1 rao doi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe Sir DUNG THU THUAT D A T CAU HOI DE TANG CUONG SlT THAM GIA CUA SINH VIEN VAO CAC HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP TIENG ANH TRONG LOP HOC DONG ThS NGO TH! KIM TH[.]
1 rao doi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe Sir DUNG THU THUAT D A T CAU HOI DE TANG CUONG SlT THAM GIA CUA SINH VIEN VAO CAC HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP TIENG ANH TRONG LOP HOC DONG ThS NGO TH! KIM THANH B^ mdn Anh viin Khoa Khoa hge Ca hdn Tnr&ng Dgi hgc Giao tiidng V$n ttii Tdm tSt: Ldp ddng sinh vien hi4n dang Id mgt vdn di phd biin irong cde tnr&ng Dgi hge lgi Vi4t Nam Thue trgng ndy dd gd}> khdng it khd khdn v/pc day vd hge ddc bi4l la dgy hgc cdc mdn ngogi ngif Irong dd cd tiing Anh V&i sd lugng sinh viin thu&ng l&n han 50 lhi viec ldm lhi ndo de thu but loi da sd lugng sinh vien tham gia vdo qud Irinh dgy vd hgc Id mgt thdch thiec ddi v&i gido vien d^c bi4t Id Irong cdc hogt dgng giao tiip Vi vdy, qua bdi bdo ndy tdc gid mudn trinh bdy ve thu thugt dgt edu hdi nhu mgt phirang phdp ldm ldng su tham gia eiia sinh viin vdo cde hogt dgng giao nip gid hge tiing Anh cua cdc l&p dong Summary: Large classes have become a common phenomenon for higher education in Vietnam They pose a number of challenges to teachers of foreign languages, including English One of ihe great challenges in dealing with large classes with over 50 students lies in how to involve a maximum number of students tn a learning process in general and in communicative activities m particular The article, hence, will propose questioning technique as an effective way lo increase students' involvement in English communicative activities nfing quan ly Idp, khfi nang khuyfin khich sinh I BAT VAN HE vifin tham gia vao bfii gifing, ky nang kilm tra Dpy hpc khdng chi la qufi trinh truyfin dpi dfinh gia hay tao dgng lyc cho sinh vien Vi kifin thuc mfi cdn la qua trinh thay ddi ddi vay, giao vifin khdng thfi dpy dpt hieu qufi cao tugng sinh vifin td nhdng ngudi tiep nhpn hay Ihay dli sinh vifin cua minh ma khdng co thdng tin, kifin Ihdc cua ngudi khfic mpt cfich sy tham gia ciia hp Ndi mpt each khac, su thy dpng thfinh ngudi hpc chii dpng, sfing tpo tham gia cua ngudi hpc ddng mpt vai trd rfit Vi vpy, dl dpy hgc cd hifiu qua mpt Idp quan trpng vific dfinh gifi su hifiu qua ciia dong sinh vifin ddi hdi ngudi gifio vien khdng qua trinh day hpc Hifin nay, rfit nhieu nhiing cd kifin thdc chuyfin mdn vdng vfing phuang phfip day hpc ngoai ngd hifin dpi, mfi cdn phfii cd nhiJng ky nang, phuang phap phuang phap dpy ngopi ngd Iheo dudng su phpm dfi lam viec vdi sinh vien nhu: ky hudng giao tifip (Communicative Language Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So - 06/2012 123 Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc COngrign? Teaching - CLT) noi len Ifi mgi phuang phfip ily Ihdng tin Phuang phfip dfit cau hdi gdm lifin lien nhll, irong dd ngudi hpc Ifi trung lfim cfic qufi trinh khfic mfi gifio vien sd dyng ciia qufi Irlnh dpy vfi hpc, ngudi Ih^y ddng vai dl dua cfiu hdi vfi cfic lopi cfiu hdi mfi gifio Ird nhu m^t ngudi hudng dan, ngudl hd trg vifin sd dyng dl hdi (Richards, C, J, Piatt, J., Irong suol qufi Irlnh dd Vi vfiy, ngudi hpc Plait, H, 1992:303) Trohg nhfi Irudng, cau phfii c6 trfich nhi^ni vdl vipc hpc ciia mlnh, hdi cua gifio vifin dugc coi Ifi mgi ggi y hay chii dpng Iham gia vfio qufi Irlnh dpy vfi hpc m$l ylu t l kich ihich dl chuyin lfii ngi dung Tuy nhien, m^t Idp ddng, khdng phfii lit hgc din sinh vifin cQng nhu dc djnh hudng cho ca diu tham gla; hiu hit hp chi ngll thy dOng sinh vifin nhdng nhipm vy hp phfii Ifim va cfich vfi chep bfii hau nhu khdng tham gla ddng gdp thdc lien hfinh nhipm vy dd vfio bfii hgc, ihpm chi cung khdng d$l cfiu hdi cho gifio vicn cd van dc Thyc Irpng nfiy Theo Brown (1994), cau hdi ciia giao vifin cd bon churc nfing: ddi hdi ngudi gifio vifin phfii Ilm ldi cfic phuang phfip dl thu hiil sy tham gia ciia sinh vifin Mgi Irong nhdng phuang phap dugc xem Ifi cd hipu qufi doi vdi Idp ddng Ifi phuang phfip dpi cfiu hdi Npi dung dudi dfiy sfi trinh bfiy vl phuang phfip vfi lir dd dua mgi so ggi y cho gifio vifin fip dyng phuang phfip dpi cfiu hdi a Khuyen khich, dgng vifin ngudi hgc sii dyng ngon ngir Sinh vifin thudng ngpl tham gia vfio cfic cugc hgi ihopi hofic thfio lupn bang ngopi ngd Vl vay neu cfiu hdi dugc dua hgp ly sfi giup sinh vifin cam thfiy ty tin han vipc glao tiep bfing ngon ngd thu hai b Giup gifio vifin nfim bfit dugc mde dp hicu bfii Clia sinh vifin Cau tra Idi cua sinh II NOI DUNG vifin lfi mpt cfich dfi gifio vifin cd thfi nhan Phuong phap dfit cau hdi (Questioning) nhdng khd khfin ve sit dyng ngon ngu cung Dfit cfiu hdi lfi mpt phuang phfip dugc sir dyng rpng rai vi nd ludn tpo dugc moi Irudng Ifim vipc tich cyc ma cd thfi Ifim tfing nhu vl ngi dung bai hgc mfi sinh % ien gpp phai, nhu hhiJng \an dfi VQ ngd phap, td vyng hay ngd fim sy tham gia cua ngudl hgc irong suot qufi trinh «, Giiip gifio vifin bat dau mgt cugc Ihao hgc Ur (1996:230) cOng da khfing djnh: ly lupn hay mpi sy lucmg lfic gida sinh vifin Nfiu dfi dpi cau hdi Ifi dfi gfin sinh vifin vdi tfii lipu khdng cd nhiing cfiu hoi ban dfiu nfiy, sinh hpc tap mpt cfich tich cyc thdng qua Idi ndi vien c6 Ihfi Ihd a vdi vai trd ciia minh Vi vpy, sd dyng Ihii ihupl dfii cau hdi, gifio qua trinh thfio lupn vifin cd ihe Ifim sinh vifin nfing dgng hem, qua dd Ipo CO hpl cho sinh vifin kfim Iham gia vao bai hpc, ddng thdi khuyin khich sinh vifin ly the hipn minh nhieu han Cfiu hoi cd the dugc dinh nghTa lfi mgt cau nham den ngudi nghe hope ngudi dge dfi 124 d Giup sinh vifin ty khfim phfi Khi stnh vifin tra Idi cau hdi, hg cd thfi tu phfit hien quan dilm cfi nhan ciia minh Cd rat nhifiu lopi cau hdi ma gifio vifin sir dung qufi trinh dpy hgc cua minh Vl Tap chi K H O A H Q C G I A O T H O N G VAN T A I So 38 - 06/2012 Trao ddi hpc thudt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe phuang dien ngdn ngd, theo Doff, A (1988), cau hdi dugc chia lam ba lopi: cfiu hdi khong cd til' de hoi, yeu cau tra ldi cd hope khong (Yes/No questions), cau hdi cd td dfi hdi (Whqueslions) va cau hdi lya chpn ("Or" questions or alternative questions) Mdi lopi cau hdi cd mpt chirc nang rieng, Cau hdi khdng cd tir dl hoi dugc sir dyng hipu qua de kilm tra sy hilu bfii cua sinh vien Cau hdi lya chpn sir dyng dl kich Ihich ky nang ndi; cdn cau hdi cd tir dl hdi nham khuyfin khich sinh vifin trinh bfiy, sir dung ngon ngd Ve mfil phuang phap, cd cfic lopl cau hdi nhu: - Cfiu hdi ddng/md (Closed and open questions): Cau hdi ddng la cfiu hdi yfiu cfiu cau trfi Idi ngfin nhu Yes/No hope cau trfi ldi chl gom mpt lir hope mpt cum td, ngugc lai, cau hdi md yeu cfiu cau tra ldi dai ban, Vi du: Would you like to find a better supplier? (Closed question) How have you been after your operation"^ (Open question) nhiing thdng tin, thdng so cy thi nhu: Where is the White House located? Cau hdi chfip nhpn nhieu cau tra ldi dung Ihudng dugc sir dyng dl hdi ve quan dilm, gia thuylt hay sy danh gia vfi mpt doi lugng nao dd nhu: Why is it important to protect our environment? hay Whom you consider the greatest scientist that ever lived? Mpt so ggi y danh cho giao vien vc vice sd dung phuo'ng phap dat cau hoi mot each CO hicu qua dc tang cudng sur tham gia ciia sinh vicn vao cac hoat dpng giao liep tieng Anh 2.1 Chudn bi truac cdc cdu hoi hay Dfi lam cho bfii hpc difin trdi chay va giup gifio vien cd the truyen dat het cac npi dung chinh cua bai, gifio vien nen xay dyng Irudc cac cau hdi quan trong qua trinh sopn bai Cac cau hdi phai phii hgp vdi npi dung Clia bfii hpc, phii hgp vdi mpi ddi tugng mpt Idp ddng va cac cau hdi nen dugc sap xfip theo mpt Irinh ty logic Tat ca cfic ioai cau hdi bai hpc nen dugc sir dung nhu la - Cfiu hdi hifin lhi va cau hdi Iham chieu: mpt cfich dfi kham pha kien thdc ciia sinh vien cau hoi hien thj la cau hdi mfi ngudi hdi da va cung la each de gifio vien thu nhan phan hoi bifil cfiu tra Idi; cau hdi tham chifiu la cau hdi thdng qua cac cau trfi ldi ciia sinh vien Vi du, dua thdng tin mfi ngudl dpt cau hdi khdng nfiu mot sinh vien nao dd chua nam duac ngi biet trudc dung bfii, giao vifin cd the hdi nhdng Vi dy; What is the past tense of the verb "go "? (cau hdi hifin thj) How you spend your weekends? (cau hdi tham chieu) cau hdi thfi hifin, cdn ddi vdi nhdng sinh vien kha han cd the su dung cfic cau hdi tham chifiu de phat huy het kha nang ciia hp Cac lopi cau hdi cd thi kich thich su tuong tac cua sinh vifin nhilu nhat la: cau hdi md (open-ended - Cau hdi chi cd mot cau tra ldi diing/ cau questions); cau hdi cd tir dfi hdi (whhdi CO nhieu cau tra Idi dung (convergent and questions), cau hdi cd mot hope nhieu cfiu tra divergent questions) Cfiu hdi chi cho phep Idi dung (convergent/ divergent questions) mpt cau trfi Idi dung dugc sd dung dfi hdi ve Tap chi K H O A H Q C G I A O T H O N G VAN TAI So 38 - 06/2012 Trao ddi hpc thupt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cung n^,,^ 2.2 Dinh hir&ng cdu hdi Gifio vifin cd Ihl fip dyng nhilu Ihu lhu§t dfit cfiu hdi dl thich hgp vdi y djnh gifing dpy Ihdl gian de suy ngliT vfi khdng bifit nfin trfi Idi cfiu hdi nfio Irudc Vi vpy, gifio vifin nfin trfinh vi§c dua qufi nhilu cfiu hdi mpt Itic cua minh Doff (1988:27) dfi dua bin phuang phfip dua cfiu hdi: hdi lln lugt lirng sinh vien, dl sinh vifin ty nguydn xung phong trfi Idi cfiu hdi, chpn mgi sinh vifin trfi Idi, hay dl cfi ldp trfi Idi dong Sd dyng phuang phfip d$t cfiu hdi dli vdi Idp ddng giup sinh vifin luon trpng thfii tinh tfio, irong lu the sfin sfing Irfi Idi cfiu hdi gifio vifin yfiu cau; dong Ihdi nhdng cfiu hdi nhanh cung sfi giup Ipo hdng (hii cho sinh vifin Gifio vifin nfin chgn sinh vifin irfi Idi mpi cfich nglu hdng dl Ifim sinh vifin luon bpn rgn va d trpng ihfii chuan bj trfi Idi cau hdi Nguyfin lfic ca bfin si> dyng phuang phfip la gifio vicn phfii dua cau hdi Irudc, sau dd mdi gpi sinh vifin irfi Idi, nhu vpy sinh vifin se nfim bfit dugc cfiu hdi vfi cd thdi gian de suy nghTve cau tra Idi 2.5 Nhgn xet cdu trd lai cua stnh vien Sau nghe xong cfiu tra ldi ciia sinh vicn, gifio vifin nfin dua ldi nhpn xfil vdl thfii dg tich cyc vfi bao dung Khi stnh vifin dua cfiu trfi Idi, gifio vifin nfin khen nggi mgt cfich khifim ton nhung chan thfinh vfi dfing tin cpy Ldi khen vfi sy nhpn xfil rfit can thiet vipc dgng vifin, khuyin khich sy tham gia ciia sinh vicn Khi sinh vifin trfi Idi diing, giao vifin nfin chiic mirng hg Ngugc lai neu hg dua cau trfi ldi sai, gifio vifin cd Ihfi sda cfiu trfi Idi sai vdl mgt (hfii dg (ich cue hofic co (hfi giiip sinh vifin bfing cfich dua mgt so ggi y dfi hg cd Ihl Irfi ldi Ipi Dilu nfiy se giup sinh vien khong cd cfim gific ngpi ngiing xau hd, vfin giii dugc Ihfii dg tich cyc tham gia vao bfii giang Dudi day Ifi mgi so ggi y cfich phan dng ciia gifio vifin ddi vdi cau Irfi Idi ciia sinh vifin: 2.3 Ddnh thai gian de chd cdu ird ldi Cfin cd vfio tdng loai cau hdi, gifio vifin nfin dfinh thdi gian dfi chd cfiu Irfi Idi Cfiu hdi cang khd lhi Ihdi gian chd cfiu Irfi Idi nfin nhifiu han Nhu vpy, gifio vifin sfi nhpn dugc nhilu cfiu irfi Idi hon td phia sinh vifin Thdi gian chd dugc quylt djnh sau cau hdi dugc dua Cfin cd vfio trtnh dp cua sinh vien cung nhu dg khd ciia cfiu hdi, gifio vifin cd thfi quylt djnh mgt each Iinh hopt nen tfing hay gifim thai gian chuan bj ciia sinh vifin 2.-/, Dpi cdu hoi ldn lu0 moi idn chi duo mpt cdu hoi Vipc giao vifin hdi hai cfiu hdi hay nhieu hon tai ciing mgt thdi dilm cd thfi gfiy sy liing tiing cho sinh vien, vi hg khong cd du 126 Cau Ira ldi ciia smh vicn Phfin dng ciia gifio vifin - Cfim an, dfinh gifi cao cau trfi Idi dd - Hdi thfim dfi khuyen khich sinh vifin thfi hipn khfi nfing ciia minh - D^l lpi cau hdi, yfiu cau sinh vifin lim thfim thdng tin bai dfi trfi Idi Dung - Hoi sinh vifin khfic de cd cau mgt phan trfi ldi dfiy dii hon hofic nhpn xet vfi cau trfi Idi da dugc dua - Chd thfim - Cho sinh vifin ca hgi trfi Id! Khong c6 sau, hudng cau hdi sang sinh cfiu tra Idi vifin khfic, dfi nghj sinh vifin khfic ho trg Tot Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 38 - 06/2012 Trao ddi hpc thupt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghe III KET LUAN Dpy tifing Anh cho ldp dong sinh vifin ve vipc ly hpc ciia cac nha nghien cdu ngdn ngii cd tilng tren the gidi, Hy vpng bai bao ludn la mOt thfieh thdc doi vdi gifio vifin Nd sfi Ifi mgt nguon tfii lipu tham khfio bd ich doi hdi giao vien phfii tim tdi, fip dyng linh cho glao vien vfi sinh vifin nham nang cao hoat cac phuang phap gifing dpy nhfim thu hut dugc Ilnh hi^u qua ciia vipc ty hpc vfi qua dd loi da sy tham gia ciia sinh vien vfio qua trinh phan nfio giup cho chat lugng dao tpo dpy hpc Cd thi ndi, phuang phap dfit cfiu hdi cfing tot han la mpt phuang phfip dfi fip dyng vfi cd hi^u qua cao vipc tfing cudng sy tham gia cua sinh vien Trong kliuon bfii bao nfiy, tfie gifi da trinh bay so lugc vfi chiln lugc dpi cfiu hdi, ddng thdi dua mgt so luu y cho gifio vifin fip dung phuang phfip nfiy Tfie gifi hi vpng bai bao c6 the la mpt tfii lipu tliam khfio cd ich cho gifio vien dpy ngopi ngd ndi chung va gifio vien lieng Anh ndi rifing gifing dpy lpi cfic Idp dong Tfii li^u tham khfio [1] Breen, M.P and S J Mann (1997), Shooting arrows at the sun, London: Longman [2] Cunningsworth, A (1984), Evaluating and Selecting EFL Teaching Materials, London' Heinemann Educational Books [3] Dickinson, i, (1992), Learner Autonomy 2: Learner Training for Language Teaching, Ireland: Authentik, Tai lieu tham khao [1] Brown H D (1994) Teaching by principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy London: Prentice Hall Regents [4] Rubin (1987), Learner Strategies: Theoretical Assumptions, Research History and Typology, in Wenden & J, Rubin (eds) Learner Strategies in Language Learning, Hertforshire: Prentice Hall [2] Doff, A (1988) Teach English: A training International course for teachers Cambridge; Cambridge [5] Scharle A and Szabo A (2000), Learner University Press Autonomy, Cambridge: Cambridge University [3] Richards C J Plait, J., and Piatt, H (1992) Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Press Linguistics Longman [6] Sheerin, S (1997), An exploration of the [4] Vr, P (1996) A course in Language Teaching: Relationship between Self-access and Independent Practice and Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge Learning, New York: Longman, University Press • ^ [7] Shemenk, B (2005), Globalising Learner Autonomy, TESOL QUARTERLY, Vol 39(1) pp 107-118, MOT SO NGHIEN CU'U (Tiip theo trang 122) [i] Wenden, A (1991), Learner Strategies for Learner Autonomy: Planning and Implementing Learner Training for Language Learner, London: III KET LUAN Prentice Hall Europe* Bai bao da gidi thifiu mgt sd nghifin cuu T9P chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 38 - 06/2012 127 ... dilm, gia thuylt hay sy danh gia vfi mpt doi lugng nao dd nhu: Why is it important to protect our environment? hay Whom you consider the greatest scientist that ever lived? Mpt so ggi y danh cho giao. .. dung phuo''ng phap dat cau hoi mot each CO hicu qua dc tang cudng sur tham gia ciia sinh vicn vao cac hoat dpng giao liep tieng Anh 2.1 Chudn bi truac cdc cdu hoi hay Dfi lam cho bfii hpc difin trdi... khen vfi sy nhpn xfil rfit can thiet vipc dgng vifin, khuyin khich sy tham gia ciia sinh vicn Khi sinh vifin trfi Idi diing, giao vifin nfin chiic mirng hg Ngugc lai neu hg dua cau trfi ldi sai,