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DAY m m i s m m m m IRONG NHA TRUIMG puliiHiiNG TS PHAM THI THU HLTONG Dgc hieu van bin khdng ehi cdn la nhQng ndi dung nghien ciiu khoa hpc ma dd dupc "the ehl hod" vao ddi sdng qua cae nha hoach djn[.]
DAY m m i s m m m m IRONG NHA TRUIMG puliHiNG TS PHAM THI THU HLTONG D gc hieu van bin khdng ehi cdn la nhQng tri nhd ngdn han vao "kho luu tru" ddi han va ndi dung nghien ciiu khoa hpc ma dd dupc ed the huy dpng, "lay ra" mpt each de dang dp "the ehl hod" vao ddi sdng qua cae nha dung vao tinh hudng mdi Nhilu khi, khdi niem "kT hoach djnh ehinh sdeh (nhu chuang trinh No ChikI ndng" va "CT dpe hieu" dupc dung khdng phdn biet Left Behind} Mdt nhiem vu can thid't dupc ddt la va thudng dupc "nhdm" lai vdi cae tai ein cd cac djnh hudng, each thQc de dua van d l lieu nghien cQu vi myc dich khoa hpc Van d l ddt day dgc hie'u vao chuang trinh va dao tao giao vien la cin phai phdn biet, lam sang rd nhung did'm (GV) dam nhigm npi dung d nhd tmdng phd gidng va khae ciia hai thuat ngQ nham thdng Thudt ngU'chien thuat' (CT) day dpc hilu ndng cao hidu qua su dung chung ddi bdi canh dd Ndi de'n "kT nang" la quan tdm de'n kha ndng TQ diln Ngii van djnh nghTa "chien thuaf cua mpt ngudi ed the dp dung nhung hie'u bilt cua (danh tii) giao dye la "mdt ke hoach cd tinh he minh vao thyc hign tdt mdt edng vide nao dd Tie'n thong dugc lua chgn va kiem soat cd chti y de thiie hanh cdng vide din mdc trdi chay, thuin thye, tde day su thuc hien edng viec cua ca nhan hgc dp, tinh thdng, rat it su can thiep cua tu duy, gan tajf (1) Tai lieu tdng hop theo nhdm chii de cua Hiep nhu la tu ddng hoa la dac did'm eua mpt ngudi cd hdi dgc quoc gia • Hoa Ki (NRP) dua quan nigm kT ndng cdng vide Oich din dy ddi hdi su tu ndi dung td'ng kit danh gia eila hp vao nam 2000: trai nghiem tren dudng di vdi cae hoat ddng ren "Mdt CTIi mdt each tiep can toan dien cua mdt ca luyen, thyc hanh CT dpe hie'u dap Qng ydu cau nhan tdi mdt nhiem vu, nd bao gom viec mgt ngudi dd Diem khae biet rd nhd't giQa kT ndng va CT la tuduy va hinh ddng nhu the nao lap ke hoach d cho: CT ddi hdi su dan ddt, can thiep than trpng vi dinh gia nhdng edng cua chinh minlf va eila tu vdi djnh hudng myc tieu rd rang chi "CTdgc hieu duac xac dinh nhu la qui trinh nhan dao su can thiep dy; cdn kT nang la su thuan thuc, thiic dugc din dit than trgng bdi muc dich cu the, thao, trdi chay de'n mdc gin nhu tu dpng hoac mdt each xuiidedieu khien, chuyen sued ginghod, dpc gia khdng ein phai ed gdng nhilu Cho cua ngudi dgc tdi viec giai ma van ban va kiin tao y nen mdi quan he giQa CT va kT ndng la mdi quan nghia eua van barf (Gamer, 1987) (2) he vua nhdn qua lai vua bd sung eho CT Nhu vdy ed the xem CT dpe hie'u la nhQng bien tao dieu kien de ren luydn kT ndng Ngay ea phap, ttiu thudt, eachttiQe,thao tac nhd't djnh nhdm ddc gia da thuin thye mdt kT ndng nao dd, hp vdn din ddt qua trinh nhdn thQc cua HS de chie'm Iinh, ed the gap khd khdn ein dd'n su trp giup cua cac kiln tao y nghTa cua van ban mdt each tieh eye, chij CT dpc hieu ddi tupng va nhidm vy mdi vdi nhQng thach thQc mdi Td't nhien, nhu tdng kit eua ddng, higu qua "Kinang li dich din, CTIi eude di" lis Idu, Natbnal Reading Panel (NRP), ddy dd cung cd dao tao dpc hie'u thudng quan tam de'n vide hinh nhung y kiln cue doan nhu chi day CT ma khdng kT nang eho ngudi dpe tie'p xuc vdi van day kT ndng, nhung neu CT ma khdng di dd'n dupc ban Do vdy, dgy kT ndng da ed lich su hang tram kT ndng thi hieu qua cua cdng tae dao tao cung ein nam ca d ITnh vuc tdm li va giao due Tuy nhien, xem xet lai Sy khae blet vua chi cung ed y nghTa din dlu nhQng ndm 70 eua thIkiXX, md hinh vide lya ehpn eae CT dpe hieu cua ca ngudi °li thuyet thdng tiri" nd'i len nghien edu, thudt dgy va ngudi hpc Khdng phai nao CT dupc lua ngQ "CT" ddi, ban dau gdn vdi vide lam the nao ehpn cung td't ylu ddn de'n su edng va higu de kich Uiieh tri nhd, luu giQ kho nhdn thuc eua eon ngudi nao bd, chuye'n cae hinh anh luu giQ 38 Tap ehi Gido due so 302 ' Klioa Ngi lai, ImiH B?i kpc «r pbam Ha Npi (ki2-1/2013) qua dpc Trong trudng hap nhu vay, ddc gia cd CT la phai nhdn minh dang di 1am dudng" ndn da khdng de'n dupc "canh cda rpng md" vao tac phd'm Va "sieu nhdn thQc" se thuc hien vai trd quan trpng to Idn cua nd - dd la djnh hudng va lya chpn Igi CT de dam bao higu qua Phdn bai cac CT day hpc dpc hie'u eung la mdi quan tdm cua cdc nha nghien cuu "Ngdn hang" cua he thd'ng CT dgy dpc la vd eung phong phu bdi nd lien quan de'n qua trinh tu va kie'm soat ta; cua ngudi hpc vdn da rd't sinh ddng, da dang (du la eung tam li, Ida tudi va mQc dp phat trien); ddi tupng Id cde vdn ban dpe hie'u vdi dp khd d l cung khae nhau, (nhd't la vdn ban van chuong vdn thupc loai phQc tap va da nghTa vao bae nhd't) Hon nQa, mpt CT nao dd dupe d l xud't cung khdng don thuin ehi giai quylt mdt nhiem vu Vi dpc la mdt qua trinh tdng hop phde tap, huy ddng td'ng lyc ngudi ca nhdn dpc gia vdi td't ca cae ddc diem da dgng, sinh dpng va trai nghiem phong phu eua nd, eho nen CT dpe hie'u glal quye't nhigm vu ehinh nhQng ciing khdng the khdng cd Hen quan din cdc nhiem vy khae Oi tQ md hinh li thuyd't eua qua trinh thdng tin, hudng vao hoat ddng nhdn thQc eua eon ngudi va hinh thde de td chuc day hpc CT dpc hieu, CT dupc chia lam loai Idn: 1) Nhdn thue; 2) Sieu nhdn thue; 3) Tuong tae Cdn nlu cdn cQ vao qua trinh nghien cQu "chan dung dpe gia" hoat dpng dpc hieu vdn ban lai ed the nhdm CT vao cae dang ehinh sau ddy: 1) Hoat hoa eac tri thue, trai nghiem ed trude; 2) Du doan; 3) Mdi quan he hdi - dap; 4) Oaf edu hdi; 5) Bang truyen (so 66 hod cdt truyen); 6) Tdm tat, td'ng hop, danh gia vdn ban; 7) So dd, bang bieu, dyng CT thdng qua kT thudt "eung cap eudn phim tri dc" (think-aloud); GV trp giup de HS thyc hanh CT va dan dan qua trinh ehuyen thanli sy "uy quyln" vai trd doe lap cho HS, GV chi giQ vai trd "cd van" 2) Khi gap nhung khd khan sinh eu the qua trinh chie'm Ifnh cac van ban nhu: nhQng dien tich, dien cd; cac thudt ngu khoa hpc; each mieu ta va li giai cila nha van v l ngutii va eudc sdng; cac hinh thue nghe thuat chuyen tai npi dung va hieu qua eua nd viec kiln tao thdng tin tham mT, GV giup HS nhan dien cac khd khan dd, xem xet lal he thdng CT dang dupe sii dung da that su hieu qua chua va thay dd'i each thde, thao tac lam vide de dat tdi mue dich Ody la mot qua trinh phQc tap cung la mpt cdng vide chie'm thdi gian Idn nha't cae chuang trinh day dpc hieu d nha trudng Co hdi thQ hai cila GV va HS trai dai theo cac bai hpc chuong trinh va saeh giao khoa Mdi van ban la mdt the gidi; mdi nhdn vat la mpt kham pha; mdi edu chuyen la mdt d l xud't; mdi hinh anh la mdt ki thac , each GV hudng ddn HS nhan dieu dd chinh Id hpc si; dung va dieu ehinh CT cho phu hpp vdi tdng yeu elu nhidm vu Va cung nhu cac van ban vdn chuang, dieu phong phu, linh hoat, rdng md vd cung Nd khdng ehi ddi hdi hie'u biet ve HS, v l van ban, v l tinh hud'ng hpc tap ma cdn can de'n ea sytinh tikheo leo, kha ndng tham binh, kham pha chilu sau eila tac phd'm - bdi day vdn vQa la khoa hpc vda la nghe thuat 3) Kha nang tu "phan xuaf kinang dgc hie'u cae nhan td'Se ngudi dpc nhdn dupc cac phan nay, quan sat xem chiing dupe tdchQc lai vdi nhu the nao va kit hpp ehung Viec phdn logi de tidn eho cdng tae nghien cQu qua trinh thuc hien kT ndng d hanh ddng va tdng kit v l mat li ludn Tren thye te, cac ylu td "dpc" Day la yeu elu can dupc dao tao va ren cd the hoa vao vdi ti Id va mQc dp quan luyen thudng xuyen, Idu dai d GV day dpc hie'u trpng khae muc dich, yeu cau eua nhiem van ban Khdng the day cho HS hinh dung, tudng tupng lam sd'ng day the gidi nghe thuat bai vy dat qua trinh dpe hid'u vdn ban van, edu tho neu chinh ban than ngudi day chdng Day CT dgc hid'u van ban nhu the nao eung la mpt vd'n d l cin suy nghT Can cQ vao qua trinh dpe "nhin" thd'y dilu gi ddng sau edu chQ van hieu, cd the thay mpt sd "thdi diem" cung cap va su ban; de rdi "di tdt", bd qua mgt khdu rat quan trpng lam nen bau khdng mang hoi thd cua tac dung CT rat higu qua dd'i vdi ban dpe HS Od la: phd'm, Mpi "cat nghTa" trd nen thuan li, "khoa 1) Khi cung cap cho ngudi hgc nhung CTban di'u Quy trinh "ehuyen giao" CT dupe thuc hign hoc", cd ve rat chinh xac Nhung hay xem kit qua Ihdng thudng theo cae budc: GV gidi thieu muc cua sy kiln tao y nghTa tQ van ban qua trinh dieh, each thQc si; dyng CT; GV lam mlu vide su (Xem Hep bang 45) (ki2-1/2013) • Tap chi Gido due so 302 39 Chung va ttiQ ty cua ede budc giai quylt van d l TH eac kit qua cua PT de hoan ttiien kji giai va phdt trie'n BT ban dau (3) NguySn Ba Kim Phuong phap day hpc mon Toan NXB Dai hpc suphpm, H 20II Tai liSu tham khao Phan.DiJc Chinh (to'ng chu biSn) - TOn Thdn (chu bieii) Todn NXB Gido difc, H 2005 Trong qua trinh giai ede BT hinh hpc, viec ve NguySn Bd Kim - Vucmg Duong Minh - TOn Than ttidm hinh phu khdng nhung giup HS tim dupe \d\ Khuydn khi'ch mdt s6 hoat ddng tri tai ciia hpc sinh glal mdt each dd dang ma cdn dua nhQng ldi giai qua mdn Toan o truong trung hoc co s* NXB Gido hay, ngdn gpn, ddc dao mang tinh sang tgo cao rfuc, H 1999 Cac BT giai bdng PP ve them hinh phu ddi hdi HS BCii V3n Nghj Phuong phap day hpc nhung ndi phai ndm vQng kiln thQc vd cd kT ndng giai todn nhlt dung cu thd mOn Toan NXB bai hoc su pham, H 2008 djnh Oltao dupc mpt hinh phu lien ket tudng minh NguySn Due Tdn Ve them yeu tO' phu de giai mOt mdi quan he toan hpc glQa ode dilu kidn da eho vdi stf bai todn hinh hpc NXB Gido rfucH 2005 dilu klen cin tim, HS phai thye hign ede thao tac tu Bach Phuong Vinh "Khai thac cac bdi todn PTVTH; qua dd, phat trie'n ndng luc tritaigva tu d?y hpc phdn hinh hpc lop nhdm rfen luy$n thao tdc tu phan tich vd tdng hpp cho hpc sinh " Tpp chi khoa hpc eho H S a Gidoduc, thdng 9/2011 •*• SUMMARY (1) Hoang Chiing Phuong phap day hpc to^n hpc d' truiang trung hpc CO stir NXB Gidoduc, H 1997 (2) Hodng Phe (chu bien) Tur di^n tigng Vi|t NXB Dd Ndng vd Trung tdm tudiin hpc Ha NOi - Dd NSng 2000 In this paper, the author presents several analysis measures to find out how to draw more shapes appropriate in order to solved geometry and some geometric problems class solved by method draw more shapes, to train students to manipulate analytical thinking and synthesis Day chien thuat dpc hieu mdt vai djnh hudng trudc ngudi dgy thuc su bdt tay vao thid't k l va su dyng cde CT day hpe doe hid'u vdn ban • (Tief> theo tmng 39) dpc hid'u dy la gi: mpt vdn ban bi "phdn tieh", bj chia nat, rp la viet ve eon ngudi va cudc sd'ng ma ddi chdng cd mpt chut sinh nao - nhu vdy, lam gid vdn cdn ed "chd't van"? GV mudn thj pham mdt CT nao dd de hinh kT ndng "du doan" dpc, lam phong phu them su cam nhdn, coi la co sd de ddnh gia each li giai v l ddi sdng cua nha van, nhung lai chua bao gid tQng tich cue "ddn dau" nhu vdy qua trinh ddc lap dpc hie'u van ban eua minh Neu vdy, hp lam ed the dy doan dupc, lai cang khdng the tien ligu nhQng dudoan phong phu cua HS tinh hud'ng ey the de du djnh phuong an dilu khie'n, dilu chinh eho phu hpp, de ludn ludn ehu dpng mpi tinh hud'ng dgy hpc GV chi ed the day dpe hid'u vdn ban cho HS ban thdn cung la mdt "ddc gia" dung nghTa; bilt "phdn thdn" de quan sat xem minh dang dpc hie'u vdn ban nhu t h i nao, gap khd khdn gi; biet ddt minh vao vj tri HS - nhung dpc gia phat trie'n - de tien lieu eae tinh hudng can thao gd Cd le it nha't dd eung la (ki2-1/2013) (1) Harris, T - Hodges, R The literacy dictionary: The vocabulary of reading and writing DE: International Reading Association, 1995 (2) National Council of Teachers of English, International Reading Association Standards for English Language Arts Urbana.lL:NCTE, 1996 SUMMARY Reading comprehension strategy is a cognitive process carefully led by specific purposes or a processing way to control the reader's effort to decoding and making meaning from text The relationship between strategy and skill is caused and additional As a model of information theory, there are kinds of strategy: cognition metacognlUon and interaction From the study of reader's potraJt strategies are devided into some kinds as follows acting prior knowledge and experiences, predicting, making questions There are two approaches in strategy training, which are to provide direcUy students with basic strategies, and teach students indirectly through problem solving To that, teachers should deride skills into elements which help students observe, identify and practise those skills Tap chi Gido due so 302 45 ...qua dpc Trong trudng hap nhu vay, ddc gia cd CT la phai nhdn minh dang di 1am dudng" ndn da khdng de''n dupc... liSu tham khao Phan.DiJc Chinh (to''ng chu biSn) - TOn Thdn (chu bieii) Todn NXB Gido difc, H 2005 Trong qua trinh giai ede BT hinh hpc, viec ve NguySn Bd Kim - Vucmg Duong Minh - TOn Than ttidm