PHAT TRIEN KINH TE So 262, Thang Tam nam 2012 DO LUONG MUC DO CANG THANG DOI VOI CONG VIEC CUA VIEN CHUC TRONG CAC TRUONG DAI HOC T R A N KIM D U N G * & T R A N TH! THANH TAM" Nghien cuu time hipn do[.]
PHAT TRIEN KINH TE So 262, Thang Tam nam 2012 DO LUONG MUC DO CANG THANG DOI VOI CONG VIEC CUA VIEN CHUC TRONG CAC TRUONG DAI HOC T R A N K I M D U N G * & T R A N TH! THANH TAM" Nghien cuu time hipn ludng muc dp cdng thdng ddi vdi cdng vipe, su- dgng mo hinh phuong trinh cdu true (SEM) vd dua tren mau khdo sdt tu 279 viin ehuc mpt so trudng dgi hpc tren dia bdn TP.HCM Ket qud cho thdy thang bdn thdnh phdn cdng thang cdng viec cua McCormick (1997) du^c kiem dfnh phd hpp d VN Trong dd, nhung yeu id gdy cdng thdng tir phia sinh vien vd cd nhdn vien ehuc khong dnh hudng den su gdn ket doi vdi trudng cua vien chdc Ket qud nghien cuii giup cho ldnh dgo cdc trudng dgi hpc hieu ro cdc thdnh phan tgo cdng thdng vd moi tuong quan giira cdng thdng cdng vipe vd su gdn kit cua vien chdic, tir cd cdc chien luoc phu hop nhdm gidm cdng thdng vd ndng cao mire dp gdn kit doi vdi nhd trudng cua vien ehuc Tir khoa: Cdng thdng cong viec, su gdn kit ciia vien chirc, truong dai hgc Md dau Nghien cuu ve cang thang cdng viec d cdc tmdng dai hge thu hiit su quan tam ciia nhieu tdc gid yen the gidi: Jagdish Dua (1994); Cmise, Mitchell & Blix (1994); Kinman (1996); McCoraiick (1997); Nobile & McCormick (200S); Barkhuizen & Rotbmann (2007); Halkos & Bousinakis (2010) VN, ehua cd nMeu cdc nghien cihi ITnh vyc Nghien ciiu ndy dugc thuc hidn nham ludng cang thang cdng vide va moi* quan he giiia cang thang vd su gan kel ddi vdi nha tmdng eua vien ebiic d eac tmdng dai hge dieu kien d VN Ctf sd li thuyet 2.1 Khdi niem vd tdc hgi cua cdng thdng cdng viec Cdng thang la mdt khai nidm dugc sir dyng thudng xuyen hong ddi sdng nhung lai kho dinh nghTa ehinh xae, Cang thdng cd the duge djnh nghia nhu "mpt qud trinh tuong lac giua ngudi vd mfii tmdng, duong sy nhan dinh su kien tir mdi tmdng Id ed tinh chat de doa, co hai, vd ddi hdi duong su phdi cd gang su dung cdc tiem nang thich ling cua minh (Lazams, 1993) Sy cang thang cdng viec xdy ngudi Iao ddng bi tac dpng bdi mpt sy kien bi mdi tmdng ldm vipc cd tinh de doa, ed hai dfii vdi ngudi lao dgng va huge hp phdi dm cdch thich nghi, iing phd, khien hg cam thay lo lang, hoi hpp, thdt vpng Cang thang thudc ve nhung tac dpng cua su kien tir ben ngodi hon la tir ben hong ca nhan mdi ngudi mdc dii eung mpt sy kien cd the gay cang thdng khde d mdi ngudi, thudc vao ndng lye iing phd vdi sy kien cua duong su Tde hai cua cdng thang den cd rihdn ngudi lao dpng the hien d nhieu khia canh: (1) ve sire khoe: suy gidm the lye vd gia tang benh tat; (2) ve cdng vide: thai dp bdt man, nang sudt, chat lugng cong viec kem; (3) vl tinh cdm: khdng kiem soat duoc cdm xiic va de ham cam; (4) ve tu suy nghT: kho tap tmng, khdng sdng sudt; vd (5) ve bdnh vi: kho kiem sodt va dd cd hanh vi gay hau qud xau cho ban than vd xa hdi Ddi vdi to chiic, cang thang co the lam gidm nang suat, hidu qua boat ddng vd tang t^ 1? nghi viee *PGS.TS., Tnrang D^i hpc Kinh te TP.HCM 38 NGHIDN c d u & TRAO DPl P H A T T R I E N KINH TE So 262, Thang Tam nam 2012 2.2 Cdc thdnh phan gay cang thdng cdng viec cdu ciia sinh vien, viec ddi phd vdi cdc van de ca nhan ciia sinh vidn Theo James Price (1997, 499), cang thdng xudt hien nhan vien khdng cd kha nang thuc hien cdc yeu cau ciia cdng vide vd cd nhdm nguyen nhan tao nen cdng thdng: (1) trach nhiem edng viec khdng rd rang; (2) thyc hien cdng viec d cac vai yd xung dot; (3) cd qud nhieu viec; (4) khdng du ngudn luc de thyc hien; (5) cdng viec nguy hiem; vd (6) cdng viec khdng bdo ddm lau dai Trong tfing quan cac nghien ciiu ve cang thang, Nobile vd McCormick (2005) chi cac phdn hay ngufin gfic eita cang thang gom cd: cfing viec phiic tap, xung dot hoac vai trd phan edng cdng viec khong ro rang, mdi tmdng lam viec khdng ddy dii, yen cdu cfing vide cao, quan he khdng tdt vdi ddng nghiep vd sinh vien, thieu su hd trg hi lanh dao, khdng lam vipe vd van hod khdng phit hgp, khdi lugng cdng viec nhieu Do dac thii cdng vide, vien chiic cdc tmdng dai hpc phai thudng xuyen phdi nang cao trinh dp, hpc hdi, thu thap kien thuc mdi, cap nb^t thfing tin mdi, thudng xuyen dfii mdi chuong trinh gidng day, phuong phdp gidng day, hinh thuc qudn li nham ddm bao yeu cdu ciia chat lugng giao due vd dap iing ky vpng va nhu cau cua xd hdi Dieu tao them cang thang them eho hg so vdi cdc cang thang thfing thudng tir cdng viec Nghien cihi eiia Cmise, Mitchell vd Blix (1994) tien hdnh tai My eho thdy 66% cang thang ap luc ve thdi gian ldm viec, phdn cdn lai ban ehl trgng thang tien nghe nghiep, thfing tin khfing dype cung cap day dii, chuyen ngMep, Men dai, tien luong thap, khoi lugng cdng viec nMeu, vai yd khdng rd rdng, cac yeu cdu tir cdng vide mdu thudn nhau, sy qudn li loi thai Ket qua ngMen ciiu cdng cho thay nhiing ngudl Idm viec bong nganh giao dye bj cdng thdng hon Id nhiing ngudi ldm vide yong cdc ngdnh nghe khac Kinman (1996) cho rang cang thdng yong cdng viee thudc linh vyc giao due dai hpc xuat phat tu tMeu CO hdi thang tien vd tiin bp (91%), thieu sy hd trg cho hoat ddng hpc thuat, nghien ciiu khoa hpe (89%), nhiem vu, edng vide hdnh chinh phien hd (89%), Nhiing cang thdng dd lam cho hg cam thay ban than khdng cd khd nang lam vide bieu qud vd bg cdm thdy minh ludn tram edm vd lo du Nghien cuu cua Abouserie (1996) tai tmdng dai hgc Wales ciing cho thay 74%i ddnh gid sy cang thdng bdt ngudn tir cdng viec nMeu hon Id tir cudc sdng ea nhdn ciia hg nhu thdi gian ldm viec, mdi quan he vdi cae ddng ngMep, cfing viec giang day, hudng dan de tdi, luan van, thu bic hanh chinh, phdng thi nghipm khdng tdt, hdi thdo va cae nhu Cdc nguyen nhdn chinh gdy cang thang ddi vdi edng vice cdc nghien cdu tren deu dugc the hien bong thang khdo sdt cang thang nghe nghipp eita gido vien (TARSQ) cua McCormick (1997) va dugc kiem djnh iai hong nghien ciiu cua Nobile & McCormick (2005) vd cd the tdm tdt cdc thdnh phan nghien cuu vd cang thang Bang Nobile vd McCormick (2005) da tdng hgp va phan loai tdt ca cdc nguyen nhdn gay cang thang yong tmdng bgc theo bdn khia canh: (1) Cang Ihang yong cdng vide tir phia sinh vien; (2) Cdng thang yong cdng viec tir phia thdng tin, mdi tmdng lam viee, (3) Cang thang yong cdng viee tir pMa cdng viec vd each dieu hdnh qudn li cua nhd tnrdng; va (4) Cang thang hong cdng vide tir phia cd nhdn Nhu vay, bdn phan cang thang yong nghidn ciiu cua Nobile vd McCorrmck (2005) da bao hdm tdt cd cac phdn chinh gdy cang thang va dugc sir dyng yong nghien cim nay, 2.3 Sg- gdn kit cua nhdn viin (Employee Engagement) Khai nidm Employee Engagement da dugc yao ddi tai edu lac bd cua nhiing ngudi lam qudn tri nhdn lye chuyen nghiep cua VN (VN HR club) nhung chua tim dugc tir dich sang tidng Viet chinh xdc hon "Sy gan kdt eiia nhdn vien" Ddy Id mgt khai mem mdi, hien dai duoc phdt trien tilp theo cua khdi niem thda man vdi cdng viec va cam kdt vdi td chiic (Organizational Commitment) Theo WOdpedia, sy gan kdt eita nhdn vidn the hien cdp cao ciia sd hihi hg mudn ldm nhimg gi hp cd the Idm vi lgi ich ciia khdch hdng ben yong, ben ngodi vd vi cfing ciia todn td chiic Theo Harter, Schimdt & Keyes (2003), sy gan ket ciia nhdn vien the hien sy tham gia lich cue, gan kel va thda man vdi cdng viee NGHIDN c i r u & TRAO QPl 39 PHAT TRIEN KINH TE Bang Cac phan anh hi/dng den SM* cSng thSng cong vl$c d c i c tru'dng Stt Thdnh phIn gdy cang thang Thdi gian Idm vi$c nhieu/ khdi lugng cdng vipe nhieu Thieu co hpi thang ti^n Thieu thong tin Cruise, Mitchell & Blix (1994) Thu nh$p thap Trach nhipm cao Barkhuizen Kinman Abouserie Nobile S „ ' Rotnmann (2007) (1996) (1996) McConnicli (2005) Quan If hanh chfnh loi thdi Xung dpi ca nhan va cdng vipe Yeu cau khdng ngifng hpc tgp Thieu su hd trp tir phia nha tardng cua nhdn vien, Kevin Aselstine va Keri AUetson (2006) cho biet bong thyc te, tap doan tu van Towers Perrin ludng sy gan ket eua nhan vien thdng qua khia canh: (1) Trang thdi xiic cdm thd hien sy Ihod man cd nhan va ngudn cdm cd dugc tir cong viec va la vien ciia td ehuc; va (2) Mdi quan he giiia ca nhan vd Id chiic Bao edo khdo sdt loan edu 2011 cita Blessingwhite (2011) ludng sy gdn ket cita nhan vien theo hai khia canh thoa mdn vdi cdng viec vd ddng gdp cho td chiic Vien ehuc cde tmdng dai hpe thudc nhdm nghi nghiep cd trinh hgc vdn cao xa hgi, giang day Id mdt nghd ddi hdi cd cdm hirng cao yong cdng vide Sy gdn ket ciia nhdn vien nghien ciiu ndy the Men d ba khia canh: (I) cd cam hiing, thilt tha cdng vipe; (2) nd lye eao yong cdng viec; va (3) thda man cao yong cdng viec Mdi quan he giua cdng thang va sy gdn kit ciia nhan vien: Cang thang thudng dugc coi la ngufin gde ldm gidm muc dp hai long yong edng viee, lam gidm sy cam ket vdi td chiic vd da dugc thuc hien nhieu nghien cihi, nhu: Elangovan, 2001; Fairbrother & Warn, 2003; Jagdish K Dua, 1994; Barkhuizen & Rotbmann, 2007; Halkos & Bousinakis, 2010 Hidn chua cd nMeu nghien cuu 40 NGHIDN c d u & TRAO Ddi chuyen sdu ve dnh hudng cua cang thang den sy gan ket (Engagement) cua nhdn vien 2.4 Md hinh nghien edit vd gid thuyet Dua theo md hinh nghien cim bdn thdnh phin cang thang cua Nobile va McCormick (2005), tuong ling nghien ciiu cd cdc gid thuyet: HI: Su edng thang hong cdng vipe tir phia sinh vien cd dnh hudng ngugc chieu din sy gdn ket cua vien chiic vdi trudng H2: Sy cdng thang hong cdng vipe tir phia moi tmdng CO sd vdt chat cd dnh hudng ngugc cMeu dSn sy gan ket eiia vien chtic vdi tmdng H3: Sy cang thdng edng viec tir phia nha tmdng ed dnh hucmg ngugc chieu den su gan ket cua vien chiic vdi yudng H4: Sy cang thdng yong cdng viec tir phia ca nhdn cd anh hudng ngugc chieu den su gdn ket cua vidn chiic vdi tmdng Mau khao sat Ddi tugng khao sat la gidng vien vd vidn chftc khdi quan li tai eac phdng, ban, khoa hong trutmg Dai hgc Kinh tl TP.HCM, yudng Dai hpc Mo TP.HCM, yudng D?i hgc Ngan hang, Dai hpc Kinh P H A T T R I E N KINH TE So 262, Thang Tam nam2012 te - Luat, vd mdt sd tmdng dai hpc khac tren dia bdn TP.HCM minh; va (4) gap khd khan vide sap xep, cdn doi giira cdng viec va cupe sdng cd nhan, gia dinh, Khao sdt thyc hidn vdo thang vd thdng nam 2011, thu hiit dugc 279 ngudi yd loi bdng phuong phdp phdng van tryc tiep, mdu chpn theo cdch thudn tien Trong dd ed 155 gidng vien (55 %) vd 124 vien chiic cdc phdng ban, khoa; theo dp tudi: 40%) dudi 30 Mdi; 33% tir 30 din 40 Mdi; 27% tren 40 Moi; theo trinh hpc van: 49% dai hpc, 41%i thac sT vd 10% tiin sT; theo gidi tinh; 45 % nam, 5S%i nO; theo tham nien cdng tdc: 42% dudi nam; 26% bi din 10 nam; 32% yen 10 nam Thang gan ket cua nhan vien cd biln Mong ung phdn: (1) Cdm cdng viec; (2) no lye ed gang; va (3) hdi long cfing viee dugc sii dung Thang Likert vdi bac duoc su dung, dd bac Mong ting vdi miie dp hodn loan ddng y vd bae I luong ting vdi mue dp hodn todn khdng ddng y Thang va phUtfng phap xu* ly so lieu Thang thdnh phan gay cang thang dugc phdt yien M thang cua Nobile vd McCormick (200S) va duge dieu chinh eho phu hgp vdi dilu kien cita VN Cu thl: Tir phia sinh vien cd bien: (1) Cang thdng quy md, sd lugng sinh vien tang them; (2) miic dp yeu cau cua sinh vidn ngdy cdng tang; (3) sinh vien khdng chu ddng yong viec tim bieu thdng tin, thich gidi ddp true tiep; va (4) nhirng ddi hdi khdng hgp li, thai khfing diing myc ciia mdt sfi sinh vien Tu pMa thdng tin, mdi trudng lam viec cd bien: (I) Cdng thang su han che ciia co sd vat chat; (2) tMdu cdc cdng cu hd trg ldm viec (phdn mem, thu vien ); (3) khong gian Idm viec ban hep, iMeu chd lam viec; (4) ydch nhiem cdng viec khdng ro rdng; (5) su phdi hgp thdng tin giiia cac bd phan khdng kip thdi; va (6) nhiing mdi quan he vdi dfing nghiep Cang thdng cfing vide tir phia cdng viec vd each dieu hanh qudn li ciia nhd tmdng cd hien, lien quan den hai khia canh: (I) Ddc thii cdng viec, nhu cong viec dd mde phdi sai sdt (cham didm, nhdp diem, luu tru, eoi thi tuyen smb ); khdi lugng cdng viee qud nMeu, ddi hdi ludn lam vide ngodi gid; khdng cd thdi gian nghi ngoi hgp li; vd (2) cdch qudn li dieu hanh nhd tmdng nhu quy trinh qudn li hanh cMnh va giam sat, ddnh gia kdt qua loi thai Cang thang tir phia ea nhdn vien ehiic cd bien, do: (1) Ap lue tii yeu edu hgc tap, ndng cao ymh dp, cap nhdt kiln thiic tir phia cfing vide; (2) cong viec khong phil hgp vdi nang lye, sd trudng; (3) it cd co hdi de phat hien va thdng tien yong nghe nghiep cua Sau kiem dinh dp tin cay Cronbach Alpha cita cdc phdn thang do, nghien cim thyc hien phdn tich nhdn to khdng dmh (CFA) dfii vdi ede thdnh phan ciia thang do, mfi hinh ludng, md hinh nghien ciiu Cac thang va md hinh ludng, md hinh nghien ciiu dugc kiem djnh ve cdc tham so (Chi-square; br (df), gia hi p, cdc chi sd CFI; GFI; TLI; RMSEA); dp tin cay tdng hgp; long phuong sai trich; tinh don nguyen; gia trj hdi bi; va gia tri phdn biet phii hgp Phuang phdp udc lugng Maximum Likelihood (ML) dugc sir dung de udc lugng cdc tham sd tat cd cde bien deu ed nhpn vadd chech nam yong khodng [-1, +1] Kiem dinh thang Thang cdc thdnh phan cang thang cd bdn phdn vdi 16 bien, he sd tm cdy Cronbach Alpha deu yong khodng 0,874 den 0,891 Trong kidm djnh CFA, thang thdnh phdn cang thang (M sinh vidn, tu nha tmdng, tir mdi tmdng ldm viec) deu cd tham sd phii hgp vd the hien gia tri hdi ty, phan biet, va la cdc thang cd tinh don nguyen nen mdi thang dugc cdng trung bmh de gidm tham sd Rieng thang cang thang tir ca nhan chi cdn ba bien nen vdn giii cdc Men quan sdt vd kiem dinh chung thang cimg cdc thdnh phan khac Thang cd ket qud phu hgp vdi cae tham sd Chi-square (20) = 53,114; p=0,000; GFI= 0,961; TLI=0,965; CF1= 0,981; RMSEA=0,077 Mfii quan he gida hai phan eua thang nhd hon I cd y nghia thdng kd nen thang ed gid trj phan bidt phil hgp Thang gdn ket vdi Id ehuc cd ba bien quan sdt nen dugc kiem dinh chung yong md hinh ludng, Ket qua kiem djnh mo hinh lu'dng va md hinh nghien cufu Do md hinh nghien cuu chi cd bai khdi mem: cdc phdn cang thdng vd sy gan ket td chiie nen NGHIDN c u u & TRAO D O I 41 P H A T T R I E N K I N H TE i4.mM.i.imi,\ uLim Bang Ket qua kiem djnh mo hinh lu'dng bSng CFA So lup'ng phSn Do tin c§y tong Phu-ong sai trich (pvc) Trgng so tai hip'P (pc) Thang cang thing 0.8868 0,6643 0,8110 Dgt ygu cau Co sd vdt chit 0,8643 0,5639 0,7452 Dat yeu cau Sinh vien 0,8935 0,6797 0,8198 Dat ygu clu Nha tru'dng 0,8636 0,6160 0,7795 Dat yeu cau Ca nhan 0,8495 0,6533 0,8077 Dat yeu cau Gdn ket cua nhan vien 0,7871 0,5526 0,7427 Dat yeu cau Uvc iu'9'ng SE OR 1-r (1-r)/SE Dam me -0,674 0,059 -7,326 1,674 18,195 Dam me -0,531 0,05 -6,423 1,531 18,519 " Dam me -0,665 0,055 -6,994 1,665 17,511 *" Moi tu'cng quan Mdi trudng Sinh vien Nha tru'dng Ca nhan Mdi tru'dng < > < > ^.-, Dam me -0,565 0,061 -6,201 1,565 6,405 *" 0,673 0,056 8,718 0,327 4,236 "* Nha tnjong 0,788 0,061 8,859 0,212 2,383 Moi tru'dng Ca nhan 0,567 0,061 7,693 0,333 3,841 Nha trifcyng 0,547 0,05 7,177 0,453 5,944 C^ nhan 0,542 0,053 6.859 0,458 5.796 Ca nhan 0,671 0,058 7,395 0,329 3.626 Sinh vien Nha tru'dng p Sinh vien Mdi tru'dng Sinh vien Ket qua klem djnh duge kiem dinh chung cd md hinh ludng vd md hinh nghien cuu Md Mnh ed cdc tham sd phii hgp vdi Chi-square (43) 113,757; p-0,000; GFI= 0,938; TLI=0,948; CFI= 0,966; RMSEA=0,077 Cac thdnh phan cang thang cd tuong quan ngugc chilu vdi dam me cdng vide vdi gia tri khoang -0,53 din -0,67 vdi tdt ca cae gid trj (I-r)/SE > 1,96 thl Men gia trj phan bidt cua cac khdi niem md hinh ludng Ket qua Ket qud Mdng dnh hudng ciia cdc thdnh phdn tao cang thdng den su gdn ket eua vidn chiic Bang Miic gidi thich cua cde thdnh phdn cang thdng den sy gan kel cua vien chiic Id 52% biln " thien ve miic dp gan ket ciia vien ehuc yong cac trudng dai hpc Bang Anh hu'cfng cua cang thang den mu'c d$ gan ket ciia vien chi^c Moi truvng Sinh vien Nha truvng Canh^n Mdc dp g i n ket -0,285 -0.110 -0,310 -0,110 Sig, 0,025 0,154 0,007 0,233 Nhu vay chi cd gia thuyet H2 va gid thuyet H3 duge chdp nhan Hai gia thuylt HI vd H4 khong duge chap nhdn Tdng hgp ddnh gid miic cdng thang tren thang diem 7, vdi quy dinh: diem tmng binh dudi 4,5 la ^ NGHigN cdu & TRAO Ddi P H A T T R I E N KINH TE So 262, Thang T a m nam 2012 khong bi cdng thdng; hi 4,5 den dudi S Id hai cdng thang; tir den dudi la cdng thang; tu den dudi 6,5 Id rat cang thang vd tir tren 6,5 Id ddc biet cang thang Kel qud cho thay tdt cd 16 bien khdo sdt thupe cac yeu to tao cang thang deu cd diem tmng binh tir 5,2 den 5,78 thudc nhdm cang thdng, dd yeu td duoc nhan dinh cang thang cao nhdt gdm cd: (1) Yeu cau, sap xep hge tap, ndng eao trinh dp, cap nhat kien thuc tir phia cdng viec; (2) Nhiing dot hdi khfing hgp li, thdi dp khfing diing muc eiia mgt sd sinh vien; va (3) Quy md, sfi lugng sinh vien ngdy cang tang cd y nghTa thdng ke den sy gan ket eiia vien chiic, Cang thang tir sinb vien va tir chinh ea nhan vien chiic cd luong quan tirng cap vdi gan ket td chiic d mue 0,53 vd 0,56 (Sig,