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Mot so van de ve cor cau dao tao nhan lu''''c trinh do • • • dai hoc, cao dang hien nay TS NGQYEN DAI THANG, ThS NGUVeN HOANG LAN Vien Kmh te va Quan ly "rUdng Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha ^oi ThcTi gian g^n d3y[.]
Mot so van de ve cor cau dao tao nhan lu'c trinh • • • dai hoc, cao dang hien TS NGQYEN DAI THANG, ThS NGUVeN HOANG LAN Vien Kmh te va Quan ly - "rUdng Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha ^oi ThcTi gian g^n d3y, dif luSn dang nd'i len nhffng van de vi phSn bo dao tao dai hoc, cao dang chtfa htfp ly giffa cac viing miln, cac nganh nghl gay tmh trang "ch6 thffa, ch6 thieu", chat Irftfng dao tao khong dam bao Tmh trang d^u? Giai quy§'t nhffng va'n de nhrf the nao? la nhffng cau hoi c^n drftfc lam ro NHLfNG B A T C A e TRONG T H l / C T I E N Theo sd lieu thd'ng ke cua Bd Giao duc vd Ddo tao, tinh de'n cudi nam hpe 2011-2012, ca nddc cd 419 trffdng dai hpe va cao dang vdi tdng quy md ddo tao Id 2.204.394 sinh vien Dd la chffa ke cdc trddng cao dang nghe thupc he thd'ng day nghe Bd Lao ddng, Thffdng binh va Xa hdi quan Iy, vdi so lffdng 155 trffdng tinh de'n hd't thdng 12/2012 va dao tao khodng 70.000 sinh vidn moi nam Day Id nhffng sd khdng he nhd, nhidn hien dang ed sff phan bo chda hdp ly giffa cdc vung mien va khoang cdch dd dang cd xu hddng gian rpng (Bang 1) Cdc Irddng dai hoc, cao dang Idn cd uy tin thu hdt ddng sinh vidn chu ye'u deu tap trung d vung Dong bang sdng Hong (chie'm ty Id 55% tdng sd' trddng ca ntfdc) vd vCing Ddng Nam Bd (chie'm ty Id 20,3% long sd' trtfdng ca nddc) Rieng tai Ha Ndi vd Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh hien da cd tdi 40% so' trddng dai hpe cao dang vdi tdng quy md ddo tao Ien tdi 55.1% Trong dd, phin ldn cdc trddng dai hpe, cao dang d khu vtfc trung du va mien nui phia Bac, Tay Nguydn va Dong bdng sdng Cffu Long deu mdi dtfdc thdnh lap vdng 10 ndm trd lai day, quy md cdn rat nhd Cd trtfdng dai hoc chi cd hdn 1.000 sinh vidn, thd'p hdn nhieu so vdi quy md trung binh eua ca nddc (dd'i vdi trtfdng dai hoc la khoang 7.000 sinh vien/trddng va dd'i vdi trtfdng eao dang la khoang 3.000 sinh vien/trtfdng) Mac du sd' hpe sinh td't nghiep trung hoc phd ihdng tai cac khu vdc Id khd Idn va diem tuydn sinh ttfdng ddi tha'p (chi bdng mdc diem sdn hoae cao hdn khdng dang ke), nhtfng cdc trddng d day van chda thu hut dtfdc nhieu hoc sinh, sinh vien vao hoc BANG 1: P H A M BO CAC TRtlCSMG DAI HpC, CAO D A M G VA SO LtldMG SINH VIEN THEO CAC VONG KINH TE-XA HOI N A M 2 Viing Tniiii; du v;i mien niii phia BJC Uong hiing s("ing Hong B.1L Trnnji Bo \;i DuyC-n hai mien Trung T.l\ Nguyen Dong Nam BQ _ Ddng bjing s6ng Cffu Long T6iifi _ Sfftrifftng 86.375 638.155! 211.050' 37.6091 389.758, 85 074 i 1.448.102 m 681 258 9141 143 137 12 320 213.297 58 94.11 S6 Mid 897 1)69 354 187 49.929 603.055 144.017 756.292 2.204J94 35 HIEN CClCl - TRAO D I Tren thdc td' sinh vidn tdt nghiep dai hpe, cao ddng d nhffng phd' ldn vdn cd xu hffdng Ida chpn d lai day tim kie'm cd hpi vide lam hdn la ve mien nui, vung sau, vung xa, din de'n tinh trang "chd thffa, chd thie'u" ngudn nhan Iffc, anh hffdng tidu cdc de'n cd cau lao ddng va cd cd'u kinh te gia tang tinh trang that nghiep sinh vidn td't nghiep dai hpe, cao ding, lao dp Itfc nhieu mat cho cac phd'ldn Ve cd ca'u nganh nghe dao tao, mac du nhdng nam qua da cd dieu chinh, nhtfng van cdn mat can dd'i nghidm trpng Bdo edo Kd'l qua gidm sdt cua Uy ban Thtfdng vu Qud'c hdi tai Ky hpp thang 06/2010 eho bie't, sd sinh vien dai hpe, cao ding theo hpe cac nganh thude ITnh vtfc kinh td', phap ly, khoa hoc xa hpi va nhan vdn (chid'm 38% tdng quy md dao tao), nhdm nganh stf pham (chie'm 20%), nhdm nganh ky thuat - cdng nghe (chid'm 21%), nhdm nganh ndng - lam - ngtf 8% va khoa hpe ttf nhien chi chid'm ty Irpng la 2% Chi tinli rieng nam 2009 - 2011, ty le hd sd ddng ky dtf thi vdo bd'n ngdnh: Kinh td', quan tri kinh doanh, tai chinh, ngan hang chid'm 41% tdng sd' hd sd dtf thi Vdi ly do, Irong cupc hpp ve cdng tac thtfc hien quy hoach ngudn nhan Itfe vd ddo tao theo nhu cau xa hdi vao thang 12/2012, Bd trddng Bp Gido due va Dao tao Pham VQ Ludn da nha'n manh, "Tff nam 2013 se dffng viec md cac nganh dao tao dang thffa "diu ra" nhff: Tai chinh, ngan hang, quan tn kinh doanh, kd' loan", nen Iffc hut sinh vidn lai lan sang khd'i nganh Y-Dffdc Theo thd'ng ke cua Bp Y td', tinh dd'n nam 2013, ea nffde da cd 26 trffdng dai hpe va 71 trtfdng cao dang tham gia dao tao cac nganh thude khd'i Y-Dtfdc, dd, theo quy hoach, den nam 2020, nhu clu nhan Itfe trinh dai hoc va cao dang nhdm nganh ehi chie'm khoang 6% tdng so sinh vien dao tao theo cdc nganh nghe eua ca ntfdc Dieu khdng chi lam gia tang stf ma't can dd'i cung - cau, ma ddn tdi stf sut giam ve eha't Iddng ddo tao mot ITnh vtfc dac biel, hen quan dd'n sffc khde va finh mang ngtfdi He qua ta't ye'u cua nhffng ba't hdp ly tren eung vdi nhdng han ehd' ve mat cha't Itfdng dao tao la nhieu sinh vien td't nghiep cac nganh ed quy md dao tao qud Idn khdng Iim dffdc viec Idm hodc phai chuyen sang lam cdc cdng vide trai vdi nganh nghd dffdc dao Iao, gay lang phi xa hdi va ldm phat sinh nhidu van de kinh td', xa hdi phffc tap NGUYEN NHAN DO DAU? Cd rat nhieu nguydn nhan dan ddn dnh trang chda hdp ly \ e ed cau vung, mien va nganh nghe dao tao dai hoc cao dang, irong chu yd'u den tff chinh sach cua Nhd nffde ldi ich cua nha trtfdng va nhan thdc cua ngtfdi dan Cu the: Ve phia Nhd nudc: Viec dien khai Quy hoach mang Iffdi cac trffdng dai hoc, cao ddng va Quy hoach phat tridn nhan Iffc giai doan 2000-2010 va giai doan 20112020 cdn thie'u ddng bp, nen chda dai hieu qua nhd mong mudn Ddc biet, viec dianh lap cdc trddng dai hoc 36 cao dang cdn didn ttS phdt, phu diupc chu yeu vao sd chuan bi cua cd sd, thieu sd dieu tieit va hd trd cln Ihidl tff phfa Nh& nffde ddi vdi cac khu vifc khd khan Ben canh dd la sff budng long quan ly ddi vdi viec md nganh, xae dinh chi tidu ddo tao, dac biet la dd'i vdi nhffng nganh da co d£u hieu bao hda va mpt sd nghe can cd nhOhg yeu cau dac biel (nhd ngdnh Y-Ddcfc) Cac cd quan quan Iy cung cham dda cdc chinh sach ifu lidn, dd dai de Ihu hut hoc sinh, sinh vidn vao hoc cac ngdnh nghe khd tuyen vd vao cdc Irtfdng d cdc dia bdn mien nui, vung sau, vung xa Vi phia nhd trudng: Tai cdc trddng dai hpe, cao ddng Idn, dieu kidn hpe tap ed td'i hdn so vdi nhffng Irtfdng mien niii, vung sau, vung xa, ndn vide thu hut sinh vien de'n hpe tai cac trddng Idn Id dieu de hieu Ddng Ihdi, tinh trang nha trddng dao tao Iheo nhffng gi minh cd, chff khong phai theo nhu cau xa hdi, van cdn khd phd bie'n Dac bidl Id nhffng nam gan day, mdt sd ngdnh nghd cii dang dan ma't dl, nhieu nganh nghe mdi xuat hidn Dieu ddi hdi phdi cd sdthay ddi ed ca'u ngdnh nghd ddo tao Tuy nhidn, nhieu trtfdng dai hpe, cao dang vin chda theo kip sd thay ddi Chffa ke dd'n, d mdt sd trffdng, ke ca trtfdng cdng lap, dang ed xu hffdng "thddng mai hda giao due", ddt qud cao ldi ieh kinh Id', tap trung vao cdc ngdnh nghe cd chi phi dao tao thd'p, khdng ddi hdi vdn dau td Idn va nhffng ngdnh "ndng" hul sinh vien (nhd cac ngdnh thupc khdi kinh te', luat ngoai ngff ), tranh hoae ban chd' dao tao cdc ngdnh ddi hdi Irang thid't bi, phdng thi nghiem (nhtf cdc ngdnh ky thuat, edng nghd cdc nganh thudc khd'i ndng-ldm-ngff) Dieu ndy gay hieu ffng lan Iruyen, anh hffdng de'n quyd't dinh ehpn trffdng hpe cua cdc hpe sinh, sinh vidn vi nhgn thtic cua ngUdi ddn: Nhidu hoc sinh, sinh vien vd gia dinh chffa cd dinh hffdng d-ong vide chpn trffdng, chpn ngdnh nghe dd Iheo hoc Tam ly chay theo cdc nganh nghe "thdi thffdng", cac nhu cau "ao" vdn cdn khd phd bid'n vd cd tdc dpng khdng nhd den viec hinh ihanh cd clu ddo tao d cac trddng dai hpe, cao ddng Ngoai ra, cdng tdc hffdng nghiep phan ludng trddng phd thdng vd tff van tuyen sinh vdo dai hpe, cao dang chffa dffdc thffc hidn lot He ihdng thong dn ve lao dpng vd vide lam, dff bdo nhu clu vd nhdn Iffc van cdn ba't c0p MOlsd KIEN NGH! Mgt la, bdm sat ede muc tidu, yeu cau vd ndi dung cua Quye'l dinh so 37/2013/ QD-TTg, 26/6/2013 cua Thu tddng Chinh phu vd vide dieu chlnh Quy hoaeh mang Iffdi cac Irffdng dai hoc, cao dang giai doan 2006-2020 Theo dd, cln tdp trung tfu lidn dau tff ve ddi ngu giang vien, cd sd vat chdt, kinh phi de ndng cao chat lffdng dao lao cua cdc trffdng hien cd tai Ddng bang sdng Cdd Long, mien nui phia Bac va Tay Nguyen, cd chinh sdch de Ihu but hpe sinh, sinh vidn vao hpe tao ngudn nhan Iffc tai chd dap dng ydu clu phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi ciia dia phddng Ngoai ra, cd thd lap thdm mdt sd'trddng dai hpe cao dang edng lap Iai ba khu vtfc nay, nhidn can can nb^c ky vd mat sd'Iddng va vide phan bd cdc trddng de dam bao chat Iddng va hieu qua, khdng dd xay tinh trang "trai manh manh", tinh nao cung cd Irtfdng dai hpe, nhtfng dnh trang thffa va thieu ngudn nhan lu'c van tdn tai! Hai (a, cln ed quy dinh chat che hdn ve cdc dieu kien md nganh, xdc dinh chi tidu ddo tao, thtfc hidn nghidm tdc vide tra kidm tra vd xff ly vi pham Ddi vdi cdc ngdnh khd tuyen (khoa hpe cd bdn, ndng-ldm-ngd mdt sd ngdnh thupc khd'i khoa hpe xa hdi vd nhan van) va cac nganh thupc ITnh vffc ffu tien chidn Iffde phdt Irien kinh te - xa hpi giai doan 2011-2020 (nhff cdc ngdnh cdng nghd cao, cdc ngdnh phuc vu cho xua't khau ) cln md rpng thdm cac chinh sach tfu lien ve hpe phi, hpe bdng, cho vay vd'n de hoc tap, md rdng khd'i thi kd't hdp vdi xdt tuydn de thu hut Ihdm hoc sinh, sinh vien vao hpe Ba Id, thdc hidn da dang hda cd sd dao Iao cung nhdphddng Ihffe day va hoc theo Unh than "Dd dn Ddi mdi can ban, loan D€n nam 2020, phd'n dSfu Yung Trung du va mien nui phi'a Bac CO 57 trifdng (15 trtfng dai hpe, 42 tniiing cao dang); Viing D6ng bang song Hdng co 157 triTcfng (91 trifcfng dai hpe, 66 tri^cTng cao dang); Vung Bac Trung bp va duy§n hai midn Trung CO 88 trifdng (38 trtfdng dai hoc, 50 trtfdng cao dang; Viing Tay Nguydn cd 15 trtfdng (5 trtfdng dai hgc, 10 trtfdng cao dang); Viing D6ng Nam bO co 93 trtfdng (55 trtfdng d^i hoc, 38 trtfdng cao dang); Viing ddng bang song Cu^ Long co 50 trtfdng (20 trtfdng dai hoc va 30 trtfdng cao dang) Nguon: Quyi't dinh sd37/2013/QB-TTg, ngdy 26/6/2013 cua Thu tttdng Chinh phu ve vifc dieu chinh Quy hogch mgng litdi cdc trU&ng dgi hgc, cao ddng giai dogn 2006-2020 dien giao due vd ddo tao, dap dng ydu cdu cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda dieu kien kinh te'thi trffdng dinh hffdng xa hpi chu nghTa va hdi nhap qud'c le'", tffng btfdc xda di khoang cdch vung mien gido due Bdn Id, cdc trffdng dai hoc, eao ddng can chu ddng can nhac, Iinh todn ky quy md tuydn sinh dd'i vdi tffng nganh nghe dao tao dda tren cac dd bao va nhu eau thtfc te'cua thi trtfdng lao dpng Hang ndm cac trtfdng can cong bd' cdng khai ly Id sinh vien lot nghiep cd vide lam theo quy dinh cua Bd Gido due va Dao tao Dd'i vdi cae trddng dao tao da ITnh vtfc can cd thd'ng ke ty Id theo tffng linh vffe Cac trffdng eung cln chu ddng la'y y kid'n cua cac doanh nghiep va ede cd quan tuydn dung vide xay dffng ke' hoach tuyen sinh (sd' lffdng, ed cd'u nganh nghe), dm hieu nhu cau tuyen dung va ydu clu ve cdc nganh nghe mdi de cd stf dieu chinh va chuan bi cln thiet Can khuyd'n khich cdc hinb thdc dao tao theo "dat hdng" eua ngtfdi tuyen dung la cdc dia phddng, td chdc va doanh nghidp Nam Id, day manh cdng lae htfdng nghidp vd ttf va'n tuyen sinh; eung cd' va phat tnen he thd'ng thdng tin ve dao tao lao ddng vd vide Idm, dtf bao nhu cau nhan Itfc Cdc thdng Un cln dtfdc cung ca'p day du, kip thdi vd dtfdc ke't ndi mdt he thd'ng cd sd dff lieu thd'ng nha't dd dang truy cap Ta't nhidn de cd mdt kdnh thdng tin uy tin, hidu qua can cd sd phd'i hdp chat ehe cua cdc bd, nganh, ede dia phddng • TAI LI$U THAM KHAO Thu tddng Chinh phu (2011) Quye't dinh sd 1216/QD-TTg ngdy 22/07/2011 ve viec phi duyel Quv hoach phdt trien nhdn luc Vigt Nam giat doan 2011-2020 Thu tffdng Chinh phu (2013) Quyi't djnh sd37/2013/QD-TTg ngdy 26/06/2013 vi viii diiu chinh Quv hogch mang ludi cdc trUdng dgi hgc, cao dang giai dogn 2006-2020 Uy ban Thddng vu Qud'c bdi (2010) Bdo cdo sd329/BC-UBTVQH12, ngdy 26/05/2010 vi ke't qud gidm sdt" Vigc thuc hien chinh sdch, phdp lugt vi thdnh Igp trUdng, ddu tu vd ddm bdo chd't lugng ddo tgo ddi vi'fi gido due dgi hgc" Bp Gido due vd Ddo lao (2012) Thdng ke gido due vd ddo tgo ndm hgc 2011-2012 World Bank (2008) Vietnam: Higher Education and skills for growth Washingon DC 6.TiiLiMng(20\2).TgmddngmdmgtsdngdnhddotaodUthita"ddura".tTuycap{ithnp:llhixo(i\er\iu ehinhphu.vn/Home/Tam-dung-mo-mot-so-nganh-dao-iao-du-thua-dau-ra/20l2l2/157()64.vgp 37 ... tniiing cao dang); Viing D6ng bang song Hdng co 157 triTcfng (91 trifcfng dai hpe, 66 tri^cTng cao dang); Vung Bac Trung bp va duy§n hai midn Trung CO 88 trifdng (38 trtfdng dai hoc, 50 trtfdng cao. .. hgc, 10 trtfdng cao dang); Viing D6ng Nam bO co 93 trtfdng (55 trtfdng d^i hoc, 38 trtfdng cao dang); Viing ddng bang song Cu^ Long co 50 trtfdng (20 trtfdng dai hoc va 30 trtfdng cao dang) Nguon:... nhieu trtfdng dai hpe, cao dang vin chda theo kip sd thay ddi Chffa ke dd''n, d mdt sd trffdng, ke ca trtfdng cdng lap, dang ed xu hffdng "thddng mai hda giao due", ddt qud cao ldi ieh kinh Id'',