Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCIVI Trdn Thi Thanh Thanh ^ NHO HOC VA GIAO DUG GONG LAP O NAM KY THUpC PHAP THCKI KI 1867 1917 TFRAN TH! THANH THANH'''' TOM TAT Sau khi chiim Iron "Luc tinh Nam Ky" vao ndm 186[.]
Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCIVI Trdn Thi Thanh Thanh ^ NHO HOC VA GIAO DUG GONG LAP O NAM KY THUpC PHAP THCKI KI 1867 -1917 TFRAN TH! THANH THANH' TOM T A T Sau chiim Iron "Luc tinh Nam Ky" vao ndm 1867, giac Phdp dd tiin hdnh viec to chue cai tri Nam Ky theo che thude dia Trong chinh sdch cai tri cua chinh quyen thuoc dia, cho den ndm 1917, mot nhimg budc td chue vd qudn II gido due la loai bd ddn Nho hoc vd hinh thdnh mot nin gido due cdng lap mdi lai Nam Ky Bdi viit ndy gdp them nhdn dinh vi tinh hinh Nho hpc vd gido due cdng lap tai Nam Ky tir 1867 din 1917 Tie khda: Nho hgc, giao due cong lap Nam Ky ABSTRACT Confucianism and public education in Cochinchina during the years 1867-1917 After occupying provinces of the Cochinchina ("Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam ") in 1867, the French established an organized colonial ruling In the policy of the colonial government, remaining unchanged until 1917, one of the step in organizing and managing education was to gradually abolish Confucianism and establish a new public education in Cochinchina This article contributes further comments on the situation of Confucianism and public education in Cochinchina fi-om 1867 to 1917 Keywords: Confiicianism, public education, Cochinchina Trong tien trinh lich su Viet Nam, tir thuc dan Phap xam luge va hg nuoc ta, nha nuac quan chil, dgc lap, thong nhat cua cac trieu dai Viet Nam da din din bi thay the boi mgt kieu cai tn ciia chi thuc dan Tuy trilu dinh Hui ki vai Phap hoa uac tir bo chu quyin d6i vol Nam Ky vao nam Giap Tui» (15-3-1874), nhung tren thuc tl, tir cull thang 6-1867, sau ehilm trgn tinh Nam Ky, giac Phap da tiin hanh viec t l chiic cai trj Nam Ky theo chi dg thugc dja Trong chinh sach cai tri cua chinh quyin thugc dia, cho din nam 1917, mot nhihig buoc t l chiic va quan li giao due la loai bo din Nho hgc va hinh mgt nin giao due cong lap mai tai Nam Ky 1, Ve ten goi Nam K5' Nam Ky la ten ggi truoc ciia Nam Bg nay, dugc dat tir nam 1834 duoi trieu Nguyen Theo chi du nam Minh IVIenh 15 (1834), ngoai Kinh Su gom kinh va phu Thira Thien, ca nuoc dugc chia cac khu vuc quan li hanh chinh voi each ggi chi cu li gdn hay xa vdi kinh dd ve phia Nam va phia Bac, bao gom: Td True (Quang Nam, Quang Ngai), HHu True (Quang Tri, Quang Binh), Td Ky (Binh Dinh, Khanh Hoa), Hihi Ky (Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Thanh Hoa), Bdc Ky (Ha Noi, Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Quang Yen, San Tay, Himg Hoa, Tuyen Quang, Bic Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Lang San, Cao Bang) va Nam Ky (Gia Dinh, Bien Hoa, Dinh ' TS, Tnrang Bai hoc Si/ pham TPHCM 19 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Tucmg, Vinh Long, An Giang, Ha Tien) Dan gian thudng diing ten ggi "Nam Ky Luc tinh", hoac chi ggi tat ia Luc tinh Sau Phap chiim Nam Ky, Luc tinh dugc chia dat nhiiu lan, cuoi ciing 21 tinh (province) Trong dan gian, chir diu ten cac tinh dugc dat ve cho dl nha, kha bien la: Gia Chdu Hd/Rach Trd Sa/Ben Long Tdn/Sdc Thu Tdy/ Bien My Bd/ Cha Vinh Go/ Cdn Bac Cdp Dan chung Nam Ky thucmg diing ve de nhan biet cac ghe thuyen dugc dang bg tir tinh nao, thucmg theo thu tu CO dinh la: Gia Dinh, Chau Doc, Ha Tien, Rach Gia, Tra Vinh, Sa Dec, Ben Tre, Long Xuyen, Tan An, 10 Soc Trang, 11 Thii Diu Mgt, 12 Tay Ninh, 13 Bien Hoa, 14 My Tho, 15 Ba Rja, 16 Chg Ldn, 17 Vinh Long, 18 Gd Cong, 19 cin Tho, 20 Bac Lieu, 21 Cap Saint Jacques (Vung Tau) Chang han, tinh Rach Gia cd sd thir tu la I^Jhin so dang bd eo so diing dau, ngudi ta biit ghe thuyin iy cd xuit xir tir Rach Gia Ghe nao cd sd 20, dd la ghe din tir tinh Bac Lieu, cd sd la ghe ciia Gia Dinh Viec quan li giao due chinh quyen Nam Ky He thing trucmg hgc cdng lap tai Nam Ky dugc dat dudi quyin chi dao cua Nha Giam dde Ndi vu thugc quyin Thdng doc Nam Ky Trai qua cac thdi ki, mdt so ca quan gido due da dugc lap de quan tri, chi dao va diiu hanh giao due, chang han: Hdi ddng tu vin hgc chinh (Conseil Consultatif de I'Instruction Publique) dugc lap nam 1868 Chiic nang ciia hdi dong la giiip y kiln cho chinh quyen ve cac vin dl giao due 20 So 60 nam 2014 Sd Hgc chinh cong (Service de I'Instruction Publique) dugc lap nam 1879, dat chucmg trinh giao due Phap - Viet nham loai bd dan nen Han hgc d Nam Ky Nha hgc chinh Ddng Ducmg (Direction de I'lnstruction Publique de rindochine) dugc lap thang 111905 de nghien ciru, sira ddi chucmg trinh giao due, mdt Giam die ngudi Phap dimg dau, ehi dao true tiip Sd Giao due cho ngudi ban xir (Service de L'Enseignement Local) ciia Lien bang Ddng Ducmg Tai Nam Ky, Sd Giao due mdt Chanh sd (Chefde Service) ngudi Phap dimg dau Hdi ddng Hoan thien nen giao due ban xir (Conseil de Perfectionnement de I 'Enseignement indigene) dugc lap 3-3-1906 de nghien cihi cac van de ed lien quan den viec thiet lap hoac cai td lai nen giao due ddi vdi ngudi ban xit, dua mdn tieng Phap va khoa hgc so dang vao chuong trinh thi Huang, duyet cac sach giao khoa, tir dien, lap lai eac trudng chii Nho d Nam Ky Phan cip Nam Ky cua hdi ddng la Hdi ddng hoan thien giao due Nam Ky duge lap 15-5-1906 Thang 4-1913 Hgi ddng da quylt dinh bai bd hSn viec hgc chil Han cac trucmg Phap - Viet a he cap I va cip bd tiic Hdi ddng Tu vin Hgc chinh Ddng Ducmg (Conseil Consultatif de I'lnstruction Publique en Indochine) dugc lap 21-12-1917 Hpi ddng Toan quyen Ddng Duang lam chil tjch va Tdng Thanh tra Hgc chinh Ddng Duong lam phd chu tich Cac chi thi, nghi dinh ve td chiic va ndi dung cua giao due Nam Ky diu den Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM tir Dinh Thong ddc, Nha Giam dde Ndi vu, Phong Hpc chinh Cac van ban hanh chinh, dd cd nhimg van ban ehi thi, menh lenh, quy dinh \h quan li giao due, sau duge chuyin giao din cae ca quan quyen luc bang dudng cdng van, se dugc dang tai tren mot loai bao chi dugc gpi la Cdng bdo Trude nam lap Lien bang Dong Duang (1887), tai Nam Ky, ta Gia Dinh bao (ra ddi nam 1865) la mpt td bao tilng Viet dang tai nhiiu van ban cd tinh chat cdng quyin Sau dd, Cdng bao eiia Toan quyen Ddng Duang vdi ten gpi "Ddng Duong Cong bao" {Journal qfficiel de I'lndochine) Phu Toan quyen Ddng Duang an hanh la td bao rat quan trpng ve hanh chinh, xuat ban mdi tuan mgt ki, dang day dii cae van kien eua Tdng thong Phap (Sac lenh), Toan quyen Phap d Dong Ducmg (Nghi djnh), Hoang de Viet Nam (Du), Thong sii Bae Ky, Kham sii Trung Ky, Thdng doc Nam Ky (Nghi dinh) Ngoai ra, van ban hanh chinh eon duge dang tren cae tap san hanh chinh cua ki nhu: "Bac Ky hanh chinh tap san" {Bulletin Administratif du Tonkin), "Trung Ky hanh chinh tap san" {Bulletin Administratif de I'Annam), "Nam Ky hanh chinh tap san" {Bulletin Administratif de la Cochinchine) Viec chuyin giao cdng van lien lae giiia Sai Gdn vdi cac tinh chii yiu dugc thuc hien qua cac tram buu chinh chinh quyin thiit lap, cd sii dung mgt phin cac tram dich thdi Nguyin vdi luc lugng phu tram chay bg hoae di ngua, di thuyen Tuy nhien, vdi trang bi kT thuat cang hien dai nham phuc vu viec cai trj eiia chinh quyin thugc dia, den dau the ki XX lien lac hanh chinh giira eac ca quan Tran Thi Thanh Thanh cdng quyen chii yeu dupe thuc hien bang phuang tien thong thudng la dien tin va xe hai buu chinh (duge dan chiing bay gid ggi la ^'ddy thip''' va "xe to") Rieng thd phii ciia Nam Ky va Ddng Duang la Sai Gdn lien lae vol "chinh qudc" Phap qua dudng day cap dien tin dugc dat ngam dudi bien va qua cae hang chuyen chd hang hai Dua vao dac diem td chiic va quan Ii, cd the chia giao due cdng lap d Nam Ky cae thdi ki sau: Thai kl thir nhdt (1867-1878): Ngay 24-6-1867, hai quan Phap da chiem trgn ven tinh Nam Ky, bat dau thuc hien cac chinh sach cai tri Nam Ky cd chinh sach ve giao due, lap mot trudng day tieng Phap d Sai Gdn Tir day, nen giao due Nam Ky duge dat su cai quan ciia cae Thdng doe quan su Phap Ben canh nen giao due mdi dang manh nha, Nho hgc van duge tri tinh hinh cang suy tan Day la thdi kl song hanh hai nen giao due: cuu hoc (Nho hpc) va tan hpc (Tay hpc, giao due Au hda) Tan hpc hay Tay hpc la thuat ngir diing chi mot loai hinh, mot thai ki giao due thay thi giao due Nho hgc Thai kl thu hai (1879-1917): Ngay 17-3-1879, Sd Hpc chinh cdng {Service de I'lnstruction publique) cua Nam Ky dugc lap Tir day, chinh quyen Nam Ky vdi eac Thong ddc dan su da thue hien lien tuc va manh me viec thiet lap mgt he thdng giao due cap tren toan Nam Ky theo mo hinh trudng hpc cua Phap Day la thdi ki nen giao due tan hgc, Au hda dugc trien khai vdi cudc cai each vl giao due Thai ki thir ba (19I7-I945): Ngay 21 Tap chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM 21-12-1917, Toan quyen Ddng Duong Albert Sarraut ki Nghi dinh ban hanh "Hgc chinh tdng quy" hay cdn ggi la "Quy che chung ciia nganh giao due d Ddng Ducmg (Reglement general de I'instruction publique)^ dat nen mdng cho he thdng giao due Phap danh cho ngudi ban xir thuc hien tren toan Ddng Duong, dd cd Nam Ky Tir day, ciing vdi viec cimg cd va md rdng bg may cai tri, chinh quyin Phap tai Nam Ky da hoan thi^n cac ca quan quan li giao due, cung cd va md rdng ndi dung giao due d Nam Ky, hoan thien he thdng giao due cdng lap ciia Phap danh cho Nam Ky Nho hgc giao due cdng lap thuc su cao chung Tinh hinh Nho hoc va giao due cong lap tai Nam Ky din nam 1917 Trudc thdi Phap chiim Nam Ky, he thdng tru'dng Nho hoc duge lap din phu huyen Trilu dinh bd nhiem cac quan chitc giao due trdng coi viec hgc, trudng tinh cd Die hgc, trudng phii co Giao thu, trudng huyen cd Huin dao Viec td chire hgc hanh va thi cii nhim dao tao Idp ngudi lam chinh sir, lira chgn nhan tai cho dit nude, giiip trilu dinh giii gin va xay dung qudc gia, dao tao Idp ngudi "ke sT', "nho gia", "quan tflr", sdng theo "dao li hiin" Cac ki thi dugc to chiie theo dinh ki, thi Huong thi Hdi va thi Dinh Toan Nam Ky cd mgt trudng thi Huong la trudng thi Gia Dinh ST tir Nam Ky phai kinh dd Hui dl thi Hgi, thi Dinh Tai cac trudng Nho hgc khdng cd sir phan chia cac mdn hgc Phuang phap giang day cua thiy tiiy theo trinh dd hgc tap ciia trd Trilu dinh khong cd hinh thirc trudng su pham dao tao thiy giao Nhiing Nho gia timg thi cir, dd dat diu cd 22 So 60 ndm 2014 the trd thay dd, ehi hudng phd biin la "tiin vi quan, thoai vi su" - dd dat thi lam quan, khdng dd dat hoac him hi, hoac tir quan deu cd the vl lang md trudng day hgc Cd nhiiu nha giao ndi tieng vl tai nang, dure nhung khdng cd ngudi nao due ket kinh nghiem giang day sach vd de truyen lai cho ddi sau Nho hgc d Nam Ky da cd nhiiu danh Nho va dao tao dugc nhiiu nhan tai Nho sT Nam Ky nhiing biin cd sdng cdn cua dan tgc cudi thi ki XIX da la chd dua tinh thin cua nhan dan phong trao yeu nude, da neu cao si va nghia diu tranh bit khuit chdng giac ngoai xam, da xa than cimg nhan dan danh giac, tham chi diing cai chit dl bao ve tilt thao nha nho, trd nhiing anh va nhan ki irc dan tgc Cimg vdi Truang Djnh, Nguyin Trung True, Thii khoa Nguyin Hiru Huan, nhiiu si tii nghia si, nhiiu nha nho Nam Ky giai doan da di vao lich su dan tgc, nhu nha giao - nha tho Nguyen Dinh Chilu, Thii khoa Biii Him Nghia, cir nhan Truong Gia Hgi, Phan Van Tri, Nguyin Thdng, Nguyin Thanh Y, Au Duong Lan, Truong Minh Giang, Huynh Min Djt, Hd Huan Nghiep, Trin Xuan Hda, Dd Trinh Thoai, Phan Van Dat, Luu Tin Thien, Dinh Van Huy Giao due Nho hgc coi trgng viec tu than, trau ddi dao hge, khdng chu trgng khoa hgc thi^c dung Nhg hgc din nhiing nam giua thi ki XIX da trd mdt luc can cua su phat triln xa hgi, ndi dung va phuang phap giao due eua Nho hgc dS trd nen Idi thdi, khdng dao tag dugc lop ngudi him dung viec phat triln khoa hgc kT thuat, md mang kinh tl, eiing CO tiem lire quoc phdng trudc su xam Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM lang eua tu ban phuang Tay Nhung Nho hoc trai nhiiu thi ki trude dd da gdp phiin dao tao nhiing Nho gia Viet Nam xuSt sac tren nhieu ITnh vuc quan trpng cua dat nude, vai eac nha quan sir, nha ngoai giao, nha bae hpc, sir gia, danh y, nha giao hpi tu nguyen va luong tri eua dan tpc Viet Nam Cudc xam lang eiia thuc dan Phap da tac dgng manh me din su phan hda eua Nho hgc d Nam Ky, tao su thay doi sau sac va toan dien vl y thiic chinh tri cung nhu ddi sdng tu tuong eua cac nha nho d Nam Ky Nhiing nha nho uu tii nhat da tap hgp phong trao chdng Phap, va khdng khdi cay dang trude ndi ngang trai "khang lenh vua" ciia cac anh hiing nhu Truang Dinh, Nguyen Trung True, Thu Khoa Huan Trong thuc te, trieu dinh thoa hiep vdi giac, bo rai nggn cd khang ehien, eac nha nho yeu nude Nam Ky da day len mgt trao luu tu tuong mdi, do, quan niem "trung quan" eua Nho gia bien ddi theo ddng y thirc eiia nhan dan yeu nude v6 trang chdng Phap, khang menh trieu dinh Chinh tir thue tiin tham gia va lanh dao phong trao cua nhan dan, nhieu nha nho da dkn dan thira nhan su ddi lap giira chuin muc dao dire ciia Nho hpc chinh thdng vdi quyen lgi dan tgc va nguyen vgng nhan dan, de rdi di den cho doi khang vdi trieu dinh phong kiln "phen quylt danh ca trieu lan Tay", "chang nghe Thien tii chilu"^ Giao due Viet Nam truyen thdng gSn lien vdi Nho hpc Nho hpc bay gid mang ndi dung yeu nude, giao due Nho hgc day nghTa ldn la chdng quan xam luge Chiim Viet Nam, thuc dan Phap muon eat diit qua khii dd Mdi lo ngai lon nhat ciia thuc dan Phap la phong trao Tran Thi Thanh Thanh chdng Phap cua ngudi dan Nam Ky dang nd manh me vdi ndng cot lanh dao la cac sT phu Nho hpc Khi thuc dan Phap dat che dp true trj len dat Nam Ky, thdi ki dau (1867-1878), chua thi xda bd nen giao due Nho hpc, thuc dan Phap van tri ehe dp to chire giao due eiia trieu Nguyen mpt thdi gian, thuc hien timg budc thay the giao due Nho hpc bang nen giao due mdi phii hgp vdi yeu eau eai tri Viec td ehiie nen giao due Nho hgc d Nam Ky tir 1867 den trude nam 1878 eo ban van giii cac ehe dp trieu Nguyen de Diing dau nganh giao due d moi tinh la mpt Doc hpc chiu trach nhiem chi dao giao due tir phu, huyen den xa tren toan tinh, lo td chiic cac ki thi, kiem tra viec day viec hpc Ddc hgc c6 trach nhiem trieu tap, khao hach cac sT tu va kien nghi chinh quyen mien binh dich, lao dich eho nhihig ngudi gidi, tuyen dung nhung ngudi da tu tai, cii nhan lam thu lai tap sir van phdng eac phii huyen Dde hpc chiu su ehi dao true tiep eiia vien chii tinh Dudi Ddc hpc ed Giao thu d cap phu, Huan dao d cap huyen Dde hpc dupe tuy6n chpn tir cae Tri phii ed nang lire va dugc nang luong theo thdi han nam mpt lan Cac ehiie Giao thu va Huan dao duge tuyen tir Tii tai va Cii nhan Giao due Nho hpc gan Hen vdi chir Han Chii Han va nen giao due Nho hoe duge xem la cdng cu dae lire de eac sT phu truyin ba tu tudng yeu nude chdng Phap Vdi chu truong phd bien sau rgng chii qudc ngii va tilng Phap xa hdi, chinh quyen Nam Ky hi vong cd the loai bd chir Han va Nho hpc, hie la loai trir anh hudng eiia cac sT phu yeu nude 23 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM ddi sdng tinh thin ciia nhan dan Su suy tan ciia nin giao due Nho hgc dugc ghi nhan bing qua trinh thay the din va tien tdi loai bd han viec diing chir Han Che khoa cir bi bai bd d mien Ddng Nam Ky sau khoa thi nam 1861 va d mien Tay Nam Ky sau khoa thi nam 1864, vdi ki thi Hucmg cudi ciing td chue d trudng thi An Giang Tir dd den nam 1878 dugc coi la thdi ki qua tir giao due Nho hgc sang giao due Tay hgc Hang loat thdng tu, nghi dinh cd ndi dung bat huge cham dirt diing chii Han, thay bang "chir cd mau tu la tinh" he thdng hanh chinh nha nude da dugc chinh quyen thugc dia d Nam Ky ban hanh "Chir cd mau tu latinh" gdm chir Phap va chii qudc ngii Chii qudc ngir dugc ngudi Phap ggi la "chir viet ciia tieng An Nam bang miu tu La tinh", ngudi Nam Ky biy gid ggi la "qudc am chii Lang sa", hay " tilng An Nam chii Lang sa" Cd thi kl mdt sd quyet dinh tieu bieu sau day: - Ngay 17-11-1874, Thdng ddc Nam Ky" ki Nghi dinh td chire lai nganh hgc chinh vdi khoan va 23 diiu Day la ban quy chi giao due diu tien vl giao due cua Phap d Viet Nam, dugc ap dung tir nam 1874 din nam 1879, theo dd, nin giao due eua Phap d Nam Ky dugc chia lam bac: tieu hgc va hgc Nghi dinh da cdng bd giao due cdng hoan toan miin phi va tu do, dugc quy djnh bdi nhiing dieu le tdng quat hien hanh tai Phap Theo Nghi dinh nay, khdng trudng tu thuc nao dugc md niu khdng cd phep ciia chinh quyen, nhim kiim soat cac trudng Han hgc, ddng thdi khuyin khich eac thay dd day them chir qudc ngu vdi mire thudng 200 franc/nam Nghj dinh 6-4-1878 quy dinh viec 24 Sd 60 ndm 2014 viet, ki va cdng bd mgi giay td hanh chinh, van kien chinh thiic, nghi dinh, quyet dinh, sac lenh, phan quyet, chi thi phai bang chii qudc ngii Trong ngach phii, huyen, tdng, khdng cho phep tuyin dung, thang trat ngudi khdng biit chir qudc ngii Cac ehiie djch lang se duge mien mgt nira hoac toan bd thul than neu biet chir qudc ngii Sau nam nay, cac co quan hanh chinh, chir Han dugc thay the bang chii Phap va chfl qudc ngii mgi cdng van giay to Ngay 17-3-1879, sau lap Sd Hgc chinh Nam Ky, Thdng ddc Nam Ky Lafont ki ban hanh ban quy che ve td chue nen hgc chinh mdi, dugc thuc hien den nam 1917 Theo quy chi nay, he thdng giao due dugc chia cip: Cap I, Cap II va Cap III Chii qudc ngfl dugc day chinh thuc mdn tap dgc va viet tucmg thuat Thdng tu 2810-1879 quy dinh thudng tiin cho nhirng lang nao viet dugc cdng van bing chii qudc ngii Nghi dinh 14-6-1880 cho phep "mdi lang, thi trin ciia tdng khdng cd trudng Phap se thiit lap mdt trudng day chil qudc ngii" va "nhihig lang nhd cd mgt trudng day chir qudc ngu se dugc mien mgi thul ddng gdp cho trudng hang tdng" Ngay 21-12-1917, Toan quyin Ddng Duong Albert Sarraut ki Nghi dinh ban hanh "Quy che ehung cua nganh giao due d Ddng Duang (Reglement general de I 'instruction publiquef hay cdn ggi la "Hoc chinh tdng quy" Quy chi dat nen mdng cho he thdng giao due Phap danh eho ngudi ban idi thuc hien tren toan Ddng Duang, dd cd Nam Ky Theo quy che nay, tat ea eac trudng day Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM chu Nho hien cd d Viet Nam, dii la ciia chinh phu Nam trilu md nhu Quoc Tir Giam, deu xip vao loai trudng tu, diu phai tuan thii mgi quy chi chinh quyin cip "xir" dl Nhiing van ban cdng quyin lien quan true tiip den viec quan li cac trucmg cdng lap, budc viec day va hge cac trudng hgc khdng dugc diing chu Han niia Dieu nam nhirng cd gSng thay the dan nen giao due Nho hgc bing nen giao due mdi chinh.quyin thugc dja Phap d Nam Ky quy dinh Khi khdng cdn cac ki thi Huong cua nin giao due Nho hge, viec day chir Han, chir Ndm van dugc tri am tham cac trudng lang ciia thay dd, hoac cac ngdi chiia Viet Ddng thdi, viec day chii Phap va chii qudc ngii vdn dugc cac nha truyen giao eua Dao Thien Chua tien hanh bi mat hoac ban cdng khai cac nha thd tir nhiing the ki trudc vdi ngudi hgc la cac chien, da dan trd cdng khai va chinh quy Vimg dit Nam Ky, noi diu tien Phap chiem dugc cua Viet Nam, da trd nai thuc hien thi diem nhiing cai each giao due Nho hgc dugc thay thi din bing mdt nin giao due mdi ("tan hge") NSn gido due cdng lap mdi & Nam Ky ndi rieng va d Viet Nam thdi Phap thugc ndi chung thuc chit la he thdng giao due eua nude Phap dugc ngudi Phap d Viet Nam diiu chinh cho phii hgp vdi diiu kien thirc te d Viet Nam nhSm dap img yeu ciu cai tri Chi va td chire giao due cd hinh thiic tuong tu nhu d Phap Nin giao due dugc ggi la "Giao due Phap eho ngudi ban xit" (Enseignement Franco-Indigene), biy gid dugc ggi theo nghia tilng Viet la Trdn Thi Thanh Thanh "giao due Phap - Viet", hay thdng dung hem la "giao due Phap - An Nam", "giao due Phap - Nam"' Vdi he thdng giao due Phap - Viet, chinh quyen Phap d Nam Ky chii trucmg dao tao mdt sd ngudi biet tilng Phap, chii qudc ngii, cd chiit kiln thirc ve van minh phucmg Tay de lam cdng ehiic bac thap phuc vu cho chinh quyen thugc dia, va lau dai se dat dugc muc tieu li tudng la ^'bien ngudi bdn xit thdnh nhimg ngudi Phdp ve phucmg dien vdn hoa"^ Mgt dac diem cua nen giao due la tieng Phap dugc diing lop hgc (giang bai, lam bai) va sach giao khoa nhu mdt ngdn ngu chinh Chi nhiing lop vd long dugc diing tilng Viet lam chuyen ngir, sau dd tieng Viet dugc hgc nhu mdt ngoai ngii Den nam ki ket Hda ude Giap Than (1884), tai Nam Ky cd cac loai trucmg sau thude ehe cdng lap: Trudng cap I dat d tdng, dugc ggi la trucmg hang tdng (Ecole de cantonales) Thdi gian hgc: nam Chucmg trinh hgc: chii qudc ngii, tieng Phap, bdn phep tinh Cudi cap I phai thi len cap II Trudng cap II dat d quan, dugc ggi la trudng hang quan (Ecole d' arondissements) Thai gian hgc: nam Chuong trinh hgc; tieng Phap, chir qudc ngii, chii nho, Toan, Lich sir, Dia li Chii nho va chii qudc ngii mdi tuan chi hgc Cac mdn khae deu hgc bang tilng Phap Cudi cap II cd mot ki thi de lay bang So hgc (Brevet elementaire) Trudng cap III cdn dugc ggi la trudng trung hgc Cudi cap III cd mgt ki thi de liy bing Cao hgc (Brevet Superieur) Trudng Ba Da Ldc chuyen 25 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM trudng trung hgc nam 1879 Trucmg Trung hgc My Tho (College de Mytho) dugc md nam 1879, ba nam sau (1881) ddi ten Trucmg Le Myre de Vilers (ten eua Thdng ddc dan su dau tien ciia Nam Ky) Biy gid toan Nam Ky ehi cd trudng trung hgc: Trudng Ba Da Lgc va Trudng Chasseloups Laubat d Sai Gdn, Trudng Le Myre de Vilers d My Tho Trong viec phat trien he thdng trudng phd thdng cdng lap Phap - Viet, cac Quy chi 1874 va 1879 dugc ban hanh chi cd y nghia phap li cdng quyen, cdn thuc te, ket qua md trudng van rit han ehe tinh trang thieu giao vien, thieu sach giao khoa, thieu giao cu, chat lugng giao vien kem Trong quan li giao due cap tinh, theo bao cao ciia mdt quan chiic thugc dja la J Besanfon^, gidi quan chiic dau tinh "cci quyen lgi de cho ngudi ddn An Nam d tinh trang hodn todn dot chir Phdp Mot ngudi ddn An Nam neu la nan nhdn ciia su hd lam cua chinh quyen thi khdng cd phucmg tien gi tay de keu len cdp tren" Cac chil tinh thudng khdng nhan don xin viec, "vi cdc gido vien biet tieng Phdp vd cd the td cdo ho, dieu ndy ho cdn tuyet ddi trdnh" Ve chucmg trinh hgc, "ho lam di Idm lai tiiy theo sd thich ciia hp, nghTa Id thudng khdng cd chucmg trinh gi cd", kit qua la "hoc sinh vdn td tdi vd ddt ndt" Tai Nam Ky, muc dich sir dung giao due nhu mdt cdng cu phuc vu cho cdng cudc cai tri dan ban xir da thi hien d quy md, sd hgc sinh cua cac loai trudng hgc dugc md sau 20 nam (1866-1886) tir khj ap dung nen giao due mdi Dua vao thdng ke cua cac quan chiic thugc dia Paullus va Boinais', chi tinh rieng cac 26 So 60 nim 2014 trudng cdng lap tir quan den xa tren toan Nam Ky nam 1886, cd the thay quy md md trucmg cdn it di (Sd trudng hang tdng va hang xa: 300; Sd giao vien ngudi Viet: 503; Sd hgc sinh cac cip: 18.231), niu tinh trung binh, mdi trudng hang quan cd gin 100 hgc sinh vdi khoang 3-4 giao viSn, mdi trudng hang tdng ed gan 50 hgc sinh vdi khoang 1-2 giao vien, mdi trudng hang xa cd gan 40 hgc sinh, giao vien giang day Nhu vay, ti le di hgc- cac trucmg cdng chua den 1% (dan sd Nam Ky liic dd khoang trieu ngudi) Cac trudng cap tdng, cap xa cd sd lugng ap dag (300/343) nhung chit lugng rat han che Trong cac bao cao thucmg nien ve giao due, cac nha cai tri ngudi Phap than phien rang sau may chue nam chiem Viet Nam, hg chi dao tao dugc "vd/ tram ngudi An Nam ndi tieng Phdp, vdi ngdn ngudi ndi sai tieng Phdp, dd Id nhirng bdi bep, nhihig nguoi keo xe Ddn chung cdn lai thi khdng biet chu; An Nam ldn chir Phdp"^ "nguai An Nam vdn ndi tieng cua ho nhung lai khdng biet doe biet viet", dd ciing la kit qua cua viec md trudng d Nam Ky Trong tinh hinh trucmg cdng nhu vay, bat chap su cim can cua nha cam quyin Phap, cac trudng dan lap, tu thuc vin tdn tai, cac thay dd vin tiip tuc md trudng day Nho hgc Cac trudng day Nho hgc vin tdn tai vdi gin 8496 hgc sinh va 426 thiy dd hen tdng sd 27473 hgc sinh, sd hge sinh cua cac thiy dd chiim 31%" Trudng lang vin dugc tri, cae lang ddng gdp td chitc va cae thiy dd day chu Han, Nho hgc Da sd thiy giao la nhtrng nha nho yeu nude, cd uy tin nhan dan, bat hgp tac vdi giSc, tim each Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM chdng lai chiing hoac md trudng day hpc d lang Nhieu trudng lang la noi giao due tre em tinh than yeu nude bai Tay Chinh quyen bay gid phai thua nhan "dan tgc Viet Nam da cd dp day truyin thdng van hda ciia minh", "viec xam ehilm dit dai da khd, viec chinh phuc tinh thin {conquete morale) khd hon nhiiu"'^ Den cudi nam 1905, d Nam Ky, ngoai mgt vai trudng trung hpc d Sai Gdn, My Tho, tat cae tinh phin ldn cac tdng, xa diu ed trudng tilu hgc Phap Viet day chii Phap va qudc ngii, bai bd hau nhu hoan toan chii Han CJ Bic Ky va Trung Ky, sd trudng day chii Phap va chir qudc ngii cdn rit It Ri6ng d Trung Ky, sd trudng day chir Han lai kha nhiiu Do vay, Toan quyen Ddng Duong Paul Beau len thay Paul Doumer da thuc hien cai each giao due vao nam 1906 nham quan li true ti8p va thong nhat nen giao due, thuc hien xen ke chuong trinh Phap - Viet va Nho hpc Chuong trinh Phdp - Viet dupe chia la bac: tieu hpc va trung hge, chu yeu hpc bang tieng Phap Ngudi ed bang tdt nghiep tieu hgc Phap Viet cd the lam giao vien hay cong chiic bp may chinh quyen thuc dan hoae thi vao cac trudng trung hpc Bae trung hge duge chia lam hai cap la trung hgc de nhat cap va trung hge de nhi cip Trung hgc de nhat cap dugc chia lam hai ban: Ban Van hpc va Ban Khoa hpc Ban Khoa hpc dugc chia lam nganh: nong nghiep, cdng nghiep va thuang nghiep Chuang trinh Nho hoc dugc chia lam bac; au hgc, tieu hgc va trung hge Au hgc md d cap tdng va tieu hpc md d phu, huyen, deu cac huan dao, giao thu chju trach nhiem Hgc eac mdn bing tilng Phap, tilng Viet va chii Trdn Thi Thanh Thanh Han nhung chLt Phap hge it nhit Ngudi tdt nghiep tieu hpc dupe mien suu dich nam va dugc hpc len trung hpc Trung hge thudng md d cae tinh li Dde hpc phu trach, hgc sinh dugc cap hpc bdng Chuang trinh hpc van.gdm cac mdn eiia ca tieng Phap, tieng Viet va ehii Han nhung chii Han dugc hgc it nhat Ngudi tdt nghiep trung hgc dupe mien suu dich nam va dugc di thi Huang Ci Nam Ky, che chinh tri va giao due deu theo quy ehe thugc dia CJ day khong cd trudng dai hpc, cao dang Chuang trinh trung hpc chii yeu theo chuang trinh tnmg hpc cua Phap Chuang trinh hpc De nhi cap (con gpi la ban Trung hpc chuyen khoa) dua theo chuong trinh trung hpc Phap, sir dung tieng Phap lam chuyen ngii Tai Sai Gdn cd trudng Trung hpc la Chasseloup Laubat va Petrus Truong Vinh Ky Tir nam 1917, sach giao khoa bang chir qudc ngii va chii Han duge Hgi ddng cai each giao due to chiic bien soan Sach qudc ngii bao gdm cac mdn: Tap dpc (gdm cac bai ed npi dung ve hanh chinh, phong tue, nhiing nguyen tac ve dao diic, giai thich mpt sd hien tupng thien nhien, eac Idi khuyen ve ve sinh); cac mdn khoa hpc nhu Toan phap, Cach tri, Ve sinh, Ngii phap so giai, Dja du the gidi, Dia du Ddng Duong va Phap Sach chii Han bao gdm: Luan li Nho giao, Lich su Viet Nam (gdm ca ehe eai tri, Iuat phap d Ddng Duong) Sach chir Phap bao gdm cac sach giao khoa da duge bien soan eho cac trudng d Nam Ky Thue dan Phap chii trpng phat trien giao due vi cac li co ban: can "chinh phuc tinh than" cua ngudi ban xii sau da hoan tat cdng cudc "chinh phuc dat 27 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 60 ndm 2014 thuc tl, day la mpt eo sd- dao tao nhan dai"; cin dao tao mgt lap ngudi giiip viec vien phuc vu cho quan dpi Phap dang trung thanh; cin tao diiu kien de ngudi chiim ddng d Nam Ky Phap cd thi true tiip giao thiep vdi dan Ngay 7-5-1867, chinh quyen Phap chung Viet Nam ma khong cin thdng qua d Nam Ky da ''quy dinh mdt ki thi ddnh nhung ngudi trung gian Nhirng li cho nhimg ngieai An Nam muon vao chi phdi ndi dung ciia nen giao due ngach gido duc"^\ theo dd, ngudi Viet di mdi, dupe din din hinh va phat triln thdi hd: ''chi cdn dgy tieng hpc dl lam giao vien tieu hpc dugc chia Phdp cho ngicdi An Nam, dgy cho ho biet lam hai hang Hang nhi ehi hpc dpc va doe, biit tinh todn mot chiit thdi, biet han viit chii qudc ngir, hpc bon phep tinh va nira chi la thira vd ich"^^ Viec tl chire vai khai niem ludng Hang nhit eo cac trudng tieu hgc va trung hpc van ehu them mpt bai dich Hoc vien se dugc yiu nhim day chil va kien thiic khoa hpc nhan hpc bdng, sau mpt khda thuc tap so gian, dii de ngudi hpc trudng cd the duge linh chimg ehi day hoc Ngay 10-7lam dugc cong chiic hang thap, chay viec 1871, Thing ddc Nam Ky Dupre cho eac co sd hanh chinh, hang budn lap mpt trudng su pham thugc dia {Ecole normale coloniale) tai Sai Gdn, dao tao v l cdc trirdng cdng lap day nghe, giao vien day cho cac trudng tieu hpc tir trudc nam 1867, thdi gian dau duge md d eac thj tran nam nay'^ chiem ddng, nhu cau cap thiet can dpi Trudng su pham cd mpt trudng tieu hoc ngd phien dich vien (bay gid gpi la thdng ngon), thue dan Phap cho md trudng dao true thupc lam ea sd thuc hanh''' Hpc tao thdng ngdn ngudi Viet va day mpt sd vien trudng su pham ed han tudi tir 16ngudi Phap hpc tieng Viet Tai Sai Gon 25, hpc npi tni va duge chinh quyen chu cd Trudng Ba Da Lpc day tieng Viet cho cap Nhimg hge vien tdt nghiep trudng mpt sd quan nhan Phap va tieng Phap cho se trd giao vien trudng tieu hpc mpt sd ngudi Viet, Hpi truyen giao d cae tinh Dieu hanh {rudng su pham la lap va giao eho cac tu sT dieu hanh, Hieu trudng va ba giao su, diu la ngudi giang day Nam 1861, trudng dupe to Phap, cd bang dai hpc, bang nghiep vu chiic Trudng Thdng ngon {College {brevet de capacite) hoac cd chiic vu des Interpretes), trudng cdng lap kieu thong ngdn Ba phu giang ngudi Viet deu Phap dau tien, bd sung nguon thdng ngdn la giao vien tieu hpc hang nhat Phap - Viet, Viet - Phap cho quan Phap {instituteur de I ere classe) Chinh quyen dang chiem dong d Nam Ky Ngudi hpc lap mpt iiy ban kiem tra, mpt uy chii yeu la quan nhan Hpc bdng cho ban soan chuong trinh hpc cho trudng su ngudi hge dugc cip tir quy quan dpi Tu pham va soan sach cho giao vien 1866 den 1868, Truong Vinh Ky duge cii Nghi dinh 31-7-1871 vl viec cai quan trudng Thong ngdn, da dimg td Gia Binh bdo^"^ lam tai lieu hge tilng tang luong cho giao vien tieu hpc da quy dinh mdi day hpc giao vien dupe Viet Viec md trudng dao tao thong ngdn them franc Ddng thdi chia hgc vien la budc diu tien eua viec thiit lap mot trudng su pham lam hang, nang cao nen giao due Au hoa tai Nam Ky Tren trinh thi tdt nghiep, quy dinh chuang 28 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM trinh thi nang hon Ve bang cap, hgc vien tot nghiep giao vien hang nhan bing cao dang, tdt nghiep giao vien hang va nhan bang so dang Tuy \ay sd ngudi hpc lam giao vien cdn rat it ST s6 trudng su pham din thang 10-1872 chi cd 20 ngudi Nam 1874, trudng su pham doi Trudng Trung hgc Chasseloups Laubat (lay ten cua mdt bg trudng bp Hai ngoai Phap) Trong trudng su pham, viec day chu Phap la chinh, chir Nho va chii qudc ngii la phu Thdi gian hpc dupe quy dinh la nam, chuang trinh hpc cd eac mdn chinh la tieng Phap, chG qudc ngii, Toan, Dia li, Lich sir (khdng hpc ljch su Viet Nam) Cd thi tdt nghiep ket thiic bac trung hpc Tir 1-1-1879, ngudi cd bang Brevet de capacite cd the dugc lam giao vien, miic lucmg 600 franc mgt nam Ciing vdi viec md mdt sd trudng day nghe ve giao due tren, chinh quyen Nam Ky md them Trudng Tap su {College des Stagiaires) vao nam 1873 tai Sai Gon nham dao tao nhan vien hanh chanh cho bg may cai tri d cac tinh thupc Nam Ky Sau hpc xong, hpc vien cd the dugc bo nhiem lam tra dan sir, vay trudng cdn dugc gpi la trudng Hau bd, mdt kieu trudng day nghe "lam quan cai tri" Tai Sai Gdn cd Trudng Y te thirc hanh ban xir {Ecole Pratique de medecine indigene) dupe md vao nam 1903 nham dao tao y ta va nii hp sinh ngudi Viet Ngoai ra, tai Nam Ky cd mpt so trudng kl thuat va ml thuat ed tinh chat day nghe Cac trudng kT thuat dao tao tha chuyen mdn hoac ddc cdng, giam thi chii yiu nham phuc vu cdng cudc khai thac thugc dja, dap ung viec md rpng cac CO sd cdng nghiep vira va nhd, sa che va Tran Thi Thanh Thanh chi biin, san xuat eac mat hang sir dung nguyen lieu dja phucmg Cd the ke ten mgt sd trudng day nghe tieu bieu: Trudng MT nghe Thu Dau Mgt (dugc lap nam 1901, chu yiu day cac nghe then, kham va ve), Trudng Mi nghe Bien Hda (dugc lap nam 1903, gdm ban day chuyen nghe ve gd, sat va trang siic), Trudng Cong chinh (dugc lap nam 1902, dao tao nhan vien kT thuat cong chinh ngudi Viet) Nam 1906, chinh quyen Phap lap Trudng Ca A chau d Sai Gdn {Ecole des mecaniciens Asiatique de Saigon): Trudng cd nganh (ngudi, mpc, due), thdi gian hpc nam, tuyen hpc sinh tir 16 tudi Muc tieu cua trudng (cdn ed ten la trudng Ba nghe) la dao tao cong nhan kT thuat ngudi ban xii cd trinh dp cao cho Hai quan Phap Nam 1908, mpt he thdng trudng dugc ggi la Trudng Du bi {Ecoles Preparatoires) dugc md tai Nam Ky, dugc td chiic nhu mgt he thdng chuyen tiep sang chuong trinh Phap Viet Nam 1917, Toan quyen Dong Duong ki nghi dinh md Trudng Thuc hanh Ndng lam nghiep Ben Cat, Thu Dau Mpt: Hpc sinh dupe dao tao nam de lam doc cdng, giam thi cho cac cdng trudng khai thac lam nghiep, cac ddn dien ndng nghiep, cac ca sd kinh doanh nghe lam vudn, cay canh, nudi tam Gop them nhan djnh Tir 1884, nen giao due hpc dudng cua Viet Nam hoan toan thugc quyin quan li, to ehiie, diiu hanh cua chinh quyen thupc dia Phap Trudng hpc mdi dugc md, chuang trinh hpc mdi dugc thue hien Song muc tieu ehu yiu ciia ngudi Phap khdng phai la md mang dan tri, nen giao due, chinh quyin cai tri da tien hanh cai each theo kilu cim 29 Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM chimg, chi biin din din, dl ndi dung giao due phii hgp vdi tinh hinh thuc te, bdi canh lich sir va nhu ciu cai tri Thuc dan Phap da quan tam den giao due, Ichdng hoan toan la de "khai hda", "khai sang" van minh, ma thuc te xuit phat tir nhu ciu phuc vu bg may cai tri, tir tham vgng biin Viet Nam mdt thi trudng phuc vu cho cdng cudc "khai thac" thugc dia, vi lgi ich ciia chinh nude Phap Trir bac so hgc, hgc sinh tir tilu hgc din trung hgc diu hgc bing tieng Phap Mdn tilng Viet trd mgt mdn phu, cac gid Viet van trd gid ngoai ngu vdi chinh hgc sinh Viet Nam Trong ndi dung ciia cac bd mdn khoa hgc xa hgi, hgc sinh dugc tiip xuc chu yeu vdi lich sir va van chuong Phap, hau nhu ving bdng kho tang van hgc dan tgc phong phu, lich sir dan tgc anh hiing Tir nam thu ba cao dang Tieu hgc, chuong trinh hgc khdng cdn mdn Lich sir Viet Nam Nhimg cudc khdi nghia cuanhan dan chdng chinh quyen thdng tri duge xem la bao loan, giac cudp Trong chuong trinh hgc va sach giao khoa, lich sir nude Phap dugc coi la qudc sir, hgc sinh dugc hgc nhieu ve "sir khai hda eua Phap d An Nam" Tuy nhien, tinh chat quy cii, he thdng ciia viec td chire day va hgc, phugng phap su pham ket hgp hgc vdi hanh, phuang phap hgc tap cd tai lieu tham khao, cd sach giao khoa cd mdt tac dung tich cue gdp phan giup hgc sinh Viet Nam cd mdt he thdng tri thirc mdi, thiet thuc hem, da dang hon so vdi nen giao due cu, dap img dugc phan nao yeu cau ciia cudc sdng thye tien He thdng giao due ehu yeu mang tinh ke hoach chir chua dugc hien thuc hda hoan toan, song SS 60 ndm 2014 cQng da md eac cip hgc, bao gdm bac Tilu hgc, bac Trung hgc va he thdng cac trudng day nghi Chi giao due va thi cii dugc md rdng hon Trong thuc te, chinh quyin thugc dia chu truang md trudng hgc ehu yiu nhim dao tao nhimg vien chitc bac thip, ed tri thiitc dii de lam thdng ngdn, ki luc cho chinh quyen d cap dia phuang, hoac chay viec cho cac co sd kinh doanh, nha budn, chu ddn dien, hoac lam ddc cdng, cdng nhan kT thuat cac xudng thg Nam Ky khdng cd trudng cao ding va trudng dai hgc, he thong giao due chuyen nghiep chi cd mgt sd trudng ki thuat, trudng nghi, toy cd gdp phin khdi phuc nhihig nganh nghi truyin thdng nhu mgc, dan lat may tre, lam dudng, lam gdm, lam gach ngdi nhung chi cd quy md vira va nhd Viec chir qudc ngir dugc day hong trudng hgc, dii mdi chi d Idp dau cua bac tilu hgc, eung da tao cho Idp tre em tir 7-11 tudi tiip xiic dugc vdi nhimg kien thirc don gian vl khoa hge thudng thitc, ve sinh, ngdn ngir, trd Idp ngudi biit dgc, biit viit, biit lam tinh, biit ve hinh Vdi tim bing So hgc yiu luge, nhiing hgc sinh ngheo nhung giau y chi, dii khdng cd dieu kien tiep tuc hgc van cd the kiem sdng bang nghe day hgc d cac idp so hgc Viec tilng Phap dugc sir dung phd bien va bat budc cac trudng hgc, d mdt khia canh nao dd, da giup cho mdt bd phan hge sinh, tri thirc Viet Nam mgt phuang tien hiru ich de cd the giao luu vdi van hda Phap va phuong Tay, tiep xuc true tiep vdi nhimg he tu tudng mdi eua thdi dai, tao co hdi de ed dugc mgt tam nhin khae vdi cac tri thiic Nho hgc cii Vdi uu the cua mdt nen giao due Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM hien dai nam sir quan li ciia ehinh quyen cd mgt sd quan chiie thuc dan "tam huyet" vdi viec timg budc ddi moi md mang giao due, nin giao due "tan hgc" d Nam Ky thdi Phap hp cudi thi ki XIX dau thi ki XX da timg budc khang dinh vai trd tich cue doi vdi mpt bg phan tre em va thilu nien hge sinh biy gid bing loi day hgc mdi me, noi dung hpc tap phong phii vdi nhieu mdn hgc khac ve khoa hpc tu nhien, khoa hpc xa hpi va ngoai ngii, viec thi cir va hp thdng bSng cap quy cii, da dang, nhieu loai hinh lop hge, cap hpc cd he thdng chat che va dugc to chire rgng khap Dd la nhiing yiu td thi hien su vugt trdi so vdi nin giao due Nho hgc da trd nen Idi thdi Tir lpi thi nay, chuong trinh hgc cua nen giao due mdi da dan dan thay the nhung nguyen If Nho giao xua cii, tach nen giao due Viet Nam khdi anh hudng ciia Trung Hoa, dat nin tang xay dung nin giao due theo hudng hien dai, mgt nen giao due chii trgng "thuc Tran Thi Thanh Thanh nghiep" va "hgp thdi", phan nao an iii cho tam huyet ciia nhiing nha canh tan cudi the ki XIX nhu Nguyen Trudng To, Nguyen Lg Trach ve mpt nen giao due duge de "Thdi vu sach", "Te cap bat dieu" Nen giao due moi vdi he thdng trudng cdng lap thirc dan Phap to chiic va dieu hanh da dan dan thay the cho giao due Nho hpc tir ndi dung, phuang phap su pham, td chiic trudng Idp den chii viet Muc tieu cua viec mo mang phat trien giao due la phuc vu cho cdng cugc khai thac thupc dia va truyen ba van hda Phap, song eung dao tao cho xa hpi Viet Nam mpt lap tri thirc d lihieu trinh dp khac va tham gia vao nhieu nganh nghe da dang Nhiing kien thiic da dugc trang bi nha trudng trd hanh trang quy bau cua nhimg cuu hgc sinh Nam Ky tren eon dudng hoat dgng each mang, phong trao yeu nude chdng thuc dan Phap gianh dgc lap dan tde d niia dau the ki XX ' Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyen - Dgi Nam thuc luc chinh bien, nguyen vSn chfl Han, ban dich ciia Vien Sir hoc, Nxb Khoa hoc xS hgi Ha Ngi, 1965, Tap li, tr.318 ^ Journal qfficiel de I'Indochine francaise, so 29, 10-4-1918, tr.607 Theo Dao Thj Di6n, Trung tam Luu tru Qu6c gia I "100 nSm Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi" htlp://l00years.vnu.edu.vn:8086/BTDHQGHN/Viemamese/C1787/2006/03/N7403) ' Nguyin Dinh Chieu, Van te Trucmg Dinh (1864) * Thdng d6c tamquyfin cua Nam Ky Kraniz (thang 3-thang 11-1874) * Journal qfficiel de I'Indochine francaise, so 29, 10-4-1918, tr.607 Theo Dao Thj Dien, Trung tam Lmi tru Quflc gia I "100 nSm D^i hgc Quoc Gia Ha Noi", http//IOOyears.vnu.edti.vn.8080/BTDHQCHN/Vietnamese/C}787/2006/03/N7403 ^ Tni6c nam 1917, thuat ngiJ gido due Phdp-An Nam duoc diing de djch tir Phap Enseignement FrancoIndigene Thu^t ngii bien la giao due Phap-ban xu, dugc dung tren toan Dong Ducmg ^ ?^^i\\ny\z^, i'lnstruction publique en Cochinchine {G'l&o 6\ic congaHsmY.y), Paris, 1872 * J Besangon, Rapport sur V enseignement en Indochine (1886), Tu lieu Vien Sir hoc, ban dich cua Nguyen Gia Phu ' Theo thing ke ciia Paullus va Boinais La France en Indochine, ban dich cua Nguyen Gia Phu '" J Besan^on Rapport sur /' enseignement en Indochine (1886), Tu lieu Vi6n Sir hoc, ban djch ciia Nguyin Gia Phu " J Besan?on, Rapport sur I' enseignement en Indochine {l&SSXJuWea'Viea Su hoc, ban dich ciia Nguyen Gia Phu '^ Dumoutier M.G L'Enseignement Franco-Annamite (A I'Expositton Unverselle de 1900) Hanoi: Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 60 ndm 2014 Imprimerie Tvpe-Lithographique F.-H Schneider, 1900, p 27 _ _ '-' Nam 1925,'N2uyen Ai Qu6c bai vi^t "Chinh sach ngu dan'" len an che dp thuc dan Phap {Ho Chi 'Minh lodnldp Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995 / /, ir.398-400) da viet "Ong Macxo, van sT thuoc dja, da \ \k cau sau day Igt ta dugc diing tu tuong dang th6ng trj dau 6c ciia cac nha cai tri ciia chiing ta: Chung la civ cdn day liing Phdp cho ngmi An Nam, day cho ho biet doc biet linh loan chut il thoi; biel hon nira chi la thica v6 ich'' '"' Gia Dinh bdo la tcr bao chii'qu6c ngii d5u tien dugc xuat ban tai Nam Ky (1865), doTrircmg Vmh Ky lam chu biit , " Theo Emile Roucoules, "Etude sur ['instruction pubHque en Cochinchine" (Khao luan ve nen hgc chinh tai Nam K>), dang Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Indochinoise (B.S.E.I) de Saigon, 1889/ 2e semestre/ Seance du 23 octobre 1889), dich gia Lai Nhu Bang hrtp-//chimviet.freefrUO/lnb_hocchmhnamk}'_roucoiileshlm Ngay 23-10-1889 tai mot cugc hpp ciia Hpi Nghien ciru Dong Duong (Societe des Etudes I' Indochinoises) Emile Roucoules, giir chire chii tjch Hpi nay, timg la Giam ddc truong trung hgc Chasseloup-Laubat a Sai Gon, da cd ban bao cao nhan de '"Etude stir I'lnstruction publique en Cochinchine'" (Khao luan \e nen hoc chinh tai Nam Ky) Trong ban bao cao nay, hoat dgng ciia chinh quy^n Nam Ky va tinh hinh moi mat ciia giao due Nam Ky gin 30 nSm (18621889), co thoi ki tinh tu Nam Ky bi chimin loan bg (1867), da dugc Emile Roucoules trinh bay khai quat, co nhirng s6 va ten nguoi cu the thang va ngi dung cua cac quyet djnh ciia chinh quySn lien quan den quan li giao due, tom tit tinh hinh to chiic he thSng giao due, chuong trinh, sach giao khoa, danh gia ket qua giao due va neu nhtrng de nghj Day la mpt sii tieu quy cung cap nhirng thong tin cu the xac thirc va nhiing nhan dinh ciia mpt quan chiic giao due duong thoi, gop phan phan anh dien mao cua Nho hpc va giao due cong lap tai Nam Ky hky gio '* Sau Nghj dinh 17-2-1869 ciia Thong doc Nam Ky Ohier, ngoai Sai Gon, mgt so truimg hpc danh cho nguiri Viet lan lugt duac mo tai Can Tho, Soc Trang, Go Cong, Tan An, Rach Gia, CSn G i u g c vai chucmg trinh gom hpc viet chu Phap, tieng Phap co ban Chinh quySn lap mpt ily ban soan thao mgt quy6n vSn pham, mpt quyen tir dien giiip hpc tieng Phap va bien cho cac truong Cach to chire truimg su pham kieu duac tri nhieu nam sau, chang han theo mgt quy djnh vao nSm 1886' "'Mgt gido vien duai quyen hieu truang truang sir pham se dieu hdnh moi truang liiu hoc phu thugc gom 50 hgc sinh ngoai tru Trong Irucrng ndy hgc vien su pham co thi ihuc lap dgy hoc" (Lai Nhu Bing trich djch doan Nghj dinh-A.G 25 fevrier 1886, Art 3-"Un instituteur dirigera sous I'autorite du direcleur de I'ecole normale I'ecole primaire annexe etformee de 50 eteves externes, dam taquelle des eleves-may,tres seroni exerces a la pratique de t'enseignement.") TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ho Chi Minh Todn tap (1995), Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c gia Ha Ngi H6 Hu-u Nhut (1999), Lich sit gido due Sdi Gon Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh (1698 1998), Trung tam Khoa hpc xa hoi va Nhan van TPHCM Quoc sir quan trik Nguyen (1965), Dai Nam thirc luc chinh bien Tap II, nguyen van chu Han, ban dich ciia Vien Sii hgc, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hgi Ha Ngi Tran Thi Thanh Thanh (2011), Hdi vd ddp ve' gido due a Nam Bd thai ki 1867-1945, Cdng trinh NCKH, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM Cao Tu Thanh (1996), Nho gido a Gia Dinh, Nxb Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh, TPHCM Nguyin Dang Ti§n (chii bien) (1996) Lich sir gido due Viet Nam trudc Cdch mang Thdng Tdm 1945, Nxb Giao due Ha Npi Nguyin Van Trung (1963), Chu nghia thuc ddn Phdp a Viet Nam, thuc chdt vd huyen thoai Nam Scm xwk ban, Sai Gdn Dumoutier M.G L Enseignement Franco-Annamite, Hanoi, Imprimerie TypeLithographique F.-H Schneider, 1900 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Trdn Thi Thanh Thanh "Etude sur I'instruction publique en Cochinchine'", Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Indochinoise (B.S.E.I) de Saigon, 1889/ 2e semestre/ Seance du 23 octobre 1889 10 J Besan9on (1886), Rapport sur I' enseignement en Indochine, Tu lieu Vien Su hpc, Nguyen Gia Phu 11 Milton E Osborne, The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia, Rule and Response (1859-1905), Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1969 12 Thong ke ciia Paullus va Boinais La France en Indochine, Tu lieu Vien Sii hgc, Nguyen Gia Phu 13 Paulin Vial, L'instruction publique en Cochinchine, Paris 1872, Tu lieu Vien Su hpc, Nguyen Gia Phu (Ngay Toa soan nhan dime bai 06-01-2014; phan bien danh gia 10-02-2014 ng^y chip nhan dSng: 17-7-2014) TI/NHCTVG K H O K H A N CUA SINH VIEN M I TOT NGHIEP (Tiep theo trang 18} TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Quang Ducmg (2010), Tuvdn hirdng nghiep,'Nxh Tre Diane Tillman (2009), Nhung gid tri song cho tudi tre, Nxb Tong hgp, TPHCM Huynh Van Son (2011), Thirc trgng ki ndng sdng cua sinh vien mdt so truang dgi hoc tgi Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh hien nay, De tai khoa hgc cap Bp nam 2010, ma so B.2010.19.64, Trucmg Dai hpc Supham TPHCM Huynh Van Son (2009), Nhdp mdn Id ndng sdng, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi Huynh Van Son (2012), Phdt trien kXndng mem cita sinh vien dgi hoc sirphgm, Nxb Giao due Huynh Van Son (2012), Phdt trien kT ndng mem eho sinh vien dgi hoe sir pham, De tai khoa hgc c4p Bg, ma so B.2012.19.05, Truang Dai hgc Supham TPHCM Nguyen Quang Hien (1999), Thi trudng lao dong, thuc trgng vd gidi phdp, Nxb Th6ng ke Trdn Minh Trung (1999), "De co viec lam cho nguoi lao dpng", Tgp chi Thuang mgi http //www Ihu edu (Ngay Tda soan nhSn dirge b^v 06-01-2014, phan bi$n danh giS 10-02-2014, ngdy chip nhan dSng 17-7-2014) 33 ... ciia Phap danh cho Nam Ky Nho hgc giao due cdng lap thuc su cao chung Tinh hinh Nho hoc va giao due cong lap tai Nam Ky din nam 1917 Trudc thdi Phap chiim Nam Ky, he thdng tru''dng Nho hoc duge lap... giao due cdng lap d Nam Ky cae thdi ki sau: Thai kl thir nhdt (1867- 1878): Ngay 24-6 -1867, hai quan Phap da chiem trgn ven tinh Nam Ky, bat dau thuc hien cac chinh sach cai tri Nam Ky cd chinh sach... ket kinh nghiem giang day sach vd de truyen lai cho ddi sau Nho hgc d Nam Ky da cd nhiiu danh Nho va dao tao dugc nhiiu nhan tai Nho sT Nam Ky nhiing biin cd sdng cdn cua dan tgc cudi thi ki XIX