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NGHIEN CUU RESEARCH Tieu chi dai hoc nghien cmi theo each tiep can quan tri to chm canh Chi Dung Tmong Dal hgc Kinh te DHQGHN Trong thdi gian qua, thuat ngfl tiudng dgi hgc dang cdp qudc te'''' da trd th[.]
NGHIEN CUU RESEARCH Tieu chi dai hoc nghien cmi theo each tiep can quan tri to chm: canh Chi Dung Tmong Dal hgc Kinh te - DHQGHN T rong thdi gian qua, thuat ngfl tiudng dgi hgc dang cdp qudc te' da trd cgm tu d^ mieu ta cac trudng dgi hpc nghien ciru d tren dinh cao thang bac giao due dgi hpc (Salmi, 2012) Va "cd mpt dieu chdc chdn la nhung dgi hgc hang ddu cfla mdt qudc gia nhdt thiet phai la dgi hgc nghien ciiu" (Tran Ngpc Them, 2011) Nhiing tri thuc ma tiiidng dgi hgc nghien ciiu tgo se ddng gdp to ldn cho sy thinh vugng va tinh trgng lanh mgnh cua xa hOi Cdc trudng dgi hgc nghien ciiu cang dugc coi la bidu tugng cho sy thinh vugng cfla qudc gia (Ben Wilkinson, 2011) Nhan thuc dugc vai trd quan cua dgi hgc nghien ciiu sy phat tridn cua qud'c gia, nhieu nude da trflt nhiing sd tien khdng Id vao n6 luc xay dyng cac trudng dgi hpc nghidn ciiu(Salmi, 2012) De cung cap them each tiep can ve dgc diem cfla dgi hgc nghien ciiu, lam co sd cho viec dua chinh sach xay dung, phat tridn dgi hoc nghien cuu, bai bdo se dua dgc didm nhgn dien dai hoc nghien cuu dudi gdc dp qudn tri td chuc ly thuyet va nghien ciki ling dung, dong thdi thuc ddy sy tham gia vdi xa hdi Nhu vay, nhin vao sii mgng, muc tidu cfla cac trudng dai hpc nghidn ciru dugc dua bdi nhiing cam ket nghien ciiu, ddy la muc tieu xuydn sudt cua trudng dgi hgc vdi hoat ddng nghidn ciiu khoa hgc; bdi su uu tu, bdi be rOng vd khOi lugng nhung ket qud nghidn ciru b) Cau true cua dgi hpc nghien ciiu: MPi tiudng dai hpc ndi rieng, cflng nhu mdt td chuc ndi chung, deu cd cdu tnic rd rang dd tri^n khai nhidm vu.Cdu true ay cd the la mOt cdu true md, linh hoat hoac la cau trfle truyen thdng Diem khac ve cdu true giua trudng dai hpc ndi chung va dgi hgc nghidn ciiu ndi rieng la viec thidt ldp eo cdu to chiic de thyc hien cdc boat dOng khac gifla hai md hinh.Cd nghia la, cac hoat dpng cua hai md hinh sd tgo sy khac biet ve cdu trfle giua hai mO hinh dai hpc dd Thu nhat, ve hogt dpng qudn tri td chuc va nhdn sy: Dgi hoc nghidn ciiu "lay kha nang nghidn ciiu lam tidu De xMat dac diem nljan dien ciia DHNC direi chi so va tu hpc thuat - thd hidn qua quydn quydt each tiep can quan trj to chirc dinh cua Faculty (khoa) - lam nen tdng hogt dOng" Theo iy thuyet quan tri, mdt td chuc bao dugc tgo ndn bdi cau phdn gdn ke't vdi nhau: muc tidu rieng, cdu true rd rang va ngudi td a) Muc tieu cfla dgi hpc nghien ciiu: Cac trudng dgi hpc nghien ciru deu nham mgnh viec nghien cuu phuc vu cho nhu cau phat trien qudc gia ben cgnh nhung nghien ciru co ban Dai hpc Cambridge cd nhiem vu la ddng gdp cho xa hpi thong qua viec theo dudi sy nghiep giao due, hgc tap va nghien ciiu dat miic cao nhat d cap qudc te', dinh cao cua su xudt sdc Dai hpc Qud'c gia Singapore (NUS) xac djnh trd mot cdng ddng nang dpng va tao bao, vdi mdt nen van hda "khdng rao can" cung vdi tinh than doanh nghiep, phan dau mang lai nhiing anh hudng va tac ddng tich cgc thdng qua hoat dpng giao due, nghidn cuu va dich vu cfla minh ." Dai hpc Kinh te' va Khpa hpc Chinh tri Ludn Ddn (The London Shoo! of Economics and Political Science) thugc Vien Dgi hgc London, Anh, dugc bie't den la mgt trudng dai hpc danh tie'ng bac nhdt the gidi vd giang day va nghien cuu llnh vuc khoa hoc xa hOi LSE la trudng dgi hgc hang dau the' gidi nghien ciiu khoa hpc xa hdi Trudng bdo ve va khuyen khich cae 48 KINH I^ C H A U A - THAI BINH DUONG (10/2014) "Khong cd ty hoc thuat, mdt trudng dgi hpc khdng the nao hoan thdnh su menh cfla minh, cflng khdng the nao trd mdt trudng ddng cap quOc te'"(Altbach, 2011) Do dd, vd mat cdu tnjc sd tgo didu kien cho quyen quydt dinh thuOc vfe cac khoa Quydn quyd't djnh thudc ve faculty la mOt bieu hidn co ban cua ty hgc thuat Dac didm noi bdt cua dgi hoe nghidn ciiu la Idy quyen ty hpc thuat lam co sd cho vide td chuc bO may, boat dpng tuyen dung hay cdc hogt dOng lidn quan de'n danh gia cac hoat ddng hpc thuat dugc tiao quyen quydt dinh cho cac faculty "Dgi hgc nghidn ciiu mOt each dac biet can su tham gia ddy du cua dOi ngu hgc thuat viec dua cac quyet dinh td chuc quan trpng cua mpt trudng dai hpc" (Altbach, 2011) Thu hai, hoat dOng tai chinh va hgp tdc phdt Uidn: Trong dgi hpc nghien ciiu, "mOt ngudn tdi chinh dOi dao la dieu khdng the thieu khdng chi dd xdy dyng trang thiet bi hien dai va co sd hg tdng phti hgp md cdn la de thu hut va giu chan nhtrng nha khoa hpc tai nang"(Salmi, 2012) Cac trudng cdn huy d0ng dugc cac ngudn dau tu tu tu nhkn vk cac quy hidn tang tfl danh tieng va sy dam bdo tu dOi ngfl khoa hgc hdng dau thd gidi lam vide tgi hudng (mac du, ty trpng kinh phf nghidn ciiu ngan sach nhd nude cdp ludn Idn htm so vdi phi huy ddng hoac tii cac nguOn tdi trg khdc) Thu ba, v^ hogt ddng ddo tgo va nghidn ciiu khoa hpc: Hoat dOng tuy^n sinh dac bidt chu y ddn chdt lugng ddu vdo Dgi hpc Havard hay cac trudng dai hpc n ^ d n cihi uy U'n yen the gidi d^u la niem ty hao cfla cdc sinh vidn dugc theo hgc, la ni^m khat khao cua rdt nhidu thd hO ngudi hpc mong mudn yd sinh vidn cua cdc trudng dd Cdc trudng dgi hgc nghidn cuu tap tmng vao hogt ddng ddo tgo sau dgi hgc hon la dao tgo dgi Cac trudng dgi hgc nghidn cuu"cd sy cam kdt vdi viOc ddo Igo nhiing ngudi 1dm ngh^ nghidn cihi, dgc bidt la thdng qua cdc chuong trinh dao tgo tidn si, la noi se dem igi ddng chdy lidn tuc khdng ngung nhiing ngueri cd nang lyc cao va dugc kinh trgng (theo ddnh gid cfla cdc nhd nghidn ciiu cd cuong vi qudc te), nhiing ngudi cd khd nang tgo bude tien mdi cho tri thflc va su hidu bidt, vd ddng gdp cho sy ddi mdi qudc gia va qudc td trdn mpi linh vyc" (Tuyen ngdn Hcrp phi, 2013) c) Con ngudi yong dgi hgc nghien ciiu: "Dgi hgc nghidn cuu Id noi quy tij vd dao tgo gi(^ nghidn ciiu khoa hpc chuydn nghiep"(Pham Thi Ly, 2013c) va "nhan td trpng ydu tgo cdng vi§c xky dyng trudng dgi hpc nghien cuu hang ddu la kha nang thu hflt, tuydn dung vd giu chan cac nhd khpa hgc hang ddu" (Salmi, 2012) Chinh vi vdy, ngudi dgi hpc nghidn ciiu khdc vdi cac dgi hpc khac d nhflng ddc didm co bdn theo tiing ddi tugng sau: - Ddi vdi cd nhan ngudi lanh dgo: Cd rdt nhi^u quan diem khdc v^ ngudi diing ddu cfla dai hpc nghidn ciiu "cd ngudi cho rdng Hieu trumig phai la hpc gid h4ng ddu, dd mOt vai ngudi cho rdng Hieu tmdng ndn la ngudi qudn ly cdng; ddi ndn la ngudi ngodi gi(5i hpc thuat, nhu la lanh dao mdt trudng dgi hgc (Goodall 2009)" Tuy nhidn, rat nhieu ngudi ung hO quan didm "HiOu tiudng phai cd uy Un hpc tiiugt va cho thdy sy hidu bi^t sau va tdn ypng ddi vdi sfl menh hpc thudt cfla trudng dgi hoc" (Altbach, 2011) "Hieu trudng chinh la cdnh cua sd giiia tiudng dgi hpc vdi thd gidi bdn ngodi Chi^u sdu tii thdc, su tao nha, tdm nhin va quan trpng nhdt, Idng can ddm cua ngudi Hidu Inidng la sy phdn anh tivc tidp hai tim, tam hon va chdt lugng tindng dgi hpc cfla hp Trong lich su, cac tiudng dgl hgc ldn ludn dugc ddn ddt bdi nhung Hieu tniang Idn" (Feng, Sadlak, & Liu, 2007) yong viec thu hut nhtrng sinh vidn gidi nhat nude, vi du nhu DHQG Singapore, DH Giao thOng Thugng Hai, \^en COng nghd An £>0, Vien Cdng nghd Monterrey d Mexico, University of Chile va Pontifical CatiioUc University d Chile" (Salmi, 2012) Cac tiudng dgi hpc nghien ciiu thudng "cd nhieu sinh vien tai nang" (Henry M Levin, 2006) Cdc he thdng xdp hang THES hay SJTU ciing khdng dinh chdt lugng cgu sinh vidn hay bd sung thdm yeu to sinh vien qudc td theo hpc, Tuy nhien, sd lugng sinh vien cflng cdn dugc cdn ddi hong tuong quan vdi sd lugng gidng vidn dd dam bao chat lugng dao tao - Ydu td gidng vidn, nghign cflu vien: "Dpi ngfl hgc thuat cfla cdc trudng dgi hgc nghien ciiu dac trung bdi sd hiiu trinh dp tien si hoac tuong duong, thudng tdl nghidp d nhiing trudng dai hpc hang ddu tiong nude hoac nude ngoai"(Altbaeh, 2011) "Chinh vi vay, ngudi ta dung ^ le ngudi cd bdng tidn si tiong tdng sd giang vien cfla mgt trudng lam chi bdo danh gia dpi ngu nhan su chuyen mdn, Tuy nhien, sd lugng ngudi cd bang tidn si chua phai la mdt chi bao chdc chdn cho nang luc nghien ciiu, vay, Tmng qudc da bidn td bang mdt giai hgn hep hgp: sd giang vidn tdt nghiep hi cac trudng dai hpc top 100 cfla thd gi(3i" (Pham Thi Ly, 2013c) Dai^hoc nghien j:ihi a Viet Nam ^^^^ ^^^^ I'^P can to chirc va Itien nghi,tfexuat: xay dung dai hpc nghidn ciiu ddi hdi thdi gian vd nhtmg khoan ti^n khdng Id nhung cac nude vdn quydt tam tidn hanh bcM nhiing tri thuc ma dgi hpc nghidn ciiu tao se ddng gdp to ldn cho sy thjnh vucmg cua mdt qudc gia Chinh vi vdy, se chi cd mdt sd il dgi hpc trd dgi hpc nghidn ciiu Ddn nay, da sd cac trudng van theo dudi dinh hudng trd dai hpc nghien cflu yong thyc td hg chi cd thd trd trudng dao tgo theo hudng ting dyng va thue hanh.Ddi chie'u vdi tieu chi nhan didn dai hgc nghien cflu cho thay rdt nhi^u diem can xem xet, ey thd nhu sau: Thfl nhdt, mac du sfl m^nh, muc tieu hoac djnh hudng phat tri^n cd de cap ddn vide phat tridn dai hpc dinh hudng nghien ciru hoac dai hpc nghien ciiu Tuy nhien, rat it trudng hidn thd hidn dugc muc cam kdt nghien euu(ve sg uu tfl, be rOng va khdi lugng ket qua nghien ciiu) Thu hai, cac hogt dOng cua trudng dgi hgc chua duoc dinh hudng dung hoac chua dfl co chd, didu kien cho viec dam bao xay dyng co cdu td chfle tiieo djnh hiKifng dgi hpc nghidn ciiu - Y^u td ngudi hpc: Ben canh yeu td ve ty trpng dao - Co cdu td chfle cfla cdc trudng dgi hgc hi^n tgo sau dgi hgc so vdi dgi hpc, chdt lugng ddu vdo cua ngudi hpc cac trudng dgl hpc nghidn ciiu dugc chua tgo dieu kidn de Idy khd nang nghidn cuu khoa hgc 1dm tieu chi sd va su tg hgc thugt - thd hi$n xem la "chidu kich thii hai cua vdn d^ "tdp tmng tdi nang" ta nhin vdo nhung nhan td hpng ydu tgo qua quyen quyet djnh cfla Faculty (khoa) - la ndn tdng hoat dOng Co chd vd co cdu td chuc hi$n vdi quy thdnh cdng Trong hdu hdt mpi budng hgp, cdc trudng dugc phan Uch cud'n sdch ndy da rdt thdnh cdng trinh tuyen dyng, thu hflt phfle tgp dfl dd cdc khoa (10/20U) KINH T^ C H A U A - WAl BiNH DUONG 4S NGHIEh khdng cd khd nang thuc hi$n n€u thi^u su hd tro cua cdc phdng/ban (trong dd, ty hpc thudt can dat vai yd quydt dinh yong tuy^n dung gidng vifin ve cac khoa, cdc phong/ban cd ydch nhidm thyc hidn quyet dinh cfla cdc khoa) - Hoat dOng tai chinh ch|u nhieu quy dinh phiic tap, dan ddn "co ch€ dai ngO nhan sy cflng nhdc" Co quan chfl quan quydt dinh sd lucmg "bidn ch^", ki€m sodt vide chi yd cho cdng chfle, vidn chiic, ngudi lao ddng yong toan trudng Can bO nghien ciru gidng day dai hoc Id cOng chdc hoac vien chirc nha nude, chd thu nhap cua hp dugc dieu chinh bdi quy dinh chung vd thang lucmg cfla cdng vien chuc nha nude Vdi nhiing quy dinh "ciing nhac" yong chi yd thu nhap, khdng tao dieu kien cho cac trudng tao cac vj tri "ban lam" hdp ddn cd nhan xudt sac Hon nua, cdc tnrdng cung chua chfl y den hogt dOng huy ddng ngudn lyc tdi chinh tfl boat dOng tai tro, hudng cho vide phdt tri^n giang vidn tiieo ydu cdu cfla dai hgc nghidn ciiu Tai lieu tham khao AlflMch, P G (2011) Uie Research University Economic & PoUttcal Weekly, 46(16), 65 Ben Wilkinson, L C (2011) The Intangibles of Excellence: Governance and Uie Quest to Build a \rietnamese Apex Research University, from http://lypham.nel/^oomla/index.php?option=comco ntent&task =view&id=232<emid=2 Feng, v., Sadlak, J., & Uu, N (2007) Worid universities rankings: Generic and intangible features of worid-class universities The worid class university and ranking: Aiming beyond status, 55-60 Gaff, J G., & Simpson, R D (1994) Faculty development in the United States Innovative Higher - Hogt ddng ddo tgo cfla cac trudng dai hgc nghidn Education, 18(3), 167-176 ciiu thudng tap tmng dao tgo sau dai hpc, so lugng Henry M Levin, D W J., Dongshu Ou (2006) What tidn si dugc dao tgo la tieu chi chiem ty hpng Icin dugc is a worid class university? Paper presented at the The dua danh gid Hien nay, rat nhi^u trudng mac du Comparative and Intemational Education Society, da tuyen bd phdt tridn theo dinh hudng dai hgc nghien Honolulu, Hawaii cuu nhung hogt ddng ddo tao Igi khdng theo hudng Le Ngpc Tra (2008) MOt sd vkn d^ cfla gido dye trdn ma lai tap tmng v^o hogt dOng dai hpc da he, da Viet Nam yong boi canh toan cdu hda (pp 23) Tp Hd linh vyc, dap flng nhu cau lao ddng x& hdi: chinh quy, Chi Minh: Vidn Nghidn ciru Gido dye, Tmdng DHSP Tp tgi chuc, van bdng hai, lien thdng HCM Thfl ba, yeu to ngudi cac trudng dgi hpc Nguyen Trpng Gidng (2013) Bdo cdo tdng hgp Dd ddu chua ddm bdo ydu cdu v^ trinh dO tien si ddi vdi tai NCKH cdp BO: Nghidn cflu co sd ly luan va thyc tidn giang vidn dai hpc nghidn cflu nhdm xay dyng md hinh trudng dai hpc nghidn cflu Dd yd giang vien yong cac trudng dgi hoc cfla Viet Nam De tdi NCKH cdp BO- Trudng Dai hpc nghidn cuu ngodi yeu cdu vd nang luc nghien cflu tfii Bdch khoa Ha NOi Hd NOihp phdi ddm bao it nhdt trinh dO tu lien si trd Idn Ty Pham Thi Ly (2012) Xay dyng van hda khoa hpc: le giang vien cd trinh tien si hidn cfla cae Vdn de sdng cdn cfla cdc trudng dai hpc ViOt Nam trdn trudng cdn rdt thdp cho thay sy thieu hut ldn cfla cdc dudng hdi nhgp quOc td Tp HCM: Trung tam Ddo trudng dgi hpc hien ve dpi ngfl dap ung dfl yeu tao va Phdt tiidn Ngudn nhan lyc - DHQG, Tp HCM cau ban ddu cfla mdt dgi hgc nghidn ciiu Pham Thi Ly (2013a) Gido due Dgi hpc Thd kj' 21: Nhin chung, Viet Nam da xac dinh rd djnh hudng Bdi cdnh, Thdch Thflc va Ddp ting xay dyng dgi hpc nghien ciru, da cd nhiing co sd ban Pham Thi Ly (2013b) Tidu chf nhan didn dgi hgc dau vd mat phap ly dd tridn khai Da cd nhidu trudng th^ hiOn mong mudn phat trien dai hpc nghidn nghien cuu va kinh nghiem qudc te yong xdy dyng dgi hpc nghien ciiu Bdo cdo Tdng kdt D^ tdi Khoa hgc vd cflu Tuy nhien, hien nay, Viet Nam chua cd mOt trudng dai hpc nao dap ling day du yeu cdu cfla dai Cdng nghe Dai hgc Qudc gia Tp HCM hpc nghien ciiu Giua su menh dugc tuyen bd vdi Phgm Thi Ly (2013c) Vd khdi nidm trudng dgi hgc nhiing hogt dgng dugc tridn khai cdn khac xa nhau, nghidn cihi vd cdc tidu chi nhdn dien dgi hpc nghidn yeu td ngudi - yeu td quyet dinh - vdn chua dam ciiu Tgp chi Khoa hpc Giao due, 89, 9-15 bao yeu cdu ban ddu Dd xdy dgng va phat trien dgt Salmi, J (2012) Con dudng ddn d^n sy uu tfl ehudn dgi hgc nghien cuu, cac trudng dgi hpc cdn xac hpc thudt: nhiing bdi hpc kinh nghiOm (Pham Th| Ly dinh trpng tam ddu tu Trong gidi ban ngudn lyc, cdc dich) Tp Hd Chi Minh: Tmng tam Ddo tao vd Phdt tiudng nen tap tmng ddu tu phat tridn nhan lyc, dgc tridn NguOn nhan lyc - DHQG, Tp HCM biet la giang vien dap ung ydu cdu cfla dai hpc nghien Truong Quang Hgc (2009) Dgi hpc Nghidn cflu cflu, qua dd, cac dieu kidn khac dugc thuc ddy va hodn thien Do dd, cflng cdn cd nhflng nghien ciiu tiep Bdn tin Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd NOi, 217-2009, 24-27 theo ve UOu chi giang vien dgi hpc nghien cuu, nhtrng Tuyen ngdn Hgp phi (2013) Mudi dgc di^m cfla dieu kidn ddm bdo cho phdt tri^n giang vidn, lam dinh Tnjdng Dgi hpc Nghidn ciiu hi^n dgi, 2013 50 KINH T^ CHAU A - THAI BiNH Di;ONG (10/2014) ... dgi hpc nghidn ciiu Ddn nay, da sd cac trudng van theo dudi dinh hudng trd dai hpc nghien cflu yong thyc td hg chi cd thd trd trudng dao tgo theo hudng ting dyng va thue hanh.Ddi chie''u vdi tieu... Intemational Education Society, da tuyen bd phdt tridn theo dinh hudng dai hgc nghien Honolulu, Hawaii cuu nhung hogt ddng ddo tao Igi khdng theo hudng Le Ngpc Tra (2008) MOt sd vkn d^ cfla gido... 2012) Chinh vi vdy, ngudi dgi hpc nghidn ciiu khdc vdi cac dgi hpc khac d nhflng ddc didm co bdn theo tiing ddi tugng sau: - Ddi vdi cd nhan ngudi lanh dgo: Cd rdt nhi^u quan diem khdc v^ ngudi