0»!fi?^i 55 He thofng nhu cau cua A IVIaslow va van de nhu cau cua tre khuyet tat vu THI THUY Trudng CDSP TW Nha Trang Quan diem cDa Tam li/ hoe nhdn van cd anh huflng Idn den giao due Dd Id su ldn Ir[.]
55 0»!fi?^i He thofng nhu cau cua A IVIaslow va van de nhu cau cua tre khuyet tat vu THI THUY Trudng CDSP TW Nha Trang Q uan diem cDa Tam li/ hoe nhdn van cd anh huflng Idn den giao due Dd Id su ldn Irpng nhdn each ngUdi, tin vao ban ehat lot dep eCia eon ngUdi, quyin ty y ehi vd hanh dpng eua ngudi Theo A.Maslow, nhu cau trcf Ihdnh ddng IUc quan Irong vd viec tae dflng vdo nhu c l u cd nhdn se thay ddi dUpc hdnh vi ngDdi, ngDdi tao dyng nhan cdch cua minh tgo cho minh nhDng nhu elu.Vi vgy, can thda man nhQng nhu e l u ed ban cDa ngUdi nham thDc d l y ngudi trd thdnh loan dien, sung man nhal, ed k h i nang nhdn chlnh chan gid In cua minh, Thdng thudng nghTden ire tre khuyet lat thi cd hai thdi eye, thUdng cam hogc coi thudng, Vdi cai nhin IhUdng d m , hg nhin Ire khuyll tdt vdi cai nhin loi nghiep vd muln bu dap eho tre Vdi cai nhin eoi thudng, hg cho ring Ire khuyll tat la ganh ndng cua gia dinh vd xd hdi Theo hg nhu e l u cCia Ire khuyet tgt la mdl chuyen hoang dudng, Vi t h l khdng c i n quan tam den nhu c l u cua tre khuyit tdt Tuy nhien dudi gdc nhin cua tam ly hpc nhdn vdn, v l n d l eon ngupi dupe nhin nhan mflt each d l y tinh ngudl Dd Id ngUdi, bat luan hp Id ai, khdng phdn bi#t gidi tinh, tuoi tae, dia vj xa hpi, khiem khuyit hay khflng, hg d i u cd nhQng nhu cau cd ban, Vay tre khuyet Idled nhu e l u khong? Dudi cai nhin nhdn van cua Tdm ly hpc nhdn van, nhu c l u cua tre khuyit tat dupc hieu nhu t h l ndo? Ldm the ndo de ddp Dng nhu eau cDa tre khuyet Idt? 1.THUYE'T CAP B^C NHU CAU CUA IVIASLOW Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970) Id nha tam l^ hoe ngudi My Sng dupc xem Id eha de cua ehu nghTa nhdn vdn tdm ]•) hpc 6ng da xay dyng Ihdnh edng ly thuylt v l nhu c l u cua eon ngudi Theo A, Maslow, nhu clu ty nhifin cua ngudi dDdc chia thdnh cac thang bde khde tD "ddy" lfin tdi "dinh", phan dnh mDe dp cp b i n cua nd ddi vdi su tdn tgi vd phat t r i l n cDa ngudi, Theo dng, he thdng nhu e l u gdm bdc dupe x I p tD thip lfin cao thao thD ty nhU sau: a Nhu c l u sinh ly Bao gdm nhDng nhu cau nhD: Sn, ufing (hip thg cdc c h l l dDdng, mudi, calcium, ede vitamin vd cdc khodng c h i t khde), thd bdi tilt, (md hdi Thap nhu chu nudc tieu,-), can bang dp pH vd nhifit do, hogl dflng, nghf ngdi, ngu vd sinh hoat llnh due Day Id nhQng nhu c l u cd b i n nhat vd mgnh nhlt cua ngudi Trong hinh kim ly thdp, Chung la thay nhDng nhu cau ndy dupc x I p vdo bdc thap nhat bdc cO b i n nhal b Nhu c l u an toan, Khi nhQng nhu e l u ve sinh I"? da dupc thda man ngUdi b i t dau lim den sy an todn, ben vDng de thodi khdi nhDng sd hdi v l tinh thin cung nhu the xae, Dd la nhu e l u dUde sdng mpt moi Irudng an todn, dUde dam bao ve y l l , dUpe Idm vific dieu kien an loan v l val chit va linh thin „ c Nhu c l u xd hdi: Mdt nhu cau sinh ly vd nhu c l u an loan dupe ddp Dng, nhu cdu thill lap cac mdi quan he vd giao tiep vdi moi ngUdi xung quanh bit d i u xuat hien; Irong dd, nhu c l u tinh ban, nhu edu dupc thupc ve hoae tham gia vao tap the, nhu cau cho vd nhan tinh cam Id nhDng nhu eau tieu b i l u Neu nhu c l u khdng dupc thca man ddp Dng, no ed the gay eac bfinh t r i m v l linh thin, than kinh, Nhilu nghien cDu g i n ddy cung cho thay, nhDng ngUdi sdng ddc than thUdng hay m i c cac benh v l tifiu hda, than kmh, ho h i p hdn nhQng ngudi sdng vdi gia dinh d Nhu cau dupc tdn trpng vd nhu cau ty trpng Khi ngudi e l m thay dd dUpe thudc v l mpt nhdm xd hpi vdi ede mdi quan h§ giao luu vdi ngudi khde, nhu c l u dupe tdn Irgng vd nhu c l u lu trgng xult hien Nhu 56, -B ;^eg«i^'';';>; cau dDdc ton Irgng bao gdm nhu cau cd chDc vj, sy ndi tieng, vmh quang, danh vong v,,,v,., va nhu eau ly trgng gdm ed nhu e l u tu tin vao ban than, ndng lyc ca nhan, ddc lap va ID Theo Maslow, nhu c l u ty trgng cao hon nhu e l u dDpe ton Irpng e Nhu cau tU thyc hien: Khi lal ca ede nhu cau ndi tren dUdc Ihda man, ngudi bat d i u mong ude hien thye hoa, bde Id va hodn thien lat,ca nhQng tiem ndng Uu Viet vdn ed cua minh de Ird Ihdnh mdt eon ngudi hoan thien nha't, sdng tgo nhat vd de lai nhDng dau an, nhDng anh hudng tich eUc ddi vdi nhQng ngudi xung quanh„ Nhu c l u thupc mot cap bae khac Maslow dung rat nhieu ten gpi khac nhU ddng cd phal Irien hay nhu c l u ban nga NhQng nhu c l u ndy khdng bao gid eo the dupe edn bang hay chung la cam thay "du" ea Mpt chung xuat hien thl chung cdng cang Idn manh, Dd Id sy mong udc, khao khdt dUdc phdl huy hit, bpc 16 het mgi tiem nang eua minh A Maslow ehia he Ihdng nhu c l u ed ban eua ngudi Ihdnh cap: nhu cau cap thap vd nhu cau e l p eao, Nhu eau d p thap la cde nhu cau sinh iy, nhu cau an todn Nhu cau cap eao la nhu cau xd hpi, nhu e l u tu trpng vd nhu c l u ly the hien NhDng nhu c l u cap Ihap can dupc Ihoa man thi mPi tgo d i l u kien de nhDng nhu c l u cao hdn dupe thoa man Ndi each khac, n l u nhDng nhu c l u cap thap khdng dUdc thda man Ihi eon ngUdi khong cd dpng cd de tim kiem vd dat dUOc nhDng nhu c l u eao hOn NHU CAU CUA TRE KHUYET TAT Tre CO nhu c l u dgc biel la tre dang dUdc quan ldm hdn he't, cac em cung cc nhQng nhu c l u cd ban nhU moi Ire em De chuan bi lot cho tUdng lai, nhQng tre ndy co the ed Ihem nhQng sy giup dd tD ben ngoai dac biet la su hd trp cua gia dinh, gido vien va be ban Nhu cau ciia Ire cd the dupc hinh thdnh nhP viec id chDc lot nhDng hogt dpng phong phu va da dang phu hop vdi cac em Vi the xde djnh nhu c l u cua tre, giao vien c i n chu y den cac nhu cau cd ban nac thang nhu cau cua Maslow Theo do, giao vien cd the dya tren eac ITnh vyc phat Irien eua tre de tim hieu nhu cau cua Ire * Nhu e l u ve ndng lUdng: Tre em la mdl cd the dang phat Irien nen can dam bao nhu c l u nang lupng iheo dp lud'i, d l y du chat dinh duPng, dam, chat beo, duPng, vitamin va khoang chat, Vi t h l c i n xdc dmh nhu c l u nang lupng phu hdp vPi su phat Irien the chal cua tre Khi xac dmh nhu c l u cho Ire khuyet tat can chD y ba yeu Id nhom dinh dudng uu lien can dUpc dap Dng; che dp an phD hpp (VD, tre bgi nao Ire bi sDl mpi hd ham ech,,, thUPng keo dai giai dogn bu sDa, hoae keo ddi giai doan an com nat vdi nhDng tre khac; logi thuc pham cung cap bOa chlnh va bDa phg phg hpp vpi Ire, * Nhu c l u an loan: ^Nhu c l u an lodn cua Ire c i n tinh den su an loan ca v l Ihe ehal va tinh t h i n , Nhilu Ire khuyet lat han c h l kha ndng kiem soat vd dieu chmh hdnh vi nen dfi bi tai nan, IhUdng lieh, tham ehl anh hudng den tinh mgng: tre bi dgng kmh, phong hogc len cOn eo gidt c i n eo thude de Sm^, kiem soat cac cdn ddng kinh, co gigt vd ngdn ngQa chan thUdng; mpt sd tre khac ed hanh vi ty xam hai ban thdn: cao xUdc Cdlhe, dap dau vdotuPng cac Ire thudng sD dung dyng cg la dd dDng, phUdng tien dgy hpc hogc mdng tay sac nhpn de tu lam tdn thUdng minh den mDc tram trpng nhU' lam chdy mau, vifim nhiem hoac t i n thUdng cd the mdl each nghiem trpng Vi vay, can Igo mdi trudng Idp hpc an loan: san chdi rpng rai, thoang mat, dd dung, chdi khdng cd vgt cDng, sae nhpn, bdc lam cap khdng cd gdc nhgn, trudng hge cd IUdng bao„ Mdt sd tre khuyet tat cd cam giac lo du, hoang sp cac rdi nhifiu ldm ly hodc dp ipe tD mdi trudng vd nhDng ngUdi xung quanh, Vi vay, can lao b l u khflng lam ly Idp hpc Iran day tinh yeu IhUdng, d m Ihong, chia se, tdn trpng, tin tudng Trong IrUdng hge, giao vien e i n ehu