Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
I i i HOP (MO Dl](] MOI T R l i G QI]A P H G P i p DM HIK n i Dll i TRDNG PHAN HOA HOC PHI KIM 0 TRDONG TRONG HOC PHO THflNG PGS, TS NGUYEN THI SQU" ThS PHAM H O N G B A G " 1 Mdl trudng (MT), nhung v[.]
I i i HOP (MO Dl](] MOI TRliG QI]A P H G P i p DM HIK n i Dll i TRDNG PHAN HOA HOC PHI KIM TRDONG TRONG HOC PHO THflNG PGS, TS NGUYEN THI SQU" - ThS P H A M H O N G B A G " Mdl trudng (MT), nhung van d e c a b a n ve giao due mol trudng (GDMT) l)KhainifynMTvabaovemditnrdng(BVMT): • MTXheo ngfiTa rpng la tap hap cac yeu to tu nhien, xa h$i, nhan tgo cdquan he mat thiet, lacdpng qua lai vdi va qua anh hudng den cupe sdng, suton tgi va phat trien eua ngudi va QKH tu nhien cung nhu su phat trie'n ben vdng eua dat nude qua trinh phat trid'n; - Bl'MTIa nhdng hogl dpng, nhung vieeyim tn/c tiep, tgo dieu kien gid cho MT lanh, saeh, dep, cai thien dieu kien vgl chal, dieu kien sdng cua eon ngudi, sinh vatdtrong dd, iam eho sue sdng tdt hon, tri can bSng sinh thai, tang tinh da dang sinh hoc Nhdng hoat dpng BVMT bao gom cac chu la/ong, chinh saeh, eae lugt djnh nhim ngan chan cae hanh vi gay hau qua xau eho MT, eae sued MT ngudi va thien nhien gay BVMT cdn bao ham eay nghTa bao veva sudung hpp li eae ngudn lai nguyen thien nhien; - Noidunggiao diJcBVMTS^ dung hpp li cae ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va can bang he sinh thai; Cai jao cae ngudn lai nguyen da bi egn kiet; Chdng d nhilm va susuy thoai MT; Bao ve tinh da dgng sinh hpe va vdn gen di tmyen quy hiem; Nghien cdu each phdng chdng va du bao cae su ed MT nhulu lui, han ban, dpng dat, Npi dung GDMT lamptbophgneauthanh npi dung, chuang trinh giao due thdng nhim trang bj cho HS nhung tri thue ca ban ve MT, gdp phan xay dung MT sdng sgch, lanh manh cac the he HS va cac cpng dong toan xa hpi 2}Mgtsocasacua hoa hgc MT: - Khai niem nhBm MT: la su lam thay ddl true liep hoge gian tiep cac phan va dac tinh chat vgl li, hoa hpe, sinh hpc, sinh thai hpc cua bat ki phan nao cua MT hay toan bp MT vugt qua mde cho phep da duqc xae djnh Sugia tang cua cac chat Ig cd tiem nang gay hgi den sdc khoe, sy an toan, hay su phat trien cua ngudi va sinh vat tronp MT dd; - Tac nhSn gay nhikn MT: lanhiing chat, hdn hop hoac nhung nguyen to hoa hpc ed tac dyng bien MT td lanh sang ddc hai ddi vdl ddi sdng n^udi Nhffng tac nhan dupc goi la "chat gayd nhiem" Chat gay drihilm cd the la eae chat r i n (rac, phe thai rin, ), chat long (kl - 8/2013) Hinh Bai trinh dien, bao cao vesan pham cua DA (cac dung djch hoa chat, chat thai cua del nhudm, chebien thuc pham.,.), chat (lunui Ida, khdi xe hai, khdi bep than, Id gaeh,, ), hoae cae kim logi nang,., Cae nguon gay nhiem: la cac nguon thai (hoae lao ra) cac ehat gay nhiem nhu: qua trinh san xuat, giao thdng van tai, nude sinh hoat, tu nhien,,., 3) Muc tieu cua GDMT a bae trung hgc: a) Kien thuc:Hqc sinh (HS) cd hie'u biet ve: - Khai niem MT, he sinh thai; cac phan MT va mdi quan he giua chung; - Con ngudi - dan s d - MT: Biel dupe vai trd eua MT ddi vdi eon ngudi va tae dpng eua ngudi dd'i vdi MT, viee khai thac, sudung, lai lao ngudn tai nguyen vaphattrien ben vung, sud nhiim vasuy thoai MT (hien trgng, nguyen nhan, hgu qua) Giai thich duae ntidng hien tuong bat thudng eua MT xay ty nhien; - Hieu biel ve luat phap va eae ehu tn/ang, chinh saeh cuaDang, Nha nude ve BVMT, ve cac bien phap BVMT (dja phuang, qude gia, khu vuc, loan cau); b) Thai - Tinh cam: • Cd linh cam yeu quy, ton trpng thien nhien; Cd tinh yeu que huang, dat nudc, tdn di san van hoa; Cd thai dp than thien vdl MT va y thuc dupe hanh dpng tardc van de MT sinh; - Co y thuc: Quan tam thudng xuyen den MT sdng cua ca nhan, gla dinh, edng ddng; Bao ve da dgng sinh hpe, bao ve njmg, bao ve dat dai, bao * Tnrcing Dai hoc str pliam Ha Npi **tlXBOaihQcsirphamHatlpi Tap chi Gido due so 315 45 ve nguon nudc, khdng khi; Giu gin vg sinh, an toan thue pham, an loan lao dpng; Ong hp, ehu d$ng tham gia eae hoat dpng BVMT, phe phan hanh vl gay hgi eho MT; cj Kinang • Hanh vi: Cd kT nang ^hat hign van de MT va dng xdtich cue vdi eae van de MT sinh; Cd hanh dpng ey theBVMT; Tuyen tmyen, van dpng BVMT gia dinh, nha trudng, xa hpi T i c h h p p G D M T q u a p h u o n g phap day hpc theo d u an (PPDHTDA) phan Hoa hoc phi l(im d THPT r;i'ePPOWn?>(l:a;/C/ia/n/^;PPDHTDA(Proiecl Based-Leaming PBL) la mpt hinh thdc day hpe, dd ngudi hpc thue hign mpt nhigm vy hpc tap phdc hpp, cd muc tieu rd rang, gan vdi thuc llln, ke't hpp giffa lllhuyet vathuc hanh, cd tgo cac san pham ed the gidi thieu hoac chuyen giao Ngudi hpc dupe hudng d i n de tu thuc hien vdi tinh lu lyc cao loan bd qua Irinh hpe lap Id viee xae djnh myc dich, lap ke hogch, de'n viee thue hien duan (DA), kie'm tra, dieu ehinh, danh gla qua trinh va ket qua thuc hien Hinh thue lam viee ehu yeu la Iheo nhdm, ed sutrpgiup dae luc^cua cac phuong tien cdng nghe hien dai; b) Dac diem cua PPDHTDA:-Q\nh hudng thyc lien; -Dinh hudng hdng thu eua HS; - Ddl hdi tinh ty lyc cao eua ngudihpe;-Ojnh hudng hoaldpng;-Ojnh hudng san pham (ketqua cua DA la nhung san pham hanh dpng va boat dpng tri lue cdthe cdng bd, gidi thieu duac); -De lai DA cd tinh phdc hap; - Viec hpc mang linh xa hdi (cac DA hpc tap thudng dupc thuc hien theo nhdm vathdi gian ngoai gid hpc co sy hd trp cua cong nghe hien dai); c) Cac bddc lien hanh: Ihong Ihudng PPDHDA dupc thuc hien theo budc \a:-Xaydungy^ tuang DA va quyei djnh chti de: G V tgo dieu kien de HSde xua'l ytudng DA, lya chpn va quyel dinh chu de, xae djnh myc tieu DA, chia nhdm; -Xay dt/ng ke /)oac/?//)t/c/j/enD>l,'NhdmHS lap kehoach lam viec, phan cdng cdng viec cho cac vien Bude 3: Thuc hien DA: HS lam viee theo nhdm va ca nhan theo kehoach edsu ke'l hpp II thuyet va thyc hanh, tao san pham DA; - Gidi thieu san pham DA: HS tliu thap tu iieu, trinh bay san pham, gidi thieu, cdng bd san pham DA Budc5:Danh gia GV va HS danh gia ketquavaquatrinh Rut kinh nghiem cho DA 2} Tich hgp GDMT qua PPDHTDA phan Hoahgc phikim aTHPT:Hoahoc\am6nhocnQh\en euu ve cac chat hoa hpc, cd nhieu npi dung, kie'n thde lien quan de'n thyc tiln va MT, Npi dung, chuang trinh HoahpeTHPT,dacbietlaphan Hoahgephikim idp 10, 11 cd rat nhieu npi dung lien quan den MT nhueacphikimvahqpehateua chung dupc sddung phd'bien thyc tien nhung chung eung cd nhffng anh hudngtoffiliepden MTvagayonhilm MTkhong 46 Tqp chi Gido due so 315 khi, dat, nude, Cac ndi dung da ham ehua nhiSm vu tieh'h^?p GDMT hoat dpng dgy hpc Hoa hpc thong qua v i ^ su" dyng cac, PPDH khac Oe tich hppVi^c GDMT dayhpchoa^ hpc thdng qua vi§c van dung PPDHTDA ehung tditien hanh xay dung va td* chdc cho HS de xua't, lua ehpn cac d^ tai DA lien quan d§'n npi dung BVMT eae bai hgc Cae npi dung GDMT dupe thuc hien tieh hop cae de tai DA hpe tap thdng qua cau hdi djnh hudng cua ke hoach thue hien DA a) Cac hudng d4 tai DA GDMT day hgc f}han hoa phi kim THPT:-Cac £?/ln/7d.td cac tinh chat eae don chatva hop chat y§u cau HS Ihuc hien cac DA nhdnghidn cdu vednh huong eua Chung vige g^y nhiem MT khdng (cac oxitcuanito,eaebon,hatogen,khiNH3 ),gay6nhilm MT nude (dd amoniac, mudi nitrat ), gay d nhilm MT da't (cac loai mudi, phan bdn hoa hpc, cac ehat bao vg thue vai ) hoac cac chat gay d nhilm td'ng hop cac MT khdng kht, dat, nude Trong cac DA yeu cau HS xac djnh dupe anh hudng cua cac chat den M T, ham lupng cho phep cua eae chattrong MT, each loaibd, han eheanh hudng cua chung bang phuang phap hoa hpe va eae hanh dpng eu the ; - Cac DA tmng binh:cacde tai DA the hign cac hogt dpng GDMT (vi dy: chat tay m a u - M ich va anh hudn^ tdi MT;ozon - chal bao ve hay chat gay d nhilm? SU dyng cac may khutnjng bang ozon; mua axit: nguySn nhan, hgu qua va each han che anh hudng ;-Cac DA Idn: • Vai trd, dng dung eua elo va cae hpp ch^t eude sdng; - Cio va qua trinh san xuat nudc saeh; - Nhffng thupham gay d nhiem khdng (nudc va dat) va nhung bien phap hgn che anh hudng cua Chung? ; b) Tieh hep ngi dung GDMT cac de tai DA hgc tap Vdi eae de tai DA nghien cuu eae nOi dung thue lien ve tinh chal, quy trinh san xuat, cac qua trinh hoa hpc xay cac nganh san xuat hoa hpc ed lien quan cac bai hpc, eae npidung GDMT dupc lich hap yeu cau thuc hien DA thdng qua eau hdi dinh hudng lap ke hogch DA VI du: DA cdng nghiep san xuat phan bdn hoa hpc ct Viel Nam (hoae cdng nghe san xuait xi mang, lang nghe san xuat gom sd, ggeh ngdi ) cae eau hdi djnh hudng neu g o m : - V a i trd cua phan bdn hoa hpc (dgm, lan, kali )_ddi vdi cay trdng?; - Nguyen II&u, quy trinh sari xuat phan dam (lan, kalL ) va cac nha may san xuat ehung?; - Cach sddyng hop licaclo^ phan bdn hoa hpc?; - Viec san xuatva su'dyng phan bdn hoa hpc cd gay nhie-m MT khong? Chung.ta phai lam gi dehgn eheanh hydng cua chung denMJi (td qua trinh san xuat den stJ dung )? c) Hudng din thuc hien motsoDA:T[j6\nh hudng tich hpp GDMT thong qua PPDHTDA ehung tdi da tien hanh hudng -(kil-8/2013) din HS thue hien mptsd'DA hpc tap phan Hoa phi kim THPT va thyc nghiem su phgm de darih gia tinh hieu qua eua quatrinh tich hop (DA: Chat tay mau-lpiich vaanh hudng tdi_MT; Mua axit; Ozon ehlit bao ve hay chat gay d nhilm, ) Vi du: Tich hop GDMT (;ua qua trinh hudng dan HS thue hien DA "Chat tay mau - bljch va anh hudng tdlM f" Mtic tieu chinh: tim hieu v^ chllt tay mau va sd dyng ctiat tay mau Ca'c cau hoi dinh hudng:- Nhung hoa chat cd tinh lay mau nao? Nguyen nhan gay linh lay mau eua eae ehatdd vacaeh sddyng chung?; -Vai trd cua ehlfttaymau ddi sdng va san xuai eua ngudi? Thuc te sd dyng chSit lay mau ddi sdng hien nay?; - Trong xa phdng, bpt giat thudng cd chat lay mau nao? Nhffng nganh san xua'l nao can sd dyng chait tay mau? Cac chat dd fa gi?; - Tac dung va lac hgi cua eae chat lay mau ddi vdi MT? Cach sd dyng hpp li chat lay mau sinh hogl va bien phap iian ehe anh hudng eua chung den MT?; Hudng dan: - Qua cac phuang tien thdng tin va thyc te (Iham quan.quan sat, dieu tra, khao satthuc tiin, thi nghiem), HS Igp ke hogeh, phan edng Ihyc^hien DA theo dinh hudng cua cac cau hdi; - San pham DA ed the dupc ttie hien d dgng bai trinh dien da phuong tien Poweifoint, bao tudng, tranh ve kem bai thuyet minh, HS lya chpn hinh thdc the hien dedal duac myc tieu chinh cua de tai, mang tinh dpc dao va sang tgo (g^y nguon tham /r/jao,'- Tai lieu, bao, tap chi, trang web ve hoa hpc: Tgp chi Hoa hpc va dng dyng, s d l 2^010 Hoattinh eua chattayn}a clo);C\\\a khoa vang Hoa hpc (Visao bgt tay trang co kha nang khu trung?}; Chia khoa vang Hoa hpe (Vi cio, kail pemanganat muoi an lai CO kha nang diet khuan?); Gac trang web: hltp://google.com.vn www.hoahoc ngaynay.com, www.h2vn.CQm www.hoahocorg, , 3) Thuc nghiem su pham: Chung tdi da lien hanh thuc nghiem su pham mdt sd bai day tai Idp (10vali)eua3trudng THPT (tinh VTnh Pliuc:'THPT Tran Phu; THPT Le Xoay va trudng THPT Chuyen DHSP Ha Npi) GV Phgm Thj Binh va Nguyln Thj Thanh thye^hien nam hpc 2011-2012 Phan lieh san phS'm^DA (phan tieh So theo ddl DA va kel qua eae bai kiem tra 15 phut, 45 phut cua HS sau thyc hien eae bai day thuc hien tieh hop GDMT dgy hpc phan Hoa phi kim THPT thdng qua PPDHTDA) cho thay:-HSkhae sau va van dung cac kien thdc hoa hpc cung nhu kien thdc MT tdl han; nang luc nhan thffc, nang lue sang tgo va hop lae, hffng thu hpc tap cua HS dupc nang eao Do dd, chat luang dgy va hpc mdn Hoa hpe dupe eai thieri dang ke; - Viec long ghep cac npi dung GDMT vao bai hpe khong l^m anh hudng de'n vigctiepthu eae kien thffe (kl • 8/2013) - hoa hpc cd bai ma cdn lam cho HS hogt dpng tieh ciic, ty tin va sang tao han;-Ki&'nUidcveMT cua HS tang len, tff ddnhan thdc vay thffcBVMTcuaHS the hi§n td't hon, cd nhffng hanh dpng va thai dp tieh eye viee tham gla, dpng vien ngudi khae cung chung tay BVMT ehung; - Thdng qua qua trinh thue hi^n DA, HS dupc ren luyen cac kTnang can thiel cho npuditrong xa hpi hien dai (kTnang lam viee nhdm, thuyei trinh, sudyng eae phuang lien kTthuat hien dgi, tim kiem va khai thac thdng tin, kTnang lanh dao, ) San pham cua DA dupe HS the hien qua mpt sdhinh anh sau {xem hinh 1, hinh 2): Qua nghien cdu ve mat II luan va thuc nghiem su phgm eho thay viec tich hpp GDMT dgy hpe phan HoaphikimThiPTbangPPDHTDAdadem lai ke'l qua lot va mang tinh kha thi cao De thye hien nhiem vu ddi hdi G V can cdy Ihde quan triet tdng bai day, biet kelhpp chat che giffa npi dung GDMT va npi dung cua bp mdn Hoa hgcltong chUPng trinh daquy dinh, tren eo sddd se thu dupe ketqua tdl, dap dng dupc yeu cau chat lupng glao due loan dien d Irudng phdthdng Tai lieu tham khao Cdc hit&ng ddn chung ve gido due mdi tru&ng ddnh cho ngum ddo tcto gido vien, DA VIE 95/041, Ha NOi - 1998, Bemd Meier - Nguyen Van Cucrng Phdt trien ndng luc thong qua phuong phdp vd phuong ti$n dgy hpc moi Dy an phat trien glao due trung hgc phd thfing Tai lieu hoi thao, m NOi, tO/2005 Nguygn Thj Siru - Pham Hfing B^c, Ddm bdo tinh phu hop vai Ludt Gido d^c su v^n dung phuong phdp dgy hpc theo dit dn vdo gidng dgy Hod hpc trung hoc phdthdng Tgp chi Hod hpc vd iing diing, so 01/2013 Va Dang Do Hoa hoc va sir o nhiem m6i triucmg t^XB Gido duc, H 1999 Nguygn Kim HOng GiAo d u e m6i t r u i n g NXB GidoducH 2002 SUMMARY This article mentions to how to apply Project Based-Learning in teaching Chemistry In high school through a number of projects Integrating knowledge with chemical pollution, environmental pollution treatment Through the implementation of learning projects, students not only develop cognitive ability, have a positive learning skills in the subject of Chemistry, but also make sense and have a positive attitude In protecting the environment In the community Tap chi Giae due so 315 43 ... danh gia ketquavaquatrinh Rut kinh nghiem cho DA 2} Tich hgp GDMT qua PPDHTDA phan Hoahgc phikim aTHPT:Hoahoc\am6nhocnQh\en euu ve cac chat hoa hpc, cd nhieu npi dung, kie''n thde lien quan de''n... tiln va MT, Npi dung, chuang trinh HoahpeTHPT,dacbietlaphan Hoahgephikim idp 10, 11 cd rat nhieu npi dung lien quan den MT nhueacphikimvahqpehateua chung dupc sddung phd''bien thyc tien nhung chung... phS''m^DA (phan tieh So theo ddl DA va kel qua eae bai kiem tra 15 phut, 45 phut cua HS sau thyc hien eae bai day thuc hien tieh hop GDMT dgy hpc phan Hoa phi kim THPT thdng qua PPDHTDA) cho thay:-HSkhae