JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE 2012 Vol 57, No 10, pp 49 58 SU DUNG TRO C H O I TRONG DAY HOC HOA HOC N g u y e n Th i Thijy N g a '''' , Tran T r u n g N i n h '''' * , N g u y e n Thj Tuycl'''' ^ va Vu Th i K i[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE 2012 Vol 57, No 10, pp 49-58 SU DUNG TRO C H O I TRONG DAY HOC HOA HOC N g u y e n T h i Thijy N g a ' , T r a n T r u n g N i n h ' * , N g u y e n T h j Tuycl'-^ va Vu T h i K i m D u n g ^ ^Truifng Dgi boc Supbgm Hd Ntn, ^Trudng Cao dang Tuyin Quang *E-mail: trantrungninh@gmail.com Tom tat Tio chdi day hpc khong chi quan doi vdi ciic hpc sinh (HS) Tieu hpc ma cdn quan trpng doi vdi ca HS thong Mol giai pbap lam lang bflng thii hpc tap mon Moa hoc cua MS la sfl dung tid chdi day bpc Bai bao gidi thieu cac cd sd li luan va ihuc tiin, quy irinh thflc hicn nhu'ng die'm can chii y kbi td chflc tro chdi day hpc mon I Ida hpc Bai bao cung Irinh bay mpl vi du minb hpa \h sfl dung Iro chdi day hpc phSn Hda hgc Hvtu ca ldp 11 cho hpc sinh THPT Ttf khoa: Tro chdi day bpc, Hoa hpc Md dau Luat Giao due sfla doi 2005 [1], dieu 28.2 quy djnh: "Phfldng phap giao due pbo tbdng pbai pbat huy tinh lich eflc, tu giac, chu ddng, sang tao cua hpc sinh; tac dpng d8n tinh cam, dem lai ni^m vui, bflng tbu hpc tap cho bpc sinh" Tuy nhien mpl sd tnrdng bdp kbi giao vien (GV) dat cau bdi va yeu cau bpc sinh (HS) pbat bieu tbi HS thfldng cang thang hoac khdng tfl tin tbam chi khdng mudn tra ldi lam cbo khdng ldp hpc trSm lang, cang thang Trd chdi vdi tinb bip dan tfl than cua minh cd the xda bd nhflng rao can tam li ay, trd chdi day bpc cd mpt ti6m nang ldn de trd tbanb mdt phKdng tien day hpc bieu qua, kich thicb su bflng tbu nhan thflc, niem say me hpc tap va ti'nh ticb eflc sang tao cua HS Da cd mdt so tac gia quan lam den sfl dung trd chdi irong day bpc [2,3] song cbua nhieu Trong bai bao chung tdi gidi tbieu each sfl dung trd chdi day bpc kbi ap dung vao day pban HtSa bgc Hdu co ldp 11 [4] chttdng trinh cd ban N o i d u n g n g h i e n cufu 2.1 Sur c a n thiet sur d u n g tro chcfi day h o c H o a h o c Trd chdi day hpc nham muc dich pbat bien ki^n thflc mdi, luyen tap cac ky nang, on tSp, he tbdng bda kidn tbflc bai bpc, boi dfldng nigm say me mdn Hda hoc Tbdng qua trd chdi HS nam dfldc kien thflc, ky nang cua bai bpc mdt each nhe nhang, nudi dfldng 49 Nguyen Th| Thuy Nga, Tr.ln Trung Ninh, Nguyen Thj Tliycl vil Vu Thi Kim Dung long ham hicu bicl, thai hoc tich cdc Trong qud trinh day hoc mon Hoa hoc, sii dung Iro chdi cd nhieu lac dung nhU: - Giiip HS Ihay doi loai hinh, da dang hoa cac hoat dong gid hoc, gay hiing Ihu hpc lap - Kich Ihinh sit llm toi, lao cd hoi de HS td the hicn minh - Thong qua no chdi, HS van dung kien thdc nang no, hoal bat, kich thich In' tudng tddng, tri nhd.TOdd phal trien IU mem deo, hoc lap each xOf ly Ihong minh nhiing linh huong phdc tap, lang cddng khii niing van dung cuoc sdng de d{ dang thich nghi vdi dicu kicn mdi cda xa hoi - Ngoai ihong qua hoat dong Iro chdi giup cac em phat Iricn dddc nhieu phara chat dao diic nhu tinh doan kel, than ai, long trung Ihdc, tinh than cong dong va linh trach nhicm cao Mon Hoa hoc, vdi dac trdng la gom cac bieu tifdng: ky hieu, cong Ihilc, phUOng trinh hda hoc, danh phap, cac dinh luat, viec nJm vdng nhiing kicn thilc, ky nang va dicn dat duoc bang cac bleu tUdng hda hoc mot each nhanh chdng, chinh xac la khong ddn gian Do vice SLf dung Iro chdi day hpc Hda hpc d mpt so trddng hdp co the giiip cho hpc sinh hoc tap lich cdc hdn 2,2, Khai quat ve tro choi day hoc * Tro choi day hpc - Tro choi la hoat dpng eo lual, co tinh canh tranh hoac thach thdc ngudi tham gia - Tro choi gido due dudc dac trung bdi tac dung cai thien tri thdc, ki nang, linh cam, y Iri, cua ngudi Iham gia chdi - 'Tro choi dgy hpc la nhung tro chdi giao due dUdc lua chpn, sii dung de day hgc, nd tuan thii npi dung, muc dich, nguyen tac cOa phUdng phap day hpc Cac nhiem vu, quy t^c, quy lual chdi va cac quan he Iro choi day hpc dUde to chiic IUdng doi chat che khuon kho eac nhiem vu day hpc va dUde hudng din vao muc lieu, npi dung hpc tap Trp chdi day hpc dupc sang tao va dUdc sijf dung bdi cac nha giao va ngUdi ldn dUa tren nhiing cd sd ciia ly luan day hpc, dac biet la cua iy luan day hpc cac mpn cu the Chung phan anh ly thuyel, y tudng va muc tieu cua giao due, la mpt nhiing hoat dpng giao due khong tuan theo bai ban cilng nhic nhu nhiing gid hpc trade * Phdn loai trb chdi va each sill dung tro chdi Co nhieu each phan loai tro chdi day hpc Dudi day chung toi gidi thifiu each: Dita vdo muc dich sil diing: tro chdi day hpc co the chia cac loai: - Tro chdi de nghien cilu 11 thuyet radi, sil dung dau tiet hpc hoac trUdc 50 sa dung trd chtfi dgy hoc Htki Iwc cbuyen sang mpl ndi dung mdi - Trd chdi dc cung co bai bpc, dung k^t thuc bai bpc, - Trd chdi de he thong hda kien tbflc Trd chdi thfldng dfldc sfl dung Irong cac gid dn tap, luyen lap, sfl dung tbay cbo phSn kien thflc can nbd Dua vdo phUftng lien sd ttung cd the phan chia trd chdi day bpc tbanh loai: - Tro chdi can thiet sfl dung may linh, may chieu - Trd chdi kbdng c^n thiet sfl dung may tinh, may chieu * l/u diem vd nhUOc diem ciia tro chdi dgy hgc Uu diem: Trd chdi day hpc la mpl phfldng phap day hpc tich cue, cd kha nang tbu hut HS vao bai hpc, lam cho gib bpc bdt cang thang HS dfldc boat ddng va li6p tbu kien tbflc mpl each nhe nhang HS thich ngbi vdi phfldng pbap sfl dung trd chdi day hpc nhanh hdn cac phfldng phap day bpc tich eflc khac NhUtfc diem: Trd chdi day bpc co mot sd nbifdc diem sau: - Mil nhicu thdi gian de xay dflng, tbigl k6 ird chdi - Khd khan khau quan li ldp hpc id" chflc trd chdi - Trd chdi thfldng khb cd the cung cap kiSn thflc mdt each he thdng - Neu khdng to chflc trd chdi hdp li thi HS dl sa da vao viec chdi ma quen mSt nhiem vu bpc tap, va linh hdi kien thflc sau trd chdi 2.3 PhUOng phap day hoc Hoa hoc bang tro choi Nhac den chfldng trinh Hoa bpc ldp 11 tbi co nbi^u y ki^n cho la qua tai Nam hpc 2011 - 2012, Bd Giao due va Dao tao da ch di khoang 1/3 cbiipng trinh, nhien kbi so sanb, ndi dung chfldng trinb boa bpc tbdng Viet Nam van cdn thua xa cac nfldc nbfl Singapo, Anb, Vay qua tai nen bieu nbfl the nao? Pbai chang giao due Viet Nam khdng qua lai ve npi dung ma qua tai v€ " sflc ep tam Ii" Can benb tbanh tich da Ien ldi vao tiem thflc cua cac bac phu huynh va nba trudng Nhflng ngfldi Iam cha, me tbi khdng ngflng so sanb minh vdi nba khac cdn nba trfldng va GV thi mai me chay theo tfch de roi nbi^u HS vi sd ma di bpc! Lam tb6 nao de mdi d6n trfldng eua HS la mpt vui? Mpt nbung giai phap dd la sfl dung tro chdi day bpc noi cbung va d mdn Hoa bpc ndi rieng * Nguyin tdc vita site, di thuc hiin - Mdi trd chdi phai cung co dflpc mpt npi dung bda bpc cu tbe cbfldng trinh (cd the la kiSn thflc cin kiem tra bai cu, kien thflc bai mdi, ky nang tbflc hanh, van dung, 51 Nguy£n Thi Thiiy Nga T r k Trung Ninh Nguy6n Tbi Tuyet va Vii Thj Kim Dung luyen lap ) - Cac trd chdi phiii giup HS ren luy^n ky nang hda hoc phat huy iri tue dc phan lich, tfl sang lao, - Trd chdi phai phu hdp vdi quy tbdi gian (sfl dung irong gid hpc lfl den 10 pbut), tbich hdp vdi mdi trfldng hpc tap * Nguyen tdc phu htfp dgc diim tdm ly Ida tuti'i cd sde hdp ddn cao • Trd chdi c() sflc hap dan, tbu hfli dfldc sfl chu y, tham gia cua hpc sinh, tao khong kbi vui vc, Ihoai mai - Trd chdi can phai gan gui sal ihflc, phu bpp vdi lam ly lfla tuoi HS Idp thong To chflc trd chdi khdng qua cau ky, phflc tap, • Nguyen tde bdm sdt mm lieu dgy Iwe vd triel dekhai thdc cde thiet bj dgy hgc sdn cd - Kbi Ibici kc trd chdi day hpc phai can cfl muc tieu day bpc yeu cau, npi dung kien tbflc cd ban, triel de kbai thac cac thiel bi day hoc cd s^n cua mon hoc (d thfl vien, dung cua GV va HS) - Cac diang day hpc tfl lam cua GV nen khai thac tfl nbflng vat lieu gan giii xung quanh (tfl cac phe lieu nhfl: vd hop banh keo, dau gd, dSu nfla, nip chai, giSy bia, ) cho dung vfla dam bao tinh kboa bpc tinb giao due, linh tbam my nhflng il ton kem Tfl cac nguyen tic tren cbo thay, kbi thiet ke trd chdi day hpc can can cfl vao noi dung kien tbflc sach giao kboa can cfl vao thdi gian, muc tieu de d mdi tiet hpc cflng nbiT ddi tfldng bpc sinb, mdi trfldng bpc tap, nhfl vay thi tro chdi mdi cd y nghia tbflc tiin 2.3.2 Quy trinh thtfc hien to chii'c tro choi - Butk-} Xac dinb muc lieu cua trd chdi: Trfldc cbo HS chdi bai kl mdt trd chdi nao, giao vien cung can pbai xac dinh ro: dung trd chdi vdi muc dich gi? Trd cbdi mang lai cho HS nhfldng kien tbflc gi va binii tbanh nhflng kT nang gi thong qua cSc boat dpng chdi? Tfl muc tieu cua tro chdt k6t hOp vdi muc tieu cua bai bpc va cac dieu kien khac, GV lfla chpn mpl tro chdi pbu hpp - Budc Chuan bi dicu kien, phUdng lifin chdi Gidi thieu va giai thich tro chdi: De cho trd cbdi diln thuan Idi thi GV can chuan bi mot dieu kien chdi tot Sau kbi da chpn dflpc trd chdi phu bpp thi ngfldi GV can: + Ngbien cflu ki luat chdi, each chdi, each to chflc tro chdi + Soan giao an (xac dinb ro muc tieu ciia viec sfl dung tro chdi), cbuan bi dia dilm, pbfldng tien chdi Khi to chflc trd chdi thong thfldng phai thflc bien theo each sau: 52 sa dung tro choi dgy hge Htki hgc + Gidi tbieu trd chdi + Tbdi gian chdi, ngfldi chdi + Lual chdi - Budc 3: Dieu khien trd cbdi Ngfldi dieu khien trd cbdi cSn tbflc bien cac cdng viec sau: + Lenh cho phep trd cbdi dfldc bat dSu + Theo ddi va nam vflng cac boat ddng chdi ciia ca nhan, nbdm tham gia chdi + Giam hoac tang Ihdi gian chdi + Thay dd'i so Ifldng ngfldi chdi + Tbay ddi yeu eSu hoac each chdi - Budc 4: Danh gia kel qua chdi, trao giai cho ngudi chdi - BUf'fc 5: Thao luan va rut kien thflc, ky nang cSn hinh tbanh va phal trien Trd chdi ket thiic c4n phai cd ket qua rd rang va dac biet quan trpng bdn la GV pbai cbi nbflng kiln tbflc HS can ghi nbd tbdng qua trd chdi 2.3.3 >^ndung Chung tdi tiin banh van dung trd chdi day bpc vao day Bai 40 - Aneol (tilt 1) Ll sfl dung trd chdi: Bai Ancol dfldc nghien cflu tiet, vdi tbdi lifdng 45 pbut cua tilt thi HS chi c5n nam vflng dinh nghia ancol, cdng thflc ckn tao cung nbfl danh phap cua ancol Mat khac day la bai li thuyet dau tien ma HS dfldc bpc vl mpt loai hpp chat bull cd khdng pbai cbi cd C va H nfla ma them ca nguyen tfl O Nhfl vay can cfl vao thdi lupng tilt hpc cung nhfl muc tieu ndi dung chfldng trinh tbi cd the sfl dung trd chpi cbo tiet bpc * Tro chdi: Ai nhanh hdn Mue tieu cda trd choi - Lam cbinb xac bda cac kbai niem, cdng tbflc eau tao cung nbu danh phap cua mot loai chat bda bpc - Pbat trien d HS nang Iflc tfl phat hien vin de nhanh cbdng ki nang lam viec bdp tac HS tiep thu kien thflc mdi mdt each de dang - Gid bpc sdi noi, thoai mai, cudn but bpc sinb Chudn bi dieu kien vd phuong tien chpi Giao vien cin chvxin bi cac td AO nbfl Hinh (mdi dpi td) Gidi thieu vd gidi thich trd choi - Gidi thieu trd chdi: Tro chdi co ten gpi "Ai nhanb hdn", ngbia la mdi dpi se pbai tim cac cdng thflc trfin dSu la ancol va dung but khoanh trdn vao aneol D6i 53 NguySn Thi rhiiy Nga, Tran Trung Ninh, NguySn Thi Tuyet va VO Thj Kim Dung nao llm dUdc nhicu ancol hdn la dpi thing cupc - Thdi gian chdi: -1 phlit - Dpi chdi: Chia Idp thimh dpi chdi, moi dpi la mol lo - Lual chdi: Moi doi co phut de lim cac cong thdc dung ciia ancol va dung biil mau khoanh iron viio dap an Hcl gid, cac dpi cil dai dicn Icn treo V.k qua len bang Moi cong Ihdc dling doi chdi CO 10 dicm Doi niio co nhicu diem hdn la dpi thang cupc Dicu kltieit lid chili: GV true licp dicu khien tro chdi Ddnh gid kcl qud choi vd Irao gidi cho ngudi chui Khi iro chdi ket thuc, GV dUa dap an dc HS ddi chicu xem dpi minh tim dUdc bao nhicu cong thdc diing GV luyen bo dpi thiing cupc (diip an Hinh 2) Thdo hdn vd rul kicn ihttc Thdng qua Iro chdi nay, dinh nghia, cau lao ancol sc dUdc lam chinh xac Trong sach chi neu : "Ancol la nhiing hdp chal hdu cd phan til cd nhom hydroxy! lien kit true licp vdi nguyen til cacbon no" Ta thay d mang ludi tren cd rat nhieu cong thilc cSu lao chua nhdm OH nhflng kbdng phai ancol: vi du V r r l / , CH2=CH-0H, HS kbi chfla nam vflng djnh ngbia, rat de khoanh nham nhflng cdng thflc CH,-CH,-CH,-CH,-CH,-OH Ci: ^ CH3-0-CH2-CH2-OH CHj-CHj-OH [ ^ ] ~ ° " o X X o x* KJ X u x" CH3- OH X J-OH-CH o-A CH,=:CH-Oh C H , - C H j CH, OH ANCOL P X CH,CI-CH-CH, OH OH I0r°" CH, - CH,- CH, - CH, - CHO X X C.H,CH,OH C„H,„,OH Hinh I Sa dd tro chai Ai nhanh han U- C(CH,),OH CHa CjH^iOH), r> X rt X r» n "1 X 1? z (^S) Sii dung tro chtfi Irtmg dgy hge Htki lm CHJ C") - CHJ - CHJ - CH, - CH, - OH CHj-O-CHj-CHj-OH •CH,-CH,-OH ( ] ~ ° " rt X o—C I ? • C H J - OH CHJ = CH - O H ' C H , - ? CH;, CH, X n X / CH, C I - C H - C H , o in J0r°" CH, -CH^CH.OH n X o X