecKoe pe3y.ibmamuaHo-iie.ieaan ocHoaa Ko.MnemeHmHacmHO?o areHTCTBO 2002 nodxoda e odpaioeoHuu AaTOpCKaa eepcHB, -M (2) HepHas A.B - HcKynoBa E,A -noropenoBa E M HccnejOBaTejibCKHH ueHxp npo6jreM KaiecTBa nojiroTOBKM «0peaHii3aitusi caMocmoametbHoii padombi cmyOeHmoa cneuHajiMCTOB 2004, no ncuxojio^O'nedaeoi'iiiecKUM ducijun.iuHO.M« POCTOB6 ht[p7/europa eu.int/comn/education/policies/educ/ Ha-.AoHy.2010 [uring/tuning_en html 0) Maslow, A.H "A Theory of Human Motivation." Psyckolosicai Review 50(4): 370-96; 1943 Tai li^u tham khao Cacvan ban hirang d i n so'771,775/DT 11/8/ 2006 cua Dai hpc quft'c gia Ha NOi vS chuydn ddi chircmg trinh vh xSy dimg dfi cirang mSn hoc theo tin chl DHQGHN 86 ldi li^u hudrng d&n t6 ch&c thuc lhi vd qudn li chuong trinh ddo tgo theo hgc ehi' lin chi Khoa Str phgm - DHQGHN, 2006 J John Loughran, Mary Lynn Hamittnn, Vicki Kubler LaBoskey and Tom Russell Internaiianal Handbook of Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Educalion Practices Springer Internalional SUMMARY 77ie article suggests new concept of self-study as a specific teaching approach in higher education: the baJance of teacher activity and self-organization leading leaming activity of learner In this article selfstudy is analyzed in different aspect sueh as leaming activity embedded into lecture, seminar, experimental course, directive, compulsory or elective etc The list of factors impacted to effectiveness of using self-study also introduced The author provides some suggestions regarding to the question how to effectively organize self-study for students towards improvement of teaching and leaming outcomes m credit system Mot SO nguyen nhan can trd manh cua duluan xa hoi de len an bieu hien yeu kem ve tutudng, daodiJc, loi song SV.Bpi ngu giang vien, can bp quan li giao due phai la • Bay manh doi mai nang cao citat iupng GD- tam guong mau mi/c ve nhan each de SV hpe BTBH Can tap trung tioan thien muc tieu dao tap, noi theo • tao, doi miii ngi dung, pliuong phap day hoc SH theo hadng chuan hoa, hien dai hoa, phat huy Tai lieu tham khao Dang COng san Vi§l Nam VSn kifin Dai h^i dai tinh tich cue, hinh hiJng thu, say me hoc lap cho SV IMoi dung day hoc can chu y bao bieu toan qutfc I3n thirXI NXB Chinh in qu&c gia SuthSi.W 2011 dam t? le hcjp li giira cac khoi kien thi)c giao due dai cuong va giao due chuyen nghiep, giOa li BG GD-DT Di dn doi mm gido due dai hoc Viet Nam thuyet va thuc hanh; phai cap nhat duoc thong giai dogn 2006-2020, H 2005 tin mdi, Iheo kip su phal trien cua khoa hpc cong Nguyen Van Than (chiJ bien} Tim hi^u cac tnimig dai hpc qua nhung so lieu tuy^n sinh NXB Th^ng kS, nghe, sat Ihuc tiln NN sau Soi mdi PPDH H 2012 (Till lieu phuc vu ki thi luy^n sinh nam 2012) phai dong bp Irong tai ca cac hinh IhiJc day hoc, lao dieu kif n Ihuan toi cho SV dat ket qua cao SUMMARY Irong Iinh hoi, thirc hanh NN Nowaday, career motivation among a part of stu- J^ng euang cdng tac quan li, giao dtjc nhan dents IS still difficult to form, unstable This denotes each SV Kel hop chat che giua tuyen truyen, giao that there are determine causes obstructing their due vdi Sl} dung bien phap quan li hanh chinh, formulation of career motivation For defining dong thdi phat huy vai Iro tu quan ciia ngudi hoc studenls'career motivation, partieipatingin raising the nhSm ngan chan su xam nhap cua cac quan quality of higher education there shall be special fodiem sai Iral, cac le nan xa hpi vao ddi song SV cus on prevention the causes In this article the author presents basic causes obstructing the formulaThudng xuyen nSm b i l tam tu, nguyen vong, su tion of career motivation among students and some dung sure manh cua cac lo chuc quan ehung, si?c solutions for prevention the causes (Tiep theo trang 2i) Tap chi Giao due so 304 19 0ii2-2/2013)- ... tuy^n sinh NXB Th^ng kS, nghe, sat Ihuc tiln NN sau Soi mdi PPDH H 2012 (Till lieu phuc vu ki thi luy^n sinh nam 2012) phai dong bp Irong tai ca cac hinh IhiJc day hoc, lao dieu kif n Ihuan toi cho. .. cdng nghe dang dat nhieu thach thtjc mdi cho cac nha hoat ddng thi/c tien va nghien edu giao due, su pham Cac nen tang, -(ki2-2/2013) md hinh DH mdi da cho phep trien khai DH Handbook of Education... hpc khac cung nhu he thdng cae phuong phap ehung hay dae thii cho tiing mdn hpc Nhung luu y lua chpn, thi^ ke ndi dung trien khai TH cho ngmhoc:-Ndi dung phai mang tinh thuc tiSn, kha tfj/thdc