TDNG QUAN VE PHinfNG PHAP THUYET TRINH TRONG RAY HOC CAC MON KHUA HOC MAC IENIN THEO HlfllNG ORI Mill ThS, HOANG THj THUY" P huang phap thuyet Irinh (PPTT) la mdt trong nhiing phuong phap day hpc (PPD[.]
TDNG QUAN VE PHinfNG PHAP THUYET TRINH TRONG RAY HOC CAC MON KHUA HOC MAC-IENIN THEO HlfllNG ORI Mill ThS, P huang phap thuyet Irinh (PPTT) la mdt nhiing phuong phap day hpc (PPDH) truyen Ihdng ed "ludi ddi" rat lau, la phuang phap (PP) da va dang nhan dupc nhieu su quan tam eua cac nha nghien cuu khoa hpc ea nude va tren the gidi, I.Tinh hinh nghien ciiu dnudc ngoai dphuang Bong: Tu thdi Co dai, PPTT da dupc cac nha khoa hpc giao due de cap Trong dd, Khdng Tu - nha giao due Idn ciia nhan loai, da su dyng rat nhieu PPDH doc dao, nhu: PP ddi thoai ggimdday hpc (DH) bang each trao ddi giua thsiy va trd, giira ngud^ day va ngudi hpc nham phat huy tinh nang dpng, sang tao va khoa hpc, kha nang tu cua ngudi hoc; PP ket hap hpc di ddi vdi hanh, Idi ndi ket hpp vdi viec lam, thyc hanh dieu da hpc va dem tri thdc cua minh vao cudc song; PP "on cu biet mdi" thudng xuyen ren luyen, tu dudng va hpc tap Trong quatrinh giao due, Khdng Tu luon nhan manh vai trd cua thayva tra ca thay va trd deu phai ed nghia vu vdi Den nay, cac PP giao due phat huy tinh nang ddng, tich eye va sang tao cua ngudi hpc ma Khong Tudadua van coy nghTa thiet thuc, dem lai hieu qua cao H O A N G THj THUY" Ke thua quan diem ciia cac nha giao due Ihdi Co dai, den the ki XVIt; XVIII; XIX va the ki Xx', cac nha khoa hpc giao due da dUa he thdng nhifng li luan veeaehlhucDHvaPPDH,nhu:J.A.Komenskidahe thdng hoa nhifng quan diem ve phat huy linh tich eye ciia iipc sinh (HS) va khai quat hoa he thdng ii luan tac pham LiluanDH.JohnDewayvaCarl floges nang he thdng li luan ve DH len tam cao mdi vdi quan diem "DH lay HS lam trung lam".Tror]gcu6r\ Nghe thuat va khoa hoc DH cua Robert J Marano, tac gia da dua luan cutoan d;en ve DH hieu qua de moi giao vien (GV) phai ty xay dyng PPDH eg Ihecho HSciJa minh dnhung thdi diem thich hop (quatrinh DH cua ngudi thay la nghe thuat) Ben canh dd, GV cdn cd van de cot Idi va dupc hda tron {kien thuc ki nang pham chat, thai va niem tin), de giup HS phat huy dupc tinh tich cue Irong hoc tap R C Shama (nha giao due hoe ngudi lyii) dua PPDH tich cue [PP tu nghien cuu tuthe hienva tukiem tra) Tuy nhien cac nha khoa hpc giao due thdi ki hau nhu chidecapden PPDH mptcach khaiquat,chua nghien cUusau,euthevePPTT Tinh hinh nghien cdu nude 1) Quan diem ve PPTT nhdng nam 1960-1993 - Tu nam 1960, Xuat phat tiJ dac diem dat nude bi chia cat viec cai tien PPDH dugc tien hanh theo hudng: DH theo hudng gan vdi ddi song; Dao tao theo nhu cau; Cai tien DH theo hudng it ma tinh, chu dao, khdng tham nhieu, hien dai, khoa hpc, thyc tien; Moi th&y giao tich eye, ty giac thyc hien cac hoal ddng D H, Sau khidatnuac thmgnhat, nha trudng Tdm lai, n^ay tuthdi eddai PPTT da dupe nhan da cd dieu kien phat Irien tren quy md Idn, song sue thut rat sau sac, cung nhuvailfd cua ngudi thay ep thi cu" vao cac trudng dai hgc da Ird ganh viec truyen thu tn Ihuc, Song, neu nhu Khdng Tunhan nang cho thay va tro DH hudng vao muc dich thicu manh vai Ird truydn thu tri thuc mdt chieu ciia ngudi nen PPTT thay doc - trd ghi, da trd PP ihdng Ihay, Socrates lai nhan manh den viec truyen thy tri soai so cac PPDH thuc cua thay - trd; Ird - thay (trd khdng phai linh hdi tri -Tt/ nam 1993 Ba cd rat nhieu de tai nghien ttit/c thu dpng, ma thay phai ciing trd tim nhung tri cuu ve cai tien, doi mdi PPDH, nhu: PPDH phat thirc mdi).Day la tuduyralmdieija Socrates de nang cao chat lupng giao dLic, * Tnrong Cao 6Ani y te Thai Npyen Ophuang Tay.'Nha hien triet Socrates eiJng ed quan niem tuongtynhuKhdng Tuve vaitrdciJa giao due hay cua ngudi lam giao due, Ong ludn nhan thuc dung nghia vai trd eua ngudi th§y, ngucri thay la ngudi hudng din, giiip dd ngudi hpc cdca hdi va biet dudng hudngdephatlrien Ihanh ngudi loan dien, Trong quatrinh DH, Socrates hay sudung cac PP nhu: PP tnjy van PP doi thoai Tap chi Gido due so 317 (ki • 9/2013) - 31 huy tinh lich cue • mot PP vd cung quy bau (Tran hethdng ehatche, gdm khdilupng tri thirc kim valhuc^ HongQuan);T\epcan )(uf\a66\md\PPDH (Nguyen hidn thdi gian tuong ddi l&u Neu nhu PP ke Sinh Huy):ye djnh hudng doi mdi PPDH (Nguyin c/7uyer7dupc diin mpt phan nhdcua bai hpc," Ba Kim) Cac cong trinh nghien cuu tap Irung vao thi PP diSn giang dupc keo dai sudt bai giang Trong bahudng:DH lay HS lam Irung tam; Tich eye hda qua trinh diin giang, GV sii'dung cac thiJ thuat, nhu: hoat ddng hoc tap cua ngudi hpc; Dua cdng nghe ngdn ngi/, cuchi nham tri suchd y, tich eye hda tu cua HS, giup HS d l nhd, d l phan loai va he DH vaonhalrudng Tuy nhien, dgiaidoan nay, sdc ep cua thi euva Ihdng hda dupc kien thi/c, • Cac budc thuc hien PPTT (thuc hien th,eo chua tac ddng den ipi ich ngudithay nhu mpt dpng Iuc budc): + Mddau la budc cd y nghTa ra't quar trpng, xa hdi, PPTT van giif vai trd chii yeu, nhim thu hut HS vao bai giang, cd the thyc hien 2) Quan niem vePP TT giai doan mdi a) Mdtsdkhainiem vePPTT PPTT\a mot PPDH bSng each neu van de vdi nhifng cau hdi nhan thi/e; truyen Ihdng, da tdn tai tu rat lau va dupc sudung phd + Trinh bay noi dung chinh la budc trpng tam, m'^u bien Ijch siigiao due; PPTT thudng dupc su chdt, quan trpng nhat ciia bai giang (vdi khdi tupng dung vdi nhieu ten gpi khac nhau, nhu: PP diing idi; tri thuc Idn va thdi gian thyc hien tuang dd'i dai) Bai PP dien giang: PPTT Uqay ,PP van dupe giang can dupe sap xep, trinh bay mptcach logic, sudung kha phdbien qua trinh DH va c6 nhieu din Chung sd lieu minh hoa phai trung thyc va co each hieu, djnh nghia khac nhau, ehang han:-PPTT sue thuyetphuc GV e^n khai thac het kien Ihu'ccc la PPGV diing Idi ndi detrinh bay, giai thich ndi dung ban eua bai, phai ditu don gian den phuc tap, tdde bai hoc mpt cached he thdng, logic cho HS tiep thu; den khd + /Ce/Zuanse long ket lai ndi dung da trinh • PPTT la PP GV sudung ngdn ngi/va phi ngdn ngU bay, ddng thdi gpi y cho HS nhifng van de nhar ttiifc decung cap cho HS hethdng thdng tin ve ndi dung se tiep tuc nghien cijfu nhSm kh§c sau va mdrpng tri hpc tap, HS tiep thu he thdng thdng tin dd va xu li thuc eua bai •Uu diem vanhugc diem cua PPTT nhanh chdng theo nhan thuc va yeu cau eua ban + Uu diem: PPTT la PP chu dao, ca ban, quafi' ' than; - PPTT la PPDH truyen thdng dupc vi bang hinh anh "/•dfr;t/d'ci'Sod/n/?".-GV la ngudi "rot" nhi/ng trpng, de dang ap diing de truyen dat kien thuc, cung kien thuc can thiet vao "chiec binh"ch\nh la cac HS: cap thdng tin tren mpi ITnh vuc eae nganh nghl - PPTT ia PP thdng tin mdt chieu, dddGV neu cac khac nhau.Vdithdi gian ngan, PPTT cdthecung cap y tudng hay khai niem, phat tnen va danh gia va cudi mpt khdi lupng thong tin, kien thirc Idn cho lupng ngudi ciing tdm tat cac y chinh da neu HS ngdi nghe ddng (Idp hpc ddng), giup GV edihetmyen dat nhung npi dung li thuyet tuong ddi khd, phde tap ma , nghe vaghi chep;., Mdi quan niem tren deu dua nhung (i le rieng HS khdng lu tim hieu dupc; npi dung hpc tap dUffc j ve PPTT, nhien, chiing tacd the hieu: PPrr/aPP trinh bay cd logic va lap luan chat che; vdi PP Idi trinh bay mot van dd trudc nhiSu ngudi a dd ngudi giang cua GV cd the gay cam xuc manh mevaan day sudung Idi ndi va hanh ddng detrinh bay nhdng tupng sau sic Su dung PPTT, GV dupe tiep xiic, tri thuc cua bai giang tdi ngudi hgc nham thuc hien giao luu true tiep vdi HS,nen GV ed the Ihay ddi thu phap su pham, dieu chinh tai lieu cho phu hc^ trinh cong nhiem vu DH dp nhan thuc ciia HS, ke't hpp khich le, ddng vien kip b) Nhdng ndidung cabin vePPTT - Cac dang caban cua thuyet trinh (ed dang ca Ihdivasusay me, nhiettinh eua GVcdvailrpngquan ban):+ G;ar75f?/7uaf{ke chuyen) la dang thuyet trinh, Irong Irong viec tich cue hoa hoat ddng hpc va tmyen dd GV diing Idi ndi bleu cam tudng thuat lai cac cam sang tao cho HS, sukien, hien tupng mptcach cd hethdng, nhSm dan PPTT la PP tiet kiem Ihdi gian, chuan bj^b^i dat HS liep can va lam noi bat ndi dung tri thuc can giang, GV ehi can chuan bi mpt Ian va cd the sii truyen dat Muc dich giiip HS tIe'p thu tupng kien thuc dyng nhieu Ian delnjyen dat mpt lupng thongtinI6i, mdi mpt each thii vakhpi day nhucau Hnh hdi CLing mdt liic cho nhieu HS khoang tlidl gian kien thdc mdicuaHS;+G;afJ5rp/a/(lhuyettrinh), han che, PPTT cd kha nang gay ihij vatao^ ddGV dung Idi ndi, nhifng luancu, nhung sdlieu de dpng lye cao, la PP rat linh hoat, ngoai cung la PP' giai thich, chung minh, giiip HS hieu cac khainiem, phii hop vdi dieu kien trudng Idp va phuong tien DH pham tru, quy luatvasuvan dung ch\xr\^: +Dihgiang d Viet Nam, (thuyettrinh), dd GV tmyen Ihu Iri thuc Iheo mdt + Nhuacdiem: PPTT dat GV vao vj tri trung lam'^ 's 32 Tap ehi Gido due so 317 -(kil-9/20lS, col nh? vj Iri cua HS, Viec chu ddng truyen thu kien thdc cua GV lai ludn dat qua trinh nhan thdc thy dpng dHS;neu thuye't trinh Irong mpt khoang thdigian dai, hau het HS deu met mdi phai ngdi ISrg nghe ma khdng dupc chu dpng tham gia vao bai giang, Han nira, PPTT han che kha nang lu ddc lap, khdng khich le HS Itch cue hpc tap va tao nen tam li y lai vao GV Ngoai ra, cdn han che'sy phat trien ki nang giao tiep cua HS, HS khdng cdeo hdi de chia se, ddng gdp nhifng kien thuc va kinh nghiem ciia minh, nen GV doi se trinh bay lai nhung kien thuc ma HS da biet hoac khong can thiet S.BoimdiPPTTtrongDHcacmdn Khoa hpc Mac-Lenin odi mdi PPTT khdng cd nghia la loai bd, thay dd'i nhung gi phuang phap da cd, ma doi mdi tren co sdphal huy nhi/ng yeu td tich eye cija PPTT Dong thdi, ket hc^ nhutig PPDH tien lien va PPDH hien dai mpi each phii hpp, / ; Kit hop PPTT vdi PPDH neu van di' PP neu van dd la PP giang vien xay dung va dua nhung tinh hudng cd van dd dudi dang cau hdi tinh hudng, bai tap cd tinh chat nghien cuu mot he thong nhat dinh deSVti/iuclam baiva dan tiep thu duac nhung kinh nghiem hoat dong, nghien cdu, hgc tap sang lao PPDH neu van de cdn duoc gpi la PP giai quye't van de Day la mdt nhung PPDH mdi, dap i/ng dupc yeu cdu thuc tiln ma giao due da de ra, nham phat huy nhung uu diem va han che cua PPTT 2) Ket hpp PPTT vdiPP dam thoai Dam thoaiia PPDH, thdng qua mot he thdng cau hdi ggi y ctia giingvienvaSV tra IdicauhoitheosudiSu khien cua giang t'^n.Trong quatrinh DH, ke't hpp PPTT vdi PP dam thoai se loai bd duac yeu td doe thoai, phat huy dupc tinh cdng hudng giua thiy va Ird Qua dd, giup SV tutin vamanh dan hon trao ddi kien thuc vdi thay vdi ban; cung vdi su hudng din eua giang vien, SV se hinh thanh, phat huy dupc nang Iuc lu sang tgo ban than hdi, tiep thu kien thdc cung nhu phat huy tinh nang dpng, tich cue, sang lao ciia SV 5} Kel hop PPTT vdi PP tu hgc DH Tu hpc, lu nghien cdu se ren cho SV kha nang suy nghi, nghien cdu khoa hpc doc lap, tugiac, tich eye, hinh Ihanh thdi quen iam viec vdi cac tai lieu khoa hoc va ludn chu ddng ITnh hdi tri thuc Odi vdi eae mdn Khoa hgc Mac-Le nin degiup S V hpc td't, giang vien can kit hgp PPTT vdi PPtu hgc cua SV nham djnh hudng, giup SV nam vdng ki nang, ki xao cd su lien he thuc le, phong phiJ tuang ung vdi tdng mdn hpc, Viec ddi mai PPTT bang each kel hop vdi cac PPDH hien dai tren cd y nghia rat thiet thuc, nhSm phat huy nhifng uu diem sin cd cua cac PP, bien nhupe diem eua PP cai ho trp, bdsung cho PP Ddng thdi, khang djnh han nua vj the van nang eua PPTT - PPDH truyen thdng DH cac mon Khoa hgc Mac-ieninmacacPPDHiihackhoco theeddupc.a T a i lieu tham khao I NyuyCn Duy Bau, M o t so van dc li luan va thirc tien day \a hpc mon hpc Miic-Lenin va l i r t t m n g Ho Chi M i n h trinrng dai hoc, N X B Chinh tri quae gia H 2004 NguyOn VanCir(chQhn;n) Phutmg phap d a y - h o c chu nghia xa hdi khoa hoc N X B Dai liocxupham Hd Ndi 2007 .1, Vo Cuo Dam, Phuimg phup luan nghic'ii cuu khoa hoc N X B Kliua hoe ki thudi H, 2007 Thiii Duy TuyOn, Phuimg phap day hoc truyen thong va doi mii'i, N X B Gidoduc Viet Nam H 2010 Pliam V i e t V m ; n g '-Bien chu truang cidi m o i phuxrng phap day hoc ihanh hien tirgng ^inh dpng irong nha iri/ang" Tap elii Cido due So 25/2002 Bcrnd Meier (NguyC-n Van CiriVng dich) P h a t t r i t n nang lire thong tjua phuinig phap va phmmg tien day hoc nun N X B C f < w ( / ( n , H 2005, Rolieri J, Marano - Debra J, Ricken - J, Rickerring Jancc - Polltx:k (NguyCn H6ng Van dich) Ciic phuong 3)kethqp PPTT vdiPP triic quan PP true quan phap day hochl^uquu N X B Gidoduc ViStNam H la PPDH dd giang vien su" dung cac dung, 2010, phuang tien DH nhim muc dich minh hoa, bdsung cho kien thik bai giing PP Iryc quan cd gia trj minh SUIWMARY hoa, hd trp rat Idn cho viec thuyet Irinh, giiip bai giang The method is a presentation of traditional teachcua giang vien them sinh dpng, lam tang them cam ing methods, the "old" system for a long time in the teaching methods A method has beengettlnga lot of hiIhgcuaSV 4) Ket hgp PPTT vdi PP hudng din st/ dung fa/fieuftocfajD.Trong quatrinh DH, viec sudung lai li|u tipc tJip la viec lam khong the thieu viec linh (kil-9/2013)' attention from the scientific research both nationally and intemaUonally But to sustain its posiUon requires presentation method needs to innovate to meet the educational needs In the current period Tap chi Gido due so 317 I 33 ... nang suy nghi, nghien cdu khoa hpc doc lap, tugiac, tich eye, hinh Ihanh thdi quen iam viec vdi cac tai lieu khoa hoc va ludn chu ddng ITnh hdi tri thuc Odi vdi eae mdn Khoa hgc Mac-Le nin degiup... triic quan PP true quan phap day hochl^uquu N X B Gidoduc ViStNam H la PPDH dd giang vien su" dung cac dung, 2010, phuang tien DH nhim muc dich minh hoa, bdsung cho kien thik bai giing PP Iryc quan. .. nen GV doi se trinh bay lai nhung kien thuc ma HS da biet hoac khong can thiet S.BoimdiPPTTtrongDHcacmdn Khoa hpc Mac-Lenin odi mdi PPTT khdng cd nghia la loai bd, thay dd''i nhung gi phuang phap