JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Education Science, 2013, Vol, 58, No 4, pp, 75 79 This paper is available online at http7/stdb,hnue,edu vn CAI CACH GIAO DUC KI THUAT TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC NHAM DAP LTNG N[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Education Science, 2013, Vol, 58, No 4, pp, 75-79 This paper is available online at http7/stdb,hnue,edu.vn CAI CACH GIAO DUC KI THUAT TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC NHAM DAP LTNG N I I O N G YEU CAU CUA CONG CUOC PHAT TRIEN KINH TE - XA HOI TRONG THE KI 21 Nguyen Khac Bmh Vu Gido due Dat hoc, Bd Gido due vd Ddo tgo Tom tat Dao tao ki thuat cd vai Ird quan trong sU phat trien cua moi quoc gia Tuy nhien tIao lao kT thuat hien da hoc 16 nhieu bat cap, Bai bao phan tich nhflng nguyen nhan din din nhflng nhUOc diem ciia dao tao ki thuat Irong cac trUdng dai hoc hicn nay; nhflng nhUdc diem ciia sinh vien t6t nghiep cdc nganh kT thuat hien va nhflng cai each cdn thiet dao tao nguon nhan life chdt lifOng cao phuc vu cdng cuoc cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dll nudc thcfi dai Tie khda: Dao tao ki thuat, van hanh he thong, ki nang kien tao san pham Mol dau Trong cdng cudc cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ddt nfldc, nhiem vu ctia giao due dai hoc la dao tao ngudn nhan life chdi lUdng cao; Tflc la cac trfldng dai hpc phai dao tao nhflng sinh vien trd ddi ngii ki sfl hien dai, lam viec cd hieu qua, cd nang lflc viec hinh y tfldng, thiet ke, trien khai va van hanh he thdng, trd nhflng chuyen gia ki thuat, co trach nhiem vdi xa hpi va cd xu hudng sang tao Thuc hien dfldc cdng viec nay, Cac trfldng dai hpc phai dao ho nhu thi nao de dat dUdc hieu qua vdi tinh thdn khdi nghiep mdi trUdng phflc tap ve cdng nghe va doi hdi tinh ben vflng cang cao Chung ta phai trang bi tot hdn cho cac smh vien ki thuat tfldng Iai bdng cai each giao due ki thuat mot each cd he thdng, toan dien, Bai bao se phan tich thuc trang dao tao ki thuat cua cae trfldng dai hpc; danh gia ciia gidi doanh nghiep; nguyen nhan cua hien trang va nhflng cai each cdn thiel ddi vdi cac trudng dai hoc dao tao ki thuat Ngay nhan bai: 25-12-2012, Ngay chap nhan dang 18-4-2013 Uen he: Nguyen Khac Binh, e-mail: khacbinhnguyen2000@yahoo com Nguyin Kh^c Binh Noi dung nghien curu 2.1, T h i t c I r a n g ve d a o t a o k l t h u a l d c a c t r u f t n g d a i h o c Theo truyfin lh6ng, ki sU dildc dao tao tit trudng dai hiic duoc chii ddn khji kiin Ihiic ki Ihual dii duoc ti6p thu, lich liiy 'Illy nhien, bat dSu vao cuoi nhiing nam 1970 cho tdi cudi nhflng nam 1990, gidi dai dien cdng nghiep bat diu the hien mdi Io ngai cang liing ve su chii Irpng giao due dai hoc Gidi doanh nghiep da len tiSng va neu Icn indl quan diem dUOc ddng thuan rk ldn xa hdi la chii hdn den ki nang Cli nhan, ki niing giao tiep, ki nang kicn lao san pham, quy trinh va he thdng NKiing nam 1990, xu hudng phe phan giao due ki thuSt hien tai ciia cac trUdng dai hoc cang lan rdng C) MI cd tap doiin ldn da tao mdt thd lUc nham gay anh hudng den giao ducki Ihuat d bac dai hoc bimg each dua nhu'ng yeu cdu nang lUc mong mudn d mdi ngircli ki su sau Idl nghiep IrUdng dai hoc cac nude phat trie'n, cac doanh nghiep ciing da cd nhii:ng phiin flng vc van dc Hp yeu cau cac nha trudng phai md cac Idp tap huan va bicn soan cac chUdng trinh vd giao due ki thuiit doanh nghiep dc xult Cac doanh nghiep cd the tham gia vao ciic co quan kiem dinh va cd quan chuyen mdn ve giao due Phan flng cua cac doanh nghiep niiy dii dem den sU hd trd trUc tidp ciia cac doanh nghiep danh cho cac dd xfldng cai each ve giao due Nd cung da hdi thiic Chinh phii day nhanh cai each giao due dai hpc nham dao tao ngudn nhiin lUc cho cdng cudc phat trien kinh iL'-xa hdi cua dat nfldc Day khdng phiil Iii mdt nd lflc ngiiu nhien ma la phan flng nhat quan ve mpt vSn d6 ma gidi doanh nghiep cho Iii mdi de doa chinh ygu ddi vdi ngudn lUc dUdc tao tit cac Irfldng dai hoc Nhflng quan diem chung cua cac nha doanh nghiep la hp ludn nhan manh lam quan cfla nen tang khoa hoc ki thuat va kien thflc ki thuat va ddng thdi la nhiing ki niing chu y£u bao gdm cac yeu td ve ki nang thiet kc, giao tiep, Iiim viec theo nhom, dao dflc, va ciic ki nang ca nhan vii Id chat khac ma sinh vit}n sau tdt nghiep phai cd 2.2 D a n h gla vc doi doanh nghiep ngO s i n h vien I d t h u a t sau tot n g h i e p cua Hicn nay, cac nUdc tren the gidi, dac biet Iii cac nfldc phfldng lay, gidi doanh nghiep khong hoiin toiin hai ldng vdi hien trang giao due dai cfldng Su khdng hai ldng dildc phan iinh qua cac phe phan cua hp vao \ iec sinh \ ien tdt nghiep khdng the" dpc va viSt mJt each hieu qua, va khdng nam vitng phep tinh dai sd d mflc phflc tap trung binh Ngltclilci sU mdi tdt nghiep dai hoc khdng the lam viec ki thuat cd hieu qua Ho da phe phan ve sii pham diu ciia giiio due ki thuat cdn nhflng bat cap ring: "Hieu qud dau Uf cho dao Igo ki thugt ngdy cdng kem, ket ijiid chtfa lirong xiriig vdi nguon life dtfdc dau tu: Sinh villi khdng nhtrng khong dtrgc ddo lao chudn mia ve kien Ilurc chinh qui, ma hi hgn * ' CO hot tiep cdn vdi phgm vt kifn thtrc ki Ihudl: Do dd chira dgi dtrcic mot chieu sdu k!mn§, ki thudt I d y nghia: Ki su mdi rg trudng thieu su hie'u biet ve tain quan Irgng ciia viec io ludng vd kiehi^ Ira chinh xdc: thiiu ddng life cgnh Iranh vd sir hen tri: hgn che ve' kinang giao liep: diieu ki liicit vd thieu kie'm mat IS loi Idm viec: khdng ddm chiip nhgn rii ro cd nhdn " cdi cdch gido due Ki thudt tmng Gidn due Dai hoc 2.3 Lich sur va nguyen nhan nhdng bat cap dao tao kT thuat cua cac triX(fng dai hoc Nhflng nam 1950 la thdi ki bdt ddu ciia each mang khoa hpc ki thuat va tuyen dung cac nha khoa hpc ki Ihuat tre Nhflng nam 1960 cd the dfldc goi la thdi ki hoang kim, dd sinh vien dfldc dao tao tfl su pha trpn gifla dpi ngu giang vien la nhflng nha thflc hanh kl thuat cd tuoi va nhflng nha khoa hpc ki thuat Irc Tuy nhien vao nhflng nam 1970, nhflng giang vien thuc hanh ki thuat da ddn ddn din tudl nghi huu va dpi ngii dUdc thay the bang cac nha nghien cflu Va cung tfl dd giao due kl thuat da cd sfl dich chuyen rd ret theo hfldng khoa hoc ki thuat He qua dfl kiln ciia su thay ddi vl boi canh va van hoa xay nfla cudi the ky 20 la dat giao due sinh vien ki thuat Iren mpt nin tang khoa hpc va chat che hdn, trang bi cho sinh vien doi phd vdi nhflng thach thflc ki thuat khdng ludng trUde dUdc tfldng lai Chung ta khdng phli nhan tdm quan cfla sfl thay ddi cung nhu ghi nhan nhflng ddng gdp to ldn ma cac tuu nghien cflu khoa hpc ki Ihuat dfldc tao irong nfla cudi thi ky vfla qua Tuy nhien, he qua khdng chu y cfla sfl lhay ddi la sfl dich chuyen van hda cfla giao due ki thuat da lam giam gia tri cfla nhilu ki nang, thai dd quan trpng vdn dUde xem la dac trflng cfla giao due kT thuat cho din thdi diem dd Do vay, khdng phai la trung hdp ngdu nhien, ma cudi nhflng nam 1970 va 1980 cua thi ky trfldc, phdn ldn cac nfldc phat trien, gidi doanh nghiep bat ddu nhan thdy su thay ddi vl kicn thflc, ki nang va thai dp cua sinh vien tot nghiep Ho da phe phan qua cac ldi binh pham va cac bieu Id su lo ngai ddi vdi kha nang tUdng lai cua cac sinh vien ki thuat d cac trudng dai hoc 2.4 Thay doi nhan thu'c de cai each dao tao ki thuat cac trUttng dai hoc TrUde tien, viec chflng ta cdn lam la xem xet lai nhan thflc vl ki thuat thUe thu, cai ma chiing ta mudn ngUdi ki su iam cudc ddi nghe nghiep ciia ho, ddng thdi chung ta lim each flng dung cdng nghe mdi cho phuong phap giao due Dd chinh la su cai each giao due ki thuat cac trudng dai hoc hien nham dap flng ddi hdi ciia cdng cudc phat trien kinh tl-xa hdi cua mdi qudc gia Cai each giao due ki thual phai tra ldi hai van dl tam: Giao due ki thuat phai lam nhflng gi? Va Giao due kl thuat phai lam nhu thi nao? Mdt ben la nhu cdu truyen tai khoi khiln thflc ki thuat khdng ngflng gia tang tflng ngay, tflng gid ma sinh vien ki thuat phai lam chii qua trinh dao tao d trudng dai hpc Mpt ben la yeu cdu ki su phai cd nhflng ki nang ca nhan, ki nang giao tiep rdng, cung nhu phai cd ki nang kiln tao san pham va nhflng ki nang cdn thiet khac de lam viec theo nhdm nham tao san pham va he thdng thflc thu, Sfl mau thudn bieu hien sfl khac biet rd ret vl quan diem gifla cac nha giao due ki thuat va edng ddng nhflng ngudi dang hoat ddng ITnh vuc ki thuat - nhflng ngudi se tuyen dung sinh vien tdt nghiep ki thuat sau Ngudi ki su chuyen nghiep la ngUdi da dat dUdc va hen tuc hoan thien kiln thflc, kT nang va thai dp ve ki thuat, giao tilp, quan he ngfldi; la ngUdi ddng gdp hieu qua cho Nguyin K h k Binh xa hdi bSng each lap Iuan, hinh y tfldng, phiit trien va san sinh nhflng may moc t4 kidn true dang tin cay cd giii tri thflc tidn va kinh te Ngfldi kl sU cd kien thiic cang rdng, ngfldi ki sfl cang cd nhflng ki nang da dang va hoan chinh hdn va ngfldi ki sfl cimg co linh than cdng hidn nhicu hon, thi qua dat dfldc se ngiiy cang cao hdn Kidn thflc cua ngfldi ki sfl thflc thu khdng chi gidi han d nhflng dfl lieu cd dfldc mi phiii CO hdn nhieu so vdi dfl lieu ki thuat thu nhan dUdc Trong mpt ngfldi ki su chi cd the sfl dung cdng nghe thdng tin de tao bit ki dfl lieu niio choc lat thi ngudi ki sU Ihflc thu cdn hieu duoc mdi tudng quan gifla ciic dU lieu vii biet ciich khai thac vii xfl li nhflng du lieu lien quan tfldng xflng nhiim long hdp thiinh thdng tin radi de giai quvci van dc KI niing cua ngfldi ki sU thflc thu lii ki thuat giiii quycl van de thicI ke theo trinh tu, irong dd, nhflng nguyen tiic trpng tam eua khoa hoc vii ki thuat dflOc ap dung cung vdi su Siing tao va phiin xel ca nhan dat dfldc tfl quii irinh dao tao vii kinh nghiem thflc liln Hdn nfla, vi ciic thiinh lich ki thuat ludn dat dflOc mdi trfldng lam viec theo nhdm nen ki nang giao tidp la rii cin thiet vai trd cua nhan vien cung nhfl ngitcli liuih dao Thiii dp cfla ngfldi ki sU thUe thu iinh hudng trflc tiep den chat Ifldng giai phap ihiel ke Ngfldi kl sfl ihflc thu la ngfldi cd kha nang liinh dao nhdm cdng vdi mot linh Ihin xiiy dflng phe binh va Ifl phe binh De dap lai phan flng tfl cac doanh nghiep qua viec xem xet cac kien nghi ciia doanh nghiep phan anh vd yeu ciu diio tao sinh vien va tdng hpp ciic yeu ciu dd, yeu ciu cd ban ddi vdl giao due kl thuat phiii ihe hien d dau Ngfldi ki sfl phai cd kha nang: Hinh ihanh y Ifldng - tridn khai - Thicl kd - Viin hiinh siin pham, quy trinh \ii he thdng phflc tap, co giii tri gia liing, mpt mdi trfldng hien dai, liim vice theo nhdm, Ngfldi ki sfl cd nang luc liim viec kl thuat Ho cin dflOc diio lao v6 nhflng llnh vuc niiy bdi canh mang lai cho ho ki niing vii thai dd de ho cd the Ihiet ke va trien khai Dieu niiy dfla chflng ta tdi yeu ciu diu lien cua chuong Irinh hoc cudc ciii each giiio due ki thual Trong boi canh cua giao due ki thuat, thi chung ta cd the dfla mdt ciich hop li chuan dau chi tiet ddi v6i vice dao tao sinh vien Chung ta cd the tra Idi ciiu hdi diiu lien lii: Sinh \ ien ki thuiit nen dat dfldc kien thflc, ki nang, thai dd toiin dien rdi khdi trfldng dai hoc vii dat dfldc il trinh dd niing lflc niio? Dd la nhu ciu cd ban va la cP sd cho nhung "danh sach kT nang" mil gidl doanh nghiep dc xuit cho cac nhii quiin li, ciic nhii giiio due diio tao dai hoc Nhflng gi ngfldi ki sU hien dai phai Iam la tham gia vao mdt viii hoac toan bd cac giai doan cua viec hinh thiinh y tudng, thidl kc trien khai va van hiinh Ve nguyen tac, co the diio tao cho sinh \ icn ciic ki niing va thai dd ki thuat ho tfl Iam viec vdi li thuyel kl thuat Nhung neu liim nhu viiy co Ihc sc khdng hieu qua PhUdng phap dao tao ki nang niio cho smh vii;n cd the tdl hdn la cach dat viec diio tao bdi eanh phat trien va trien khai san pham va hi; thdng - chinh lii bdi canh ma sinh \ icn sfl dung cac ki nang niiy Tfl dd, chung ta phai xem xel Iai tai chu trinh vdng ddi san pham, qua trinh, va he thdng ki thuat khdng la bdi canh chung cua giiio due ki thuat hien Chung ta ciing dc diing nhan thiiy dieu dd: bdi vi ddi ngu giang vien d cac trfldng dai hpc ki thuat it co nhflng ngfldi thflc hanh ki thuat ma phin ldn la nhflng ngfldi nghien cflu ki thuat Nhiing nha nghien cflu phat tnen kidn thflc khoa hoc ki thuat bing each tidn hanh nghien ciiu vdi each tiep ciin ddn gian hda bang co gdng nd lUc cua ca nhan Ngfldc lai, boi canh Cdi cdch gido due Kf thudl Gidn due Dgi hge kT thuat thflc hanh, trpng tam dupe dat vao viec chl tao san pham va he thdng ki thuat thflc hanh, trpng tam dfldc dat vao viec chl tao san pham va he thdng ki thuat bang each phat trien theo each tiep can tich hdp, va dSy la each tiep can cd ban chdt ciia su hdp tac bang sfl nd luc cua ca nhdm ngfldi Ddng thdi, bdi canh mong mudn phai ludn chu trpng tdi vice xfl li cae nen tang ki thuat mpt each khdt khe Vi vay, chiing ta cdn phai thdy rang viec chuyen ddi giao due tfl bdi canh hicn tai sang boi canh mdi la mol su thay ddi vl van hda Chung ta phai nang cao ki nang ldn thai ciia giang vien ki ihuat hien tai bdng each tang cfldng nang luc tdng hdp ciia hp ThUc ra, mau thudn hien ed giao due kT thuat d nhieu nUdc la kit qua cua chinh sU chuyen dot Gdn day d mpt sd quoc gia, giang vicn ki thuat eua cac irUdng dai hoc la nhflng nha thuc hanh ki thuat xudt sac Giao due chu ylu dua vao thUc hanh va trang bi cho thUc hanh Ket luan Chung ta phai nhan thflc iai rang giao due ki thuat cdn nhdn manh nin tang ki thuat, ddng thdi tang cudng viec hpc hdi eac ki nang ca nhan, kT nang giao tilp, kT nang kiln tao san pham, quy trinh, va he thdng Ciing vdi cai each giao due dai hpc nham phu hdp vdi nhflng mue tieu mdi cua sfl nghiep phat trien cua mdi qudc gia, Cai each dao tao kT thuat phai dUdc coi trpng va phai di tien phong cudc cai each Tren nhflng nhan thflc nhu vay, chflng ta thdy rang cdn phai tiln hanh cupc cai each dao tao kl thuat cac trfldng dai hpc bdi canh hpi nhap, loan cdu hda, khoa hoc va cdng nghe phal trien va thay ddi tflng gid TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Worthen, B.R., Sanders, J.R., and Fitzpatrick, J L., 1996 Program Evaluation: Alternative Apprcmdies and Pracal Guideline Longman, New York, 1996 [2] Hd Tudn Nhflt, 2011, Bdu cdo tgi Hdi thdu xdy dung diifOng trinh theo phuang phdp CDIO tgi TR Hu Chi Minh [3] Bd Giao due va Dao tao, 2010 De ddn lgi Hdi thdo xdy dtfng cbudng irinb theo phuong phdp CDIO tai TP Ho Cbi Mmh ndm 2010 ABSTRACT Renovating of Enginnering Training in Higher Education lo Adapt to the Need for Development of Economics and Society in 21"^' Century Training techniques have an importani role in the development of each country However, it has been revealed that there are many shortcomings in the technical training programs that now exist in Vietnam, This paper analyzes the causes that have led to these disadvantages in technical training in universities today as graduates of current industry and technical programs require better trained, high-quality human resources for the industrialization and modernization of the country in this day and age 79 ... phii day nhanh cai each giao due dai hpc nham dao tao ngudn nhiin lUc cho cdng cudc phat trien kinh iL''-xa hdi cua dat nfldc Day khdng phiil Iii mdt nd lflc ngiiu nhien ma la phan flng nhat quan... each giao due ki thuat cac trudng dai hoc hien nham dap flng ddi hdi ciia cdng cudc phat trien kinh tl-xa hdi cua mdi qudc gia Cai each giao due ki thual phai tra ldi hai van dl tam: Giao due... tfldng, phiit trien va san sinh nhflng may moc t4 kidn true dang tin cay cd giii tri thflc tidn va kinh te Ngfldi kl sU cd kien thiic cang rdng, ngfldi ki sfl cang cd nhflng ki nang da dang va hoan