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NGHIEN cull PHirONG PHAP DAY HOC VAN MIEU TA i TIEU HOC THEO HlTfliNG DOI M d i UA HOI NHAP GIAO DUG TS P H A M MINH DlEU'''' 1 Van m ieu ta (VMT) la logi van ban ed ljch suday hpc lau ddi trong nha tard[.]
NGHIEN cull PHirONG PHAP DAY HOC VAN MIEU TA i TIEU HOC THEO HlTfliNG DOI M d i UA HOI NHAP GIAO DUG TS P H A M M I N H D l E U ' Van m ieu ta (VMT) la logi van ban ed ljch suday hpc lau ddi nha tardng Trong thc^ ki ddi mdi va hpi nhap giao dye hien nay, quan niem ve VMT va phuong phapdgy hpe (PPDH) VMT da cd nhifng ddi khac Dd eung la II Ithie'n viec dgy hpc VMT thye tedang gap nhimg liing lung nhal dinh va chua dat duoc hieu qua nhu mong mud'n De gdp phan chuan bj cho ddi mdi ndi dung, PPDH mdn Tieng Viet dfieu hpe (TH), chiing tdi da nghien cuu qualrinh day hpc VMT, nham de xual xay dyng muc lieu, thiet ke npi dung va PPDH VMT tardng TH theo djnh hudng phattrien nang lyc (NL) cho hpc sinh (HS) Dya tren ea sd li lugn va thyc tien (bao gom: + Dae tarng cua VMT; + Dae die'rn tam sinh li cua HS TH; + Mpt sdquan diem dd1 mdi giao due, djnh hudng ddi mdi chuang trinh (CT), SGK sau 2015; + Thyc te day hpc VMT duoc khao sat tai mdt sd tnj'dng TH d f hanh Hda, Nam Dinh, Ha Npi ), chung tdi da de xua't ddi mdi PPDH VMT tmdng TH, vdi nhihig npi dung chinh ducri day: 1)Ddimdimuc tieu day hge VII4T Theo djnh hudng ddi mdi giao dye, dgy hoc VMT can ehuyentir muc tieu hinh kie'n thuc, kT nang sang hinh fiianh pham chat, NL cho HS Cac pham chat can hinh cho HStrong day hpc VMT gdm: tinh yeu thien nhien, dat nude, ngudi; tinh yeu cai dep; dye linh trnng thyc, nang dpng quan sat va mieu ta Cic NL can hinh thinh cho HS qua trinh day hpc VMT chu ye'u la NL tao lip vin bin mieu ta Ngoai cae NL chung nhu: lam viec doe lap, NL hop tac, NL tham mT, NL tU duy, can xac djnh tao lap van ban mieu ta la NL ca ban va dae ta/ng cua qua Irinh Nd co the duoe chi fiet hda, bao gdm: NL quan sal, NL nhgn xet, lya chpn cae chl liet lieu bieu, NLtrinh bay eae chi t i l l theo trinh ty (thdigian, khong gian, tam li); NL sd dung cac phuang thirc bleu dgt khae mieu ta, NLsii'dung ngon ngi? mieu ta(NLe6ngcy) 2) Doi mdi ngi dung day bge VMT Theo CT hien hanh, ndi dung dgy hpe VMT bao gom: /a'ddVaC ta cay coi, ta dgng vit, ta ngudi vatacafih Tuy nhien, cac npi dung dd can dupc trinh bay dudi dgng NL Neu sdp xep theo muc dp yeu cau va lira tudi, dya tren logi NLdac tmng vda trinh bay, cdthe xac djnh cac npi dung day hpc VMT o T H nhu sau: a) Vdi lap 2-3 HS can dugc hinh cac NL ban dau, gom: (1)NL quansatQuan sat la^NL dau fien, can thie't tgo lap van ban mieu ta day cung cd nhihig yeu cau ehung so vdi cae ndi dung dgy hpc khac, luy nhien, Irong VMT, quan saVphai iSuac coi la NL co ban va quan trpng nhal Ddi tupng quan sal la cac vat, cay cdi, dpng vat, eanh va eon ngudi, nhung didp 2-3, day la nhihig ddi tuong gangOim ddi sdng hang cua cac em va tieubieucho nhimg nhdm, loai ddi tupng thudng gap Irong cudc sd'ng Myc dich quan sat d Idp 2-3 la phit hien cic da'u hieu vit chat dan gian cua doi tucmg (ve dudng net, hinh dang/hinh khdi, mau sac, im thanh, mui vi) Luu y: Vdi HS dgi tra, chua yeu eau tim eae chi Wet tieu bieu Vephuong phap quan sat, cdthesu'dyng phuong phap quan sat tn/c tiep, quan sat gian tie'p, sudyng cac bai tap phat hien va eung cdket qua quan sat (2) NL trinh biy cac chl tiet theo trinh tU bao gdm: trinh ty khdng gian (phai/trai, trong/ngoal, ), trinh ty thdi gian (lrucfi::/sau; sdm/mupn; qua khu/hien tEu/tuang lai ) va dmuc dp nhan biet, edthelheo trinh tytam li (yeu/ghet; chinh yeu/thii'yeu ) (3) NL viet/noi dugc mgt vii ciu /doan vin/bii l/'Mrny4fJ(khoang 200-300 ehii) vdi cac tdngif diing nghia, diln dat rd rang, dung dae tmng ciia VMT, cd md dau va cd kel thuc Tuy theo ddi tj'png HS tung hpc ki, td Idp den Idp 3, ta cd the de cae yeu eau tir&iap de'n cao Vdi HS nang khieu, cdthe dat mdc yeu cau cao hon Tuy theo dp tudi, cd the xac djnh nhihig mdc (tieng Anh: level} cua yeu cau ddi vol cac N L tren day * TnrdngOai boc giao due - tlHQG Ha Noi Tap ehi Gido due So 339 (ki 1-8/2014) 47 b) Vt^'idp 4-5, HS ci'n dugc phit trien cic NL d mdc cao han, bao gdm: (1) NL quan sit cac dau hieu ben ngoii bieu hien nhdng phim chatben trongcua doilucftig NL bao gom quan sat vgt, cay cdi de phat hien pham chat ben can thiet; quan sat hanh vi, hogt dpng, tie'ng keu the hien tinh net vat; quan sal hanh vi, hoat dpng, ngdn ngO, bleu hien tinh each cua ngudi, Day la yeu eau cao han va cdthe ndi la ratkhdeuaguansaV Tuy nhien, luy theo tdng nhdm ddi tupng HS, ed the dat nhung mii'c dp yeu eau phu hpp Kinh nghiem quan sat cua cac nha van co the lam lu lieu dgy hpc rat bd' ich, nhung lal nhien khdng the'lay dd lam myc tieu (2)NLnhinxetviltmchgn.Khacvai\dp2-3,HS Idp 4-5 phai biet gan lien quan sat vol nhgn xet va lya chpn, nhdm tim cac chi tiet tieu bieu, ed y nghTa Mud'n vay, cae em tmde het phai biet nhgn xet vey nghia, gii trj cua cicchitlehhi quan sat, sau dd, biet lya chpn cac chl tiet noi bat, cd y nghTa lieu bieu va co gia trj dgi dien chdng mye nhat djnh cho mpt nhdm, loai ddi tupng thyc te Ndi dan gian, HS Idp 4-5 kiidng duoc 'Iha'y gi ta nay" ma phai mieu la vdi nhung chl liet chpn lpc (3) NL trinh bay cic chl tiet theo trinh ti/dmdc thinh thao; biet bdcijc bil viet/noi HS Idp 4-5 can thao viec trinh bay cac chi tiet theo trinh ty khdng gian, thdi gian; dgc biet, can lhanh thao ca ve each trinh bay theo trinh tytam li (a mde dp tiidng hieu vavan dunq) HSc^n biet td chuc caeytiieobdeue:mdbai, than bai, kel bai (4) NL sddung cac yeu tdtusi/, bleu cam bai V/WTfymuc tf?dn£r/7mSu'dungeae yeu idtysy, bieu cam bai VMT la each mieu la gian tie'p thdng qua ke ehuyen hay bpc Ip cam xuc Nhieu HS da eo the cd duac NL td Idp 2-3 Tuy nhien, de'n Idp 4-5 mdinen dgt rg yeu eau ddi vol HS dai trad mdc nhan biet va thdng hieu (5) NL viet/noi thinh thao bai WWT hoan chinh (khoang 300-400 chi^; dung dae tmng VMT; Id ngi? chinh xac, gai cam 5;£)o?mCTPPDWyAfr.B6imdiPPDHVMTdTH bao gom nhieu van de phu'c tap O day, chung tdi dua ramptsd'dexual: a) Doi mdi quy trinh day hoc VWf, gom cd: (1) Thiet ke quy trinh bai hoc theo chu de Cac bai hpctrong CT va SQK Tieng Viet hien hanh ducfc Ihlel ke theo npi dung kie'n thirc, kT nang Chung tdi de xuat thiet ke cae ehu de, mdi chu de gdm 2-5 bai hpc, lap tmng hinh thanh, phai trien mot loai nang 48 Tap ehi Gido due so 339 lyc Quy trinh eua moi bai hpc duae thyc hien theo budc: A- Khdi dpng; B- Bai hoc mdi; C-Thyc hsnh; D-Lfngdung (2) Ticbhgpdayhgc VMT vdi cic ngi dung khac Chl mpt soil chu dedupc thiet ke bai hpc rieng biel, edn lai phan Idn npidung VMT deu dupe lich hpp bai T^ dgc Cae bai Luyen td va cau, Chinh ta eiJng it duoc dgy rieng ma tich hap bai Tap dgcva T$p lam vin Viec tich hpp theo nguyen tac dam bao hinh cac nang lye eo ban: nghe - dpe (tiep nhgn Idi noi) va ndi - viet (tao lap ldi ndi); sU dung ngdn ngi? dupe xac djnh laNL cdng eu,tuy dday cung mang linh dae thil b) Thiet ke cic hoat dgng hgc tip vigiaoduccho HS Cac hoat dpng dgy hoc hien thudng duoc thiet ke cho ca thay va trd, tham chi ehu yeu cho ngudi thay Cdng trinh da thiet ke cac hoat ddng danh eho HS, nhdm cu the hoa yeu cau tyehu ddi vdi HS Cae hogl ddng cua HS bao gom: hoatdgngca nhan, hoat dgng nhom, boat dgng chung ca 1^, tiv chalgiio due, boat dgng vdicgng dong, boat dgng tai thi/cdia, Cae hogl dpng khong phan biet hay ngoai gid dimg Idp Tuy nhien, Irong thyc le, v i n ed the phan biet logi: hogt dpng tren Idp, hogl dpng d nha (bao gom ca tren thu vien) va hoatdpng ngoai thye dja c) Tang cudng sddung dung, fhieibl day hgc VMT Do dung thiet bj tmyen thdng cung nhu hign dgi can duae su'dung triet de va cd loi nhat Cac dung vathletbj ndi ehung giiip HS dupe quan sat gian tie'p, nhat ladnhihig nai khong cd dieu kien to' chdc hpc quan sal ngoai thye dia d)Doimdidinh gia day hgc VMTffieo hudng danh gii NL va danh gii qui trinh D ieu can ndi la cac NL da duoc xac dinh rd mye tieu eua mdi chu de, bai hpc, thuan Icri eho viec danh gia Ddi mdi theo hudng dinh gii NL va dinh gia qua trinh giup cho viec co the lupng hda va trd nen thudng xuyen, tryc tiep, phoi hc^ dupc danh gia cua G V vdi ly danh gia cua HS, danh gia cua nhdm bgn, tham ehi ca danh gia cua gia dinh va xa hpi Ke't qua dgy thu nghiem tgi 03 tmdng TH tren dig ban Thanh Hda va Ha Npi vdi sdluyng HS tham gia la 554 em td ldp den Idp 5^ Giao an thi^ nghiem khac vdi giao an dd'i ehung dchd tap trung hinh cae NL va thiet ke eae hoat dpng hpe tap cho HS Danh gia ket qua dgy hoe thi} nghiem cung ducte xac (Xem dep trang 51) (ki - 8/2014) Al^-iii^fG 46 " ^ ^ 47 ^^o\o\^]1t 48 ^ l - H ^ M 49.'